NCM 100 
Concepts and Definitions
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Advocacy: “Nursing knowledge is
distinct from medical knowledge”
 First nursing theorist, writer, and statistician
who created a detailed reports for both
medical and nursing matters.
 Chief Nurse during British and Crimean War
in the mid 1850’s.
 She envisioned nurse as the body of educated
women when women were neither educated
nor employed in public service.
 At Scutari, she became known as Lady with
a Lamp
 Her subsequent writings about nursing served
as a guide for establishing nursing schools in
the US at the beginning of 2oth century.
 Born in May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy
 Victorian Lady whose parents were Wealthy
and Well-Traveled.
 She believed that she was called into service
by GOD.
 Founder of Modern Nursing
 She established a school for nursing at St.
Thomas Hospital in England.
 Attended nursing program in Kaiserwerth,
Germany in 1850-1851.
 She instituted a system of record keeping and
adapted a statistical reporting method known
as the Cock’s Womb Model.
Nursing – nursing is the art and science of caring.
The professionalization of nursing has been and is
being brought about through the development and use
of nursing theory.
“Nursing is the art of utilizing
one’s environment for his or her
own recovery.” – Florence
Nightingale
Theory of Nursing
 Environment Manipulation Theory
 Nightingale viewed the manipulation of
physical
environment as a major component of
nursing care
Healthy Environment
characterized by pure air, pure water,
efficient drainage, cleanliness and light.
 Proper Ventilation
Nightingale believed that nurses have the
responsibility to keep the air that the patient
breaths pure without necessary chilling him.
She recognized the possibility that
inadequate ventilation may be the source of
disease.
 Adequate Light
Nightingale advocated that the sick
needs both fresh air and light...direct
sunlight was what clients wanted.
 Cleanliness
Nightingale emphasized that “the greater
part of nursing consists in preserving
cleanliness”. Removal of dust using damp
cloth rather than a feather duster. Personal
cleanliness was also emphasized by
Nightingale and she viewed the function of
the skin as important.
 Warmth
Nightingale outlined a procedure for
measuring the patient’s body temperature
through palpation of or feeling for the
extremities in order to assess for heat loss.
One of the nurse’s roles is to manipulate the
environment so that there is a healthy
balance of ventilation and normal body
warmth.
 Quiet
Nightingale described unnecessary noise
can actually be harmful to the patient who is
ill.
 Diet
Nightingale addressed the importance of
variety in the food served to patients.
Individuals desire different food at different
times of the day and small servings may be
more beneficial to the patient than a large
breakfast or dinner.
 Management
- The nurse is actually in control of the
environment, physically and
administratively.
- The nurse is responsible for controlling
the environment so that the patient is
protected from physical and
psychological harm.
Major Assumptions
 Nursing
Nightingale’s view of nursing was
comparable to that of motherly instincts.
She believed that every woman will be a
nurse because nursing is having the
responsibility of someone else’s health.
Nursing is a vocation that needs formal
learning and application of scientific
principles in the care of patients.
 Person
The recipient of nursing care (includes
individuals, families, groups and
communities). Has physical, intellectual and
spiritual attributes.
 Health
The degree of wellness or well-being that the
patient experiences. Nightingale wrote
“Healthy is not only to be well, but to be
able to use well every power we have.”
 Environment
“Those elements external to and which
affect the health of the sick and healthy
person” Therapeutic environment will
enhance the comfort and recovery of the
patient. “Everything from the patient’s food
and flowers to the patient’s verbal and non-
verbal interactions”.
Application to Nursing
Nursing Practice
- Nurses of today will need to maintain
adequate ventilation, promote adequate
and appropriate nutrition, maintain
normal homeostatic body temperature
and observe basic hygiene and comfort
measures including environmental
sanitation.
Nursing Education
- Nightingale was a strong proponent of
practice nursing in education.
- She believed that good nursing can only
come from good education. Although
she did not believe in licensure
examination, she used other methods of
evaluation like case studies to monitor
the progress of nursing students.
Nursing Research
- Nightingale is considered the mother of
nursing research because of her interest
in the scientific methods of inquiry and
statistics. She was able to gather and
analyze data efficiently and
resourcefully.
- The concept of her theory still serves as
bases for current research.
Nursing in the Past
 Started at home.
