Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar

GE 9: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Prepared and Compiled by:

DANISE B. PETATE
CAC, Part Time Lecturer

NAME OF STUDENT: _______________________________________________________

COURSE & YEAR: __________________________________________________________
CLASS ID: _________________________________________________________________
 MODULE 2: THE PHILIPPINES IN 19TH CENTURY: RIZAL’S CONTEXT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 2: THE PHILIPPINES IN 19TH CENTURY: RIZAL’S CONTEXT......................... 3

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Learning Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………… 3
Module 2: The Philippines in 19 Century: Rizal’s Context.…………………….……...
th
4

1. The System of Government in the Philippines ….…………..……………………. 4

2. The Rise of Liberalism in Spain and the Philippines……………..………..…….. 5
2.1 The Political Situation in Spain …………………………………………………. 5
2.2 The Political Situation in the Philippines ……………………………………… 6 2.3
Social Stratification in the Philippines …………………………………………. 7
2.4 The Economic Development ……………………………………………………. 7
3. The Advent of Nationalism in the Philippines …………………………………… 8
3.1 Definition of Nationalism …………....…………………………..……………… 8
3.2 The Factors that Led to the Rise of Nationalism in the Philippines……...….. 8
Learning Exercise #1….…….………………………………………………………………… 12
Rubrics ……………………………………………………………………………………......... 13
Summary/Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….. 14
References ……………………………………………………………………………………... 15

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2 : THE PHILIPPINES IN
NINETEENTH CENTURY:
RIZAL’S CONTEXT

INTRODUCTION
Hi, Welcome to your 2nd Module!
Are you ready for another lesson? Okay, let us get started!

During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain’s decadence darkened Philippine
skies. The Filipino people agonized beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule, for they were
unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating power. Among these
evils were as follows, to wit: (1) Instability of colonial administration; (2) Corrupt
officialdom; (3) No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes; (4) Human rights denied
to the Filipinos; (5) No equality before the law; (6) Maladministration of justice; (7) Racial
discrimination; (8) Frailocracy; (9) Forced labor; (10) Haciendas owned by the friars; and (11)
the Guardia Civil.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Appraise the link between the individual and the society;

• Analyze the various social, economic, economic, political, and cultural changes that
occurred in the 19th century Philippines; and
• Understand Jose Rizal in the context of his time.

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 MODULE 2: THE PHILIPPINES IN 19TH CENTURY: RIZAL’S CONTEXT

Now, let us properly begin our discussion!

Module 2: The Philippines in 19th Century: Rizal’s

Context

1. THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines ran indirectly through the viceroy of the
Spain in Mexico. The viceroy was the one who appointed the Governor General in the
Philippines. The Governor General was the chief executive in the whole archipelago and the
head of the military. He had the power of the cumplace or the power to choose the law that
he implemented. Because the Spanish government gave a lot of power to the Governor
General, the assigned two positions that would check the administration of the Governor
General. The Visitador who visited the country to
check the administration of the Governor General
and the Residencia who lived in the Philippines to
observe the Governor General.

The whole archipelago was divided into different

provinces and each province had the Alcalde
Mayor as the head of the political unit. The Alcalde
Mayor had the power and responsibilities like the
Governor General but its power was limited
in the province. The provinces were still divided in
th

Hierarchy of Government in 19
a smaller political unit headed by the Gobernadorcillo. Century Philippines The power and
responsibilities of the Gobernadorcillo
was the same as the Governor General, however, his power was limited only in the town or
pueblo. He also had the power of Indulto de Comercio or the power of the Gobernadorcillo
engaged into trading. Each town was still divided into smaller unit called barangay and it
was headed by the Cabeza de Barangay. The Filipino was allowed to assume the position of
Gobernadorcillo and Cabeza de Barangay only and only given to a Filipino male, 23 years of
age, educated, and had a property of 500 pesos.

