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A Modified Theta Projection Model For The Creep Behaviour of Creep-Resistant Steel-2018
A Modified Theta Projection Model For The Creep Behaviour of Creep-Resistant Steel-2018
A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T
Keywords: A modified theta projection model is proposed for the description of creep behaviour. The model shows very
Theta projection model good flexibility in fitting the entire test data of the creep-resistant steel 12Cr1MoV over the three creep stages.
Creep strain The capability of describing the primary to secondary stage makes it easier to precisely evaluate the steady state
Minimum creep rate or minimum creep rate using the model. The model is derived and modified from the original theta projection
Creep-resistant steel
method. It also keeps the four indeterminate coefficients and can meet the convergence condition easily during
regression by the least squares method. In this paper, the minimum creep rates of 12Cr1MoV are also obtained
and discussed.
1. Introduction largely amplified during the long term rupture assessment. Thus, from
the aspect of creep constitutive description, a proper model and a
For decades, the creep behaviour of metal materials for elevated careful data fitting process are necessary. At present, many different
temperature applications has attracted much research interest, as creep models have been developed to represent the creep strain, which range
may induce a sudden rupture of components during long-term service from simple phenomenological to complex constitutive models. These
at high temperature, sometimes without any obvious signs. Therefore, models mainly have two forms. One is based on the consideration of the
great efforts have been ceaselessly made to find a proper way to relationship between the loads and the steady state creep strain at a
characterize creep behaviours and precisely predict the creep life. The given temperature because steady state creep is the primary behaviour
most commonly used life prediction models are the Larson-Miller [1,2], during the whole life, such as the power law by Norton [6], which has a
Manson-Haferd [3] and Orr-Sherby-Dorn [4] extrapolations. These very simple form and is frequently used in structure calculations by the
methods are all based on the experimental creep rupture time and have finite element method. Most of the time, the creep tests are accelerated
been widely adopted by the related industry for allowable stress cal- experiments, and no steady state creep could be observed before rup-
culation and remaining life assessment. However, to improve the design ture; thus, the minimum creep rates (MCRs) are always measured in-
accuracy and the economic efficiency of equipment, engineers want to stead. The other form of models is the description of the accumulation
obtain more information about the creep deformation during the whole strain with time, such as the omega model [7,8] (for secondary and
life, not only the rupture time. Increasing attention has been paid to the tertiary creep), MHG model [3], and theta projection model [9] (for all
interpretation of properties based on creep strain data. In the codes of three stages of creep). To further minimize the data fitting and life
equipment design and fabrication, such as the ASME codes for boilers assessment deviations, many derivations have also been developed
and pressure vessels, minimum creep rates are required for the de- [10,11], especially on the basis of the theta projection model, as it can
termination of allowable stresses [5]. With the development of com- completely describe the three stages of creep life and can be used to
puter simulation analysis tools (such as the finite element method), a obtain the MCR easily. Most of the modified models have a more
good model that well describes the creep rates and their evolutions with complicated form with an increased number of parameters to be de-
time, loads and temperature is strongly desired in design and life as- termined compared to the original model, which make the function
sessment. more flexible, but the difficulty and time cost of the fitting process are
However, due to the nature of the large scattering and nonlinear increased as well. Sometimes, a reasonable solution is hard to obtain. In
trend of creep test data, a tiny deviation in the data fitting would be this paper, from the original thinking of the theta projection model, a
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: songming@csei.org.cn (M. Song).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2018.07.007
Received 7 March 2018; Received in revised form 19 June 2018; Accepted 9 July 2018
Available online 10 July 2018
0308-0161/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
M. Song et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 165 (2018) 224–228
Table 1
Theta parameters of the fitting curves in Fig. 2.
T/°C σ/MPa θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4
Fig. 1. Modified theta projection model. As we all know, the creep deformation of a metal under a constant
load and at a certain temperature includes three stages: the primary
modified model is proposed. The difference is that the model keeps four stage with a decreasing creep rate, the secondary stage with a steady-
theta parameters but shows good flexibility for the creep data, espe- state creep rate, and the tertiary stage with the creep rate accelerating
cially for the primary and secondary stages. with time until the material's rupture. Usually, under a certain condi-
tion, the secondary or steady-state creep stage may be absent such that
after the primary creep stage, the tertiary creep stage begins im-
mediately. In this case, only the minimum creep rate can be observed
Fig. 2. Creep data of 12Cr1MoV and fitting by modified theta projection model; (a) 525 °C; (b) 550 °C; (c) 575 °C; (d) 600 °C.
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M. Song et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 165 (2018) 224–228
226
M. Song et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 165 (2018) 224–228
When t = 0 and ε = 0 ,
1
ε=− ln (1 − K 4 K2 t )
K4 (14)
1
Let θ3 = K4
and θ4 = K 4 K2 ; the creep strain at the tertiary stage is
ε = −θ3 ln (1 − θ4 t ) (15)
Eq. (15) has the same form of the Omega model, which is derived by
taking into account damage accumulations due to the load and tem-
perature with time [7].
where SA − RLT is the standard deviation of residual log time for specific
C0 exp [Ωσ / RT ] (9)
creep strains, and Z ≥ 4 is unacceptable for single-cast assessments. The
As a consequence, a vacancy concentration gradient will exist be- Z values for 12Cr1MoV obtained by the model fitting here are listed in
tween the high and low stress areas, which will cause vacancy and atom Table 2. The fitting approaches are a unified global search with the least
diffusion and then contribute to the deformation. According to Fick's squares method.
law, the diffusive flux is
C0 exp [Ωσ/RT] − C0 4. Minimum creep rate
Jv = −Dv
d (10)
Usually, the MCR is obtained directly by the drawing method on the
where Dv represents the vacancy diffusion coefficient, and d represents differential diagram of the creep strain. For high quality experimental
the average path length. In a unit time, the tensile boundaries move data, there is no problem in the accurate evaluation of the MCR.
apart by a distance Jv Ω. Then, the strain rate should follow However, for a set of data with too much fluctuation (the zigzag curve),
dε JΩ D ΩC the magnification effect of the differential will induce a large deviation,
= −K1 v = K1 v 2 0 [exp (Ωσ /RT ) − exp (−Ωσ /RT )] which is sometimes several orders of magnitude. Thus, a calculation
dt d d (11)
method for the curve of data fitting is recommended [9]. The creep tests
Where K1 is a constant. With a stress level below yielding, σ≈ K3 ε . in the laboratory always undergo a shorter primary and steady creep
Usually, for diffusional creep, the vacancy concentration under stress is stage than in practical service, and the point of the MCR is usually very
much higher than that at the thermal equilibrium state [12]. That is, close to the origin of the coordinates. Thus, a good data fitting process
D ΩC
exp (Ωσ /RT ) ≫ exp (−Ωσ /RT ) , so if let K2 = K1 v 2 0 and K 4 = ΩK3/ RT , of the primary to secondary stage is necessary to precisely estimate the
d
then the strain rate transforms to MCR.
For the modified theta projection model proposed here, the creep
dε
= K2 [exp (K 4 ε )] rate (CR) can be derived from Eq. (1) by the differential with respect to
dt (12)
t:
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M. Song et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 165 (2018) 224–228
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