 Taken care by their family members at
home.
 Medicine before is not considered as
science.
 Nursing practice was said to begin at 1840’s
and 1845
Nursing in the Present
 Required to go to college.
 Technology was brought into hospitals by
advanced patient beds, stethoscopes, and
blood pressure.
 Nurses use advance technologies
 Patient records are kept in computers rather
than a clipboard.
 Uses MRI, Xray and so on.
 In terms of uniforms from white o
multicolor scrubs and a rubber shoes.
Nursing in the Future
 Future nurses will also have to be proficient
in information management
 Nurses are expected to understand how to
gather and analyze new data made available
by technological advancement
 Data collection by the use of technology will
be used to better predict and treat both
short term and long-term illness.
Historical Eras
Curriculum Era
 Address the question on wat perspective
nurses must study and learn to become a
nurse.
 It was also in this era that the idea of
moving nursing education from hospital
basis diploma programs into colleges and
universities in merge.
Research Era
 Research emphasis era began to emerge.
 This era came about as more and more
nurses embraced higher education.
Graduate Education Era
 Masters program in nursing emerged to
meet the need of nurses with specialized
education in nursing.
 Nursing theory and Conceptual models were
included as courses in the study of nursing.
Theory Era
 Outgrowth of research era
 Research without theory produced isolated
information however research and theory
produced nursing science.
 perception by acknowledging that theories
Discipline play a significant role in determining what
 Specific to the academia and refers to a  the scientist will observe and how it will be
branch of education, a department of interpreted.
learning or a domain of knowledge.  He identified 3 different views of the
Profession relationship between theories and
 A specialized field of practice which is observation.
founded upon theoretical structure of the 1. Scientists are merely passive observers of
science or knowledge of the discipline and occurrence in the empirical world.
the accompanying practice abilities. Observable data re objective truth waiting to
SIGNIFICANCE OF THEORY FOR be discovered.
NURSING AS A DISCIPLINE 2. Theories structure what the scientist
 Theory is not only essential for the existence perceives in the empirical world.
of nursing as an academic discipline, it is 3. Presupposed theories and observable data
also vital to the practice of the profession. interact in the process of scientific
 Clearly, nursing is recognized as a investigation.
profession today and the criteria for a STRUCTURE OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE
profession served as a guide for the
development of the profession.
Nursing as a Science
 Science is logical, systematic and coherent
way to solve problems and answer
questions.
 It is a collection of facts known in area and
the process used to obtain that knowledge.
Nursing and Philosophy
Philosophy studies concepts and structure
thought processes, foundations, and
presumptions.
 It is an approach for thinking about the
nature of people, the methods should be
used to create a scientific knowledge and the
ethics involved. METAPARADIGM IN NURSING
 It denotes a perspective, implying a certain
broad, “taken for granted” assumptions.
 Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that
is concerned with the nature and scope of
knowledge.
Rationalism
 Is the epistemological view that “regards
reason as the chief source and test of
knowledge” or “any view appearing to
reason as a source of knowledge or
justification”.
Empiricism
 The power of sensory experience
 That scientific knowledge was discovered
through the generation of observed facts in
the natural world
EMERGENT VIEW OF SCIENCE AND
THEORY IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY
 Empiricists argue that for science to
maintain objectivity, data collection and
analysis must be independent with a theory.
 Brown argues that the new epistemology
challenged the empiricists view of
 PURPOSE OF NURSING THEORY
MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY
GRAND THEORY
THEORY
 Set of concepts, definitions, relationship and
assumptions that project a purposive,
systematic view of phenomena by designing
inter-relationships among concepts for the
purpose of describing, explaining, and
predicting.
NURSING THEORY
 A body of knowledge that describes or
explains nursing and is used to support
nursing practice.
 An organized and systematic articulation of
a set of statements related to questions in
the discipline of nursing.
 It guides nursing practice and generates
knowledge
 It helps to describe or explain nursing
 Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing
WHAT they are doing.
 This addresses more concrete and more
narrowly defined phenomena and reflect
practice than a grand theory.
 Provides an over-all framework for
structuring broad and abstract ideas.
 Composed of concepts representing global
and extremely complex phenomenon.
JEAN WATSON
 Margaret Jean Harmon
 Grew up in the small town of Welch, West
Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains.