The power of legislation was on the Consuejo de Indias or the Council of Indies which was
also in Mexico. The Spanish Cortes also had the power to enact law that they would

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 MODULE 2: THE PHILIPPINES IN 19TH CENTURY: RIZAL’S CONTEXT

implement in the Philippines, however, the Filipinos had no representative in the Spanish
Cortes.

In the term of judiciary, the Royal Audencia was the highest court in the country and
supervised the other courts but in reality there was no equality in the Filipino and Spaniard
in the context of law.

The Spanish had the centralized government in the Philippines, however, aside from the
government, there was a highest decision making body in the country composed mostly by
the friars. So they had the opportunity to dominate the society and the government.

2. THE RISE OF LIBERALISM IN SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES

2.1 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN SPAIN

In the early 1800, the Spain was experiencing political instability to the successive rise and
fall of the leaders brought by the conflict between the Liberals and the Conservatives. The
changes brought by the enlightenment and the territorial disputes made a change in the
perspective of the people towards the government.

In the span of Rizal’s lifetime, there were continuous changes in the monarchy of Spain – 1.
The last reign of Queen Isabel II (1861- 1868); 2. The rule of Marshall Serrano as Regent of
Spain (1868-1871); 3. The reign of Amadeo I (1871-1873); 4. The period of the Spanish
Republic (1873-1874); 5. The Bourbon Restoration and reign of Alfonso XII (1875-1885); and
6. The regency of Queen Maria Cristina (1885-1896) (Zafra, 1956)

In 1808-1812, the Spanish people fought against the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte as the
latter appointed himself as the leader of the French and aimed to expand their territory to
the Iberian Peninsula. The war against Napoleon made the Spanish government suffered
from lack of funds, the economic problems due to bankruptcy of the business, the collapse of
industry and the decrease of population. The difficulty in the economy and the casualties
from the war made the other Spaniards think and insist political reforms. The “Los
Afrancesados” were the well educated elite who asked for liberal reforms in the government
and the result of their struggle was a constitution with a more liberal idea of government.

The Cadiz Constitution of 1812 mandated the transformation of the Spanish government
from monarchy to the constitutional monarchy, the parliamentary system in the creation of
law, division of power in the government, equality, free trade, competition and the
divestment of properties held in mortmain or the properties from the church and other
institution (De Pedro, 2005). The changes made by the adaptation of the new constitution
brought confusion to the Spanish people and the majority of the population wanted the
other system of the government because their perspective in the new system was just a new
version of the absolutism government of France.

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In 1820, Don Fernando VII reigned in the midst of the battle between liberal and absolutism
and the rebellion and struggle for independence of the colonies of South America. The
political instability led to the bankruptcy of the government. And when Don Fernando VII
was about to end his term in 1833, the liberal members of the Parliament made a way to
change the law which prohibited women to become the next ruler. And this act made Queen
Isabel, a liberal leader to assume the leadership.

In the context of her leadership, her liberal clique initiated aggressive policies which
harassed the church and in 1935, a law was passed that legalized the confiscation of the
properties of the church by the government and the abolition of the religious orders in Spain
except the religious order in the colonies like in the Philippines because the government
recognized the importance of the church in the administration of the colonies.

The abolition of the religious orders made the life of the members of the church difficult in
Spain and these difficulties made them decide to become a secular priest and travel to the
colonies like the Philippines where the church was still in power.

In 1844, the moderate liberals and conservatives succeeded to overthrow the government
and put Isabel II to the throne and upon the gaining of the conservatives power and
influence in the parliament, they worked for the new constitution of Spain. The new laws
passed by the government of Queen Isabel II resurrected the religious orders, introduced a
new method of taxation and helped the government gain their stability. The new period of
social order brought economic expansion and growth but the liberal ideas still continued
their advocate, their principle in Masonic lodges.