 Youngest of 8 children and was surrounded
by an extended family community
environment.
 Earned her bachelor’s degree in nursing in
1964, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology
and counseling in 1973, all from the
university of Colorado at Boulder.
 1981- 1982 she pursued international
sabbatical studies in New Zealand,
Australia, India, Thailand, and Taiwan.
 In 1980’s Watson and colleagues established
the center for human caring at the
University of Colorado, nations first
interdisciplinary center.
 Watson served as chairperson and assistant
dean of the undergraduate program at the
UC school of nursing.
 She was involved in planning and
implementation of the nursing PhD
program and served as coordinator and
director of the PhD program between 1978
and 1981.
 From 1983-1990 she was the Dean of
University of Colorado School of Nursing
and Associate Director of Nursing Practice
at University Hospital.
 Became the Doctorate Nursing Practice in
2005.
 Between 1993 and 1996 Watson served as a
member of the Executive Committee and
Governing Board and was Elected president
from 1995 to 1996.
 In 2005 she took a sabbatical for walking
pilgrimage in the Spanish El Camino
 In 2008, Watson created a non-profit
foundation: Watson Caring Science
 Institute, to further the work of Caring 6. Creative problem-solving caring
Science in the World. process
PHILOSOPHY & SCIENCE OF - Creative use of self and all ways of
CARING knowing as part of the caring process
Human science of persons and health- - To engage in the artistry of caring-
illness experiences. healing practices.
 Nursing is concerned with promoting 7. The promotion of transpersonal
health, preventing illness, caring for the teaching-learning
sick, and restoring health”. - Engaging in genuine teaching-learning
 Focuses on health promotion, as well as experience that attends to unity of being
treatment of diseases. and meaning, attempting to stay within
 According to Watson, caring is central to others frame of reference.
nursing practice, and promotes health 8. Supportive, protective, corrective
better than a simple medical cure. mental, physical, social and spiritual
 NURSING MODEL states that caring can be environment
demonstrated and practiced by nurses. - Assisting with the basic needs, with an
 Caring for patients promotes growth. intentional caring consciousness and
 A caring environment accepts a person as he unity of being in all aspects of care.
or she is, and looks to what she or he may 9. Human needs assistance
become. - Creating healing environment at all
 She advised 10 caring needs specific levels.
CARATIVE FACTORS critical to the caring 10. Existential-Phenomenological- Spiritual
human experience that need to be addressed forces
by nurses with their patients when in a - Opening and attending to spiritual-
caring role. mysterious and existential dimensions
 Offered a translation of the original carative for one’s own life-death, soul care for
factors into clinical caritas processes that self and one-being-cared for.
suggested open ways in which they could be Carative / Caritas – cherish / give loving
considered. attention.
MAJOR ELEMENTS
Carative Factors and Transpersonal Caring
Relationship
Carative Factors
1. Humanistic-altruistic system of values
- Loving kindness and equanimity within
the context of caring consciousness.
2. Faith-Hope
- Being authentically present and
enabling and sustaining deep belief
system and subjective life-world or self
and one being cared for.
3. Sensitivity to self and others
- Cultivation of one’s own spiritual
practices and transpersonal self-going
beyond ego self.
4. Helping-Trusting human care
relationship
- Developing and sustaining a helping
trusting authentic caring relationship.
5. Expressing positive and negative
feelings
- Being present and supportive of
expression of positive and negative
feelings as a connection within deeper
spirit and self and the one being cared
for.
 Integration of Watson’s Theory of Caring into
Philosophy and Science of Caring Nursing Practice
have 4 Major Concepts.  Establishing a caring relationship
with patients.
MAJOR CONCEPTS
 Society
 Treat patients as holistic beings.
- Provides the values that determine how  Display unconditional
one should behave and what goals one acceptance.
should strive toward.  Treat patients with positive
- Has existed in every society: Jean regard.
Watson.  Promote health through
- A caring attitude is not transmitted from knowledge and intervention.
generation to generation by genes.
 Spend uninterrupted time with
- It is transmitted by the culture of the
profession as a unique way of coping patient
with its environment. APPLICATION OF THE THEORY
 Holistic Nursing Care
 Human Being
 It becomes a must for all nurses to
- Is being value person to be cared for,
view each patient in the light of the
respected, nurtured, understood, and
caring theory of Watson.
assisted.