The social and political transformation in Spain paved way to the rise of different groups
which later on affected their political situation in the Philippines and influence Rizal as he
ventured to Spain to pursue his studies and to do his mission. The first group was the
Ilustrados (the Enlightened Ones) they were the intellectual who aimed to introduce reform
for the development of Spanish civil life and chosen by King Carlos III, they believed that
through education, the society could attain reform.

The second group was the Progresistas, most of them were freemasons who believed that
the hindrance for the attainment of development were the absolutism of monarchy, the
ignorance of the people and the intercession of the friars in the political and social life of the
people. The fourth group was the Carlista, they believed that to attain stability in the
government and the society, the people should follow the tradition and the church. The
conflict brought by the opposite reactions and perspective of the different groups became
the basis of the arguments of the intellectual like Rizal who aimed for the political reforms in
the Philippines. Likewise, the political stability of Spain also affected the political situations
in the Philippines.

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2.2 THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The changes in the government of Spain and the independence of the Spanish colonies in
Latin America affected the political and economic life of the Filipino. The constant change of
the governor general in the country became the hindrance of gaining the stability of colonial
government in the Philippines which resulted to the failure of the implementation of the
needed reforms in the country. The end of the domination of the Spain to the Latin
Americans resulted to the migration of the Spaniards from the said territory to the
Philippines and the posting of incompetent officials in the Spanish colonial government in
the Philippines led to rampant corruption in the government. From 1834 to 1862, Spain had
adopted four constitutions, elected 28 parliaments, and installed no less than 259 ministers
and from 1835 to 1897, the Philippines was ruled by 50 governor-generals (Zaide, 1994). In
fact, there was an instance when the appointed oidor of Royal Audencia was terminated
before he could reach the Philippines and assume office.

In the midst of the changes in the political arena, the liberalization of Spanish government
resulted in the implementation of more liberal policies in their colonies and one of those
policies was the opening of the Philippines in the world trade starting 1820 and 1855 Sual in
Pampanga, Iloilo in Western Visayas, and Zamboanga in Mindanao were opened for the
world trade. In 1865, Cebu became an open port for trading. The opening of the Philippines
in the world trade brought development in agriculture because the foreign businessmen
invested their capital in the sugar and hemp importation. This material prosperity was
enjoyed by the wealthy Filipinos like the family of Jose Rizal. Because of this development,
they were able to send their children to study in Manila and abroad.

Inspite of the anti-friar sentiments in Spain, the friars in the Philippines were not affected
because the government recognized the importance of the friars in the establishment of the
colonial government in our country and their influence continuously affected the politics
and the society of the Philippines. However, the liberal ideas spiced up the secularization
issue against the regular priest.

2.3 THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Spanish colonization in the Philippines gave way to the

existence of the new social stratification. The Peninsulares or
the Spaniards who were born in Spain and settled in the
country occupied the highest class in the society and the
position in the government. The Peninsulares built their
community in Intramuros (inside the city) and enjoyed all the
privileges in the country. The Insulares or the Spaniards born
in the Philippines were the second class. Likewise the
Peninsulares, the Insulares also enjoyed the luxuries in the
Philippines. The third class was the Creoles or the mixture of the Spanish and native.

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The Creoles was the group where Rizal, the GomBurZa and other Filipinos who sought
reform in the society during the Spanish colonization belonged. Under the Creoles was the
Illustrado or the well-educated Filipinos because during those times, there was no public
education so the wealthy Filipinos were the ones who could afford to have an education and
the Principalia or the land owner and the lowest class was the natives or indios as the
Spaniards called them.

2.4 THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

In the 19th century, the wealthy Filipino families were engaged in the international trade.
The business in line with agriculture attained development because of the opening of the
Suez Canal and development in the international trade. However, because most of the lands
intended for agriculture were under the control of the friars, they had the opportunity to
increase the rent in the land that resulted to the decrease in income of the Filipino elites. For
instance, the father of Jose Rizal, Francisco Mercado was an Inquilino, he rented a big land in
Calamba from the Dominican friars. And when the Dominicans increased the rent in the
land, Francisco refused to increase the rent of the farmers under his administration. So the
family of Rizal suffered because of the decrease in their income.

3. THE ADVENT OF NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

3.1 DEFINITION OF NATIONALISM

Nationalism is a sentiment of a person towards his country. It is a display of loyalty of a

person to his own culture, history and aspiration as a nation. It is a national settlement that
unites the people towards a common goal for the advancement of the country.

In the Philippines, nationalism could be attributed to growth of national consciousness

brought by the various events which challenged the pride of the people and the rise of the
Creoles and the well-educated Filipinos who wrote different essays, articles, and novels that
challenged the community to rise and assert their rights and ask for political reforms.

3.2 THE FACTORS THAT LED TO RISE OF NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

A. The Opening of the Philippines in the World Trade

The opening of the Philippines in the world trade was one important factor in the rise
of nationalism in the country because of two reasons:

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1. First, the international trade brought material progress in the different areas in
the Philippines where the agricultural products included in the trade came from.
The increase of the demand in the agricultural products brought prosperity to the
provincial elite and this development made them capable of sending their
children to universities in Manila and in Spain. The well-educated Filipinos like
Jose Rizal became the advocate of political reforms in the country; and
2. The second reason was that the world trade gave opportunity to the Filipinos to
gain knowledge about the other parts of the world as well as the political events
and liberal ideas.

B. The Coming of the Liberal Ideas

1. The Administration of Carlos Maria De la Torre

Carlos Maria De La Torre was a liberal-minded governor general in the Philippines,

during his administration, he encouraged the Filipinos to participate in the government and
expressed their sentiments for the development of his administration. This method of
governance became an eye-opener to those who experienced his liberal administration. They
became aware that the colonial government could also undergo political reforms and the
Filipinos could also have an active participation in the government; however, as the
transition from liberal to conservative monarch in Spain, the liberal administration of Carlos
Maria De La Torre ended and he was succeeded by a conservative governor general Rafael
Izquierdo who imposed the rules opposite De La Torre. The sudden shift from liberal going
to conservative gained negative reaction from the Filipinos.

2. The Issue of Secularization

The secularization issue started in the times of Arch-bishop Sta. Justa and Governor
General Anda (1767-1776). The problems about the vacancies in the numerous churches were
solved by the appointment of Filipino priests and this decision of the archbishop was
supported by Governor General Anda. This move was criticized by the regular priest who
questioned the credibility of the Filipino priest in leading the church and the controversy
was highlighted by the questions from the standpoint of the general interest of the churc and
the advancement of the parochial affairs in the country. The problem reached the Consejo de
Indias and in the Royal Decree in December 1776, the secularization of the parishes
implemented by the Arch-bishop Sta. Justa was suspended.

The Royal Decree which limited the appointment of the Filipino priest in the
parishes was followed by orders which commanded the return of the parishes to regular
priest. The Filipino priest knew that the policies aimed to eliminate the leadership of the
Filipino in the Philippine churches. This situation in the parishes and the discrimination of
the Filipino priest led to the creation of the secularization movement and Father Pedro
Pelaez, the Vicar Capitular of Manila Cathedral led the movement. This movement sought
reform in the policies of the church towards the Filipino priest and eventually for the

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Filipinization of the Philippine curacies. The secularization issues

gave birth to the popularity of the spokespersons of the Filipino
priest Fr. Burgos, Fr. Zamora, and Fr. Gomez and put them in
conflict with the Spanish priest.

3. The Cavite Mutiny

The administration of Rafael de Izquierdo cancelled the

benefits enjoyed by the Filipino soldiers in Cavite like the
exemption in tribute and personal services. This resulted to the
unrest of the laborers in the Cavite arsenal. The event was
popularly known as Cavite Mutiny; this uprising was of local character and was quickly
suppressed. But the mutiny was used by the Spanish authorities against the Filipino
reactionaries like Fr. Burgos, Fr. Zamora, and Fr. Gomez.