NURSING EXPERTISE MODEL
- Being-in-the-world
 Dr. Patricia Benner introduced the concept
- Free to make choices
that expert nurses develop skills and
 Health
understanding of patient care over time
- Subjective experience
through a sound educational base as well as
- Harmony of mind, body and spirit
a multitude of experiences.
 Nursing  She proposed that one could gain knowledge
- Nursing is a human science of persons and skills ("knowing how") without ever
and human health-illness experience learning the theory ("knowing that").
that are mediated by professional,
Patricia Benner
personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical
 Is a professor in the department of
human care transactions.
physiological nursing in the school of
 Actual caring occasion
nursing at the university of university of
- Involves actions and choices by the
California, San Francisco
nurse and the individual.
 Dr. Benner received her Bachelor’s Degree
 Transpersonal
in Nursing from Pasadena College.
- Concept is an intersubjective human-to-
 Master’s Degree in Univ of Cali
human relationship which the nurse
 Ph.D. from University of Cali, Berkeley
affects and is affected by the person of
 Author of 9 books including from novice to
the other.
expert named an American Journal of
SUB CONCEPTS
Nursing Book of the Year for Nursing Edu
a. Phenomenal field
and Research 1894.
- Refers to the individual’s frame of
 Her books have been translated into eight
reference that can only be known to that
languages.
person.
 She has been a staff nurse in the areas of
b. Self
med-surgical, emergency room, coronary
- The organized conceptual gestalt
care, ICU, and home care.
composed of perceptions of the
From Novice to Expert: The Nursing
characteristics of I or ME.
c. Time
- The present is more subjectively real and
the past is more objectively real.
- Past, Present, and Future incidents merge
and fuse.

Expertise Model
 She introduced the concept that expert
nurse develops skills and understanding of
patient care over time through a sound
educational base as well as a multitude of
experience.
 She proposed that one could gain knowledge
and skills without ever learning theory.
 The development of knowledge in applied
disciplines such as medicine and nursing are
composed of the extension of practical
knowledge.
Novice
- Lacks background experience of the
situation he or she involved in.
- Simple rules and objective should be
given
- Novice will usually have difficulty
differentiating relevant and
irrelevant aspects of the situation.
Beginner
- Has enough experience to grasp
about the situation.
- Guided by the rules and are oriented
by the completion of task.
- Feels highly responsible for
managing a patient care but will still
need help of other nurses who are
more experienced than her.
Competent
- Determines the important aspects of
present and future situations.
- Exhibits a sense of mastery,
increased level of efficiency,
consistency, predictability and time
management.
- Ready to recognize patterns and
identify which elements of situation
need the most attention and which
can be ignored.
- Active learning and teaching.
Proficient
- Already has a Holistic View of
particular situation.
- Nurse’s performance is guided by
maxims by this stage.
- Can already show an intuitive grasp
of the situation based on background
understanding.
- Can see changes in relevance in a
given situation.
Expert
- Does not rely anymore on the
analytical principles or rules.
- Is characterized by the following:
1. Demonstrates a clinical grasp and
resourced-base practices.
2. Possesses embodied know-how
3. Sees the big picture
4. Sees the unexpected
SKILL ACQUISITION
“The utility of the concept of skill
acquisition lies in helping the teacher
understand how to assist the learner
in advancing to the next level.”
Major Concept
The stage of skill is characterized by a person
who lacks background experience of the
situation he or she is involved in.
Domain of Nursing Care
 Administering and monitoring therapeutic
interventions and regimens.
 Monitoring and ensuring the quality of
health care practices.
 Organizational work-role
 The helping role
 The teaching – coaching function
 The diagnostic and patient- monitoring
function
 Effective management of rapidly changing
situations
Client / Person
- The person is a self-interpreting being,
that is the person does not come into the
world predefined but gets defined in the
course of living a life: Dr. Benner
• Health is defined as what can be assessed
whereas wellbeing is the human experience of
health or wholeness.
 Wellbeing and being ill are understood
as distinct ways of being in the world.
  Benner uses situations instead of
environment
 Situation is described as the social
environment with social definition and
meaningfulness.
Nursing Application of Benner’s
Theory
Nursing school curriculum
• Building clinical ladders for nurses
• Developing mentorship programs
– Preceptors for student nurses
– Mentors for newly graduated
• Development of the Clinical Simulation
Protocol
Application of the Theory
This has resulted to the development of clinical
ladders, new graduate orientation programs
and clinical knowledge development seminars.
Theory of Caritative Caring
Katie Eriksson
 One of the pioneers of caring science in
the Nordic Countries.
 Started her career 30 years ago.
 Was born on November 18, 1943, in
Jakobstad, Finland
  Belongs to the Finland-Swedish
minority in Finland, and her native
language is Swedish.
  She is a 1965 graduate of the Helsinki
Swedish School of Nursing
 In 1967, she completed her public health
nursing specialty education at the same
institution.
 She graduated in 1970 from the nursing
teacher education program at Helsinki
Finnish School of Nursing.
  She continued her academic studies at
University of Helsinki, where she
received her MA degree in philosophy in
1974 and her licentiate degree in 1976;
she defended her doctoral dissertation
in pedagogy
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
 Caritas
 means love and
charity
 unconditional love
- Fundamental motive of caring science,
also constitutes the motive for all caring
-  Caring is an endeavor to mediate faith,
hope, and love through tending, playing,
and learning.
Caring Communion
 constitutes the context of the
meaning of caring and is the
structure that determines
caring reality.
  is characterized by intensity and
vitality, and by warmth, closeness,
rest, respect, honesty, and tolerance.
It cannot be taken for granted but
pre-supposes a conscious effort to be
with the other
  requires meeting in time and space,
an absolute, lasting presence
The act of Caring
 The act of caring contains the caring
elements (faith, hope, love, tending, playing,
and learning), involves the categories of
infinity and eternity, and invites to deep
communion.
 The act of caring is the art of making
something very special out of something less
special.
Caritative Caring Ethics
 comprises the ethics of caring, the core of
which is
determined by the caritas motive.
 Caring ethics deals with the basic relation
between the
patient and the nurse.
 Nursing ethics deals with the ethical
principles and
rules that guide nurses’ decision-making
abilities.
Dignity
 Constitutes one of the basic
concepts of Caritative caring
ethics.
 Human dignity is partly absolute dignity,
partly relative dignity
  Absolute dignity is granted the human
being through creation, while relative
dignity is influenced and formed through
culture and external contexts.
 A human being’s absolute dignity involves
the right to be confirmed as a unique human
being
Invitation
 refers to the act that occurs when the carer
welcomes the patient to the caring
communion
  finds room for a place where the human
being is allowed to rest, a place that
breathes genuine hospitality, and where the
patient’s appeal for charity meets with a
response
  Natural basic caring is expressed through
tending, playing & learning in a spirit of love,
Suffering love, faith & hope.
  is an ontological concept described as a
Environment
human being’s struggle between good and
 Eriksson uses the concept of ethos in
evil in a state of becoming
accordance with Aristotle’s (1935, 1997) idea
  Suffering implies in some sense dying away
that ethics is derived from ethos
from something, and through reconciliation,
 In Eriksson’s sense, the ethos of caring
the wholeness of body, soul, and spirit is re-
science, as well as that of caring, consists of
created, when the human being’s holiness
the idea of love and charity and respect and
and dignity appear.
honor of the holiness and dignity of the
  Suffering is a unique, isolated total
human being. 
experience and is not synonymous with
Health
pain 
 defines health as soundness, freshness and
Suffering related to illness, to care, and well-being.
to life  as a pure concept of wholeness and holiness.
 is the concept that Eriksson uses to describe APPLICATION of THEORY NURSING
the patient. PRACTICE
 The patient refers to the concept
of patiens (Latin), which means “suffering.”
 The patient is a suffering human being, or a
human being who suffers and patiently
endures
Reconciliation
 refers to the drama of suffering
 A human being who suffers wants to be
confirmed in his or her suffering and be
given time and space to suffer and reach
reconciliation.
 implies a change through which a new
wholeness is formed of the life the human
being has lost in suffering Science of Unitary Human Beings
 Reconciliation is a prerequisite of caritas
Martha Rogers
Caring culture
 May 12, 1914 – March 13, 1994, same
 Is the concept that Eriksson (1987a) uses
birthday with Florence Nightingale.
instead of environment
  It characterizes the total caring reality and  Eldest in 4 children of Bruce Taylor Rogers
is based on cultural elements such as and Lucy Mulholland Keener Rogers.
traditions, rituals, and basic values.   Had a thirst for knowledge at an early age.
  Transmits an inner order of value  Loves to read book.
preferences or ethos, and the different  Received her Nursing diploma at Knoxville
constructions of culture have their basis in Genera Hospital School of Nursing in 1936.
the changes of value that ethos undergoes  Earned her Public Health Nursing Degree in
George Peabody College in Tennessee in
Major Assumptions 1937.
 Eriksson distinguishes between two kinds of  Master’s Degree in Colombia University in
major assumptions: axioms and theses. 1945.
The human being  Completed her studies in 1954.
 an entity of body, soul & spirit  Worked at the Association for 5 years. As an
 a religious being (but all human beings have Assistant Supervisor to Director of
not recognized this dimension) Education.
 constant becoming (constantly in change &  Wrote 3 books
therefore never in a state of full completion)
Nursing
 Caring is something natural & original.

Science of Unitary Human
Beings
 Roger’s theory defined Nursing as “and art
and science that is humanistic and
humanitarian.”
 The science of unitary human beings
contains two dimensions
- The science of nursing: comes from
scientific research.
- Art of Nursing: creatively to help better the
life of the patient.
 The initial idea was gained from Florence
Nightingale theory who was recognized as
the mother of modern nursing with the
Environmental Theory.
 She defined and described the concepts of
ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness
and the noise as the main environmental
factors.
Major Concepts
Energy field
 it is inevitable part of life.
 the fundamental unit of both the living
and nonliving.
 field is a unifying concept, and the
energy signifies the dynamic nature of
the field.
Openness
 There are no boundaries that stop
energy flow between the human and
environmental fields, openness in
Rogers’ theory. It refers to qualities
exhibited by open systems; human
beings and their environment are open
systems.
Pattern
 Rogers defined the pattern as the
distinguishing characteristic of an
energy field seen as a single wave.
 It is an abstraction and gives identity to
the field.
Pan-dimensionality
 is defined as a “non-linear domain
without spatial or temporal attributes.” 
 Humans’ parameters to describe events
are arbitrary, and the present is relative;
there is no temporal ordering of lives.
Assumptions
 Wholeness can be defined as when a
person is thought of being more than
some of its part that they are different
than their history as well as different
from other beings.
 Openness, man and environment are
continuously exchanging matter and
energy with one another. Man, and
environment are continuously
exchanging matter and energy with one
another.
Unidirectionality
Pattern and Organization
• Energy being seen as a wave
and have its own identity.
• Identifies man and reflect his
innovative wholeness.
Sentience and Thought
• human beings are the only ones
capable of abstraction, imagination,
language, thought, sensation and
emotion.
Principles of Homeodynamics
 A relatively steady state of
internal operation in the living
system.
Principles of Integrality
 Energy fields are dynamic and
constantly interact with the
human and environment which
affects our environment and vice
versa.
Principles of Resonancy
 Constant change in the way or
pattern of the energy field from a
lower to a higher frequency.
 An ordered arrangement of
rhythm characterizing both
human field and environmental
field.
Principles of Heliecy
 Any minute change in the
environment which leads to
 ripple effect (i.e., result in a
larger change in another field)
Interacting System Framework
and Goal Attainment Theory
Imogene King
 Born on January 30, 1923, in West
Point, Iowa
 1945 she received her diploma at St.
Johns Hospital in St. Louis Missouri.
 1957 received a Master of Science in
Nursing from St. Louis University.
INTERACTING SYSTEMS
FRAMEWORK
 Emphasizes importance of interaction
Unitary Human Being (Person) between nurses and patients.
- An open system which
Interrelated systems (personal system)
continuous interact with the
environment.
 King designated an example of a
- identified by pattern personal system as a patient or a nurse.
and manifesting characteristics  Concepts of body image, growth and
that are specific to the whole development, perception, self, space,
Environment and time.
- It includes the entire energy
field other than a person.
- Not limited to space and time,
identified by its pattern and organization.
Health
- Not clearly defined.