4. The Execution of GomBurZa

The three priests were executed because they were accused as the leaders of the
uprisings in Cavite. Francisco Zaldua testified against the three priests – Father Mariano
Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, and Father Jacinto Zamora.

Father Mariano Gomez was the head priest of Bacoor, the second richest parish in
Cavite in terms of tributes collected. He served in the said parish for forty-eight years and
was

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loved by the people because of his dedication in strengthening not only the spiritual growth
of the people but also the progress in terms of their livelihood. His popularity was known
not only in Cavite but in the nearby town in Batangas and when they needed to collect funds
to send a representative to Rome for their problems about secularization. He initiated the
collection of donations to different parishes in Cavite and Batangas. And because of his
popularity, he became part of the list of the Spanish priest that they wanted to eliminate.
Second was Father Jacinto Zamora, the head priest of Marikina, he was also part of the
secularization movement and supported the struggle of the Filipino priest for equality and
opportunity to lead a church.

The third was Father Jose P. Burgos, the youngest among these three and the friend of
Paciano Mercado, the brother of Rizal. He became the leader of the secularization movement
after the death of the father of secularization, Father Pedro Pelaez and the head priest of the
Manila Cathedral. He wrote essays which contradicted the regular or the Spanish clergies
and his writings and active leadership made him part of the list of the Spanish priest.

On 24 January 1872, an uprising of the soldiers of Cavite arsenal happened and the
three priests were accused as the leaders of the uprising and on 17 February 1872, after the
speedy trial and upon the testimony of Francisco Zaldua, the three priests were executed in
Bagong Bayan (Luneta).

The event became an eye opener among Filipinos especially to those who were
welleducated. Paciano Mercado, the brother of Rizal, was really affected since Father Jose
Burgos was his close friend. The said event and the injustices experienced by the three priests
was inculcated to the young Rizal through his brother, so the second novel of Rizal, El
Filibusterismo was written in their memory.

C. The Implementation of Different Unjust Policies

1. Polo Y Servicios – All males 16-60 years of age were obliged to work for the
government for 40 days every year but the Royal Decree in 1883 increased the
minimum age of the males who worked as polista from 16 to 18 years of age. The
natives were required to do the work as their service to the colonial government,
however, those who could afford to pay falla (the amount money paid to the
government to be exempted from forced labor) were exempted to perform the
manual labor implemented by the polo.

2. Enconmienda – The land of the natives was confiscated and was given to the
Spaniards who helped for the expansion of the territory Spain. The natives who
were part of the land were subjected to the policies of the enconmiendero and to the
taxation. The farmers were not allowed to work in their land without the
permission of the said officials.

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3. Hacienda Owned by the Friars – The hacienda system emerged after the abolition
of enconmienda. The descendants of the enconmiendero transformed the land as
their hacienda. And those enconmienda under the church was transformed as
hacienda of the friars.

4. Bandala – The compulsory sale of the products of the natives to the Spaniards.

5. Tributo – Tax obligation to the government in money or in kind.

D. The Maladministration of Justice

The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines had a Penal code as basis for the justice
system in the government, however, in most of the cases the accused was sentenced without
the due process of law.

E. Racial Discrimination

The social stratification made by the colonization of the Spaniards brought racial
discrimination and the usual victims were the creoles and the indios. In the church, the
Filipino priest (Secular) needed to pass the examination before he could be appointed as a
parish priest while the Spanish priest (Regular) could assume the position of Parish priest
even without examination. In the schools and universities ran by the friars, the Filipino
students were considered secondary and inferior compared to the Spanish students. In the
position in the government, the Filipinos were only allowed to be elected in the level of
gobernadorcillo or the leader of the town or pueblo. The highest positions in the government
were for the pure Spanish only. In terms of land, owning the large and rich lands were given
to the Spaniards.

F. The Lack of Representative of the Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes

One of the political reforms that Rizal asked for was the representation of the Filipinos in the
Spanish Cortes. The laws formulated for the Filipinos were suited in the culture of the people
and having a Filipino as representative in the Spanish Cortes would be the way to have laws
that would protect the interest of the Filipinos and could elevate their situation under the
law. And as Jose Rizal stated in his essay, The Philippines a Century Hence, the lack of
Filipino representative in the Spanish Cortes and the political reforms in the country would
be the reason why the Filipinos rebelled against the Spanish Colonial government.

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LET’S TAKE A BREAK!

LEARNING EXERCISE 3 .1

Explain the implication of the environment and time of Jose Rizal to his personality. Fill up
the blank with the possible implications of the elements of his environment and time.

Economic Political
Condition: Situation:

_______________ _______________

Education
System:
JOSE RIZAL
_______________

Social Socio -Cultural

Stratification: Situation:

_______________ _______________

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Rubrics for Essay Learning Exercises:

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is
Information is
very organized in slightly
organized but The information
a well- organized in a
Organization paragraph(s) are appears to be
constructed well-constructed
not disorganized.
paragraph or paragraph or
wellconstructed.
paragraphs. paragraphs.
Information
Information Information
relates to the
relates to the partially relates Information has
topic. It provides
topic. It provides to the topic. No little or nothing
Content a lot of
few supporting details and/or to do with the
supporting
details and/or examples are topic.
details and/or
examples. given.
examples.
Main points well
Main points well developed with Main points are Main points lack
developed with quality present with detailed
high quality and supporting limited detail and development.
Development quantity support. details and development. Ideas are vague
Reveals high quantity. Critical Some critical with little
degree of critical thinking is thinking is evidence of
thinking. weaved into present. critical thinking.
points.
Spelling,
punctuation, and
Essay is free of Essay has few
Most spelling, grammatical
distracting punctuation and
punctuation, and errors create
spelling, grammatical
grammar correct distraction,
punctuation, and errors allowing
Grammar & allowing reader making reading
grammatical reader to follow
Mechanics to progress difficult;
errors; absent of ideas clearly.
through essay. fragments,
fragments, Very few
Some errors comma splices,
comma splices, fragments or
remain. run-ons evident.
and run-ons. runons.
Errors are
frequent.
Format Meets all formal Meets format and Meets format and Fails to follow
and assignment assignment assignment format and
requirements and requirements; requirements; assignment
evidences margins, spacing, generally correct requirement;
attention to and indentations margins, spacing, cover format,
detail; all are correct; essay and indentations; incorrect
margins, spacing is neat and essay is neat but indentations;
and indentations correctly may have some neatness of essay
are correct; essay assembled. assembly errors. needs attention.
is neat and
correctly
assembled with

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professional look.

SUMMARY /CONCLUSION
The development of Rizal’s ideas and nationalism is composed of different factors.
The reformist spirit of Rizal and the revolutionary fervour of Bonifacio became the initial
nourishment of the soul and the nation. Both the events in Spain and her policies in the
Philippines paved the way for nationalism to develop. Spain can no longer prolong her
administration since reforms were far from her agenda.

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REFERENCES

Books:

 Agoncillo, T.A.(1986). The Revolt of the Masses: The Study of Bonifacio and
Katipunan Quezon City: UP Press.
 Capino, D. et al. (2005). Rizal’s Life, Works, and Writing: Their Impact on our
National Identity. Quezon City: Bookman, Inc.
 Pasigui, R.E. and Cabalu, D.H.(2006). Jose Rizal: The Man The Hero (AnAnthology of
Legacies and Controversies). Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
 Zayde, G.F. et al. (2006). Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist, and National Hero. Quezon City: Lexicon Press
 Zulueta, F.M. (2010). Rizal: Life, Works, and Ideals. Mandaluyong City: Cacho
Hermanos, Inc.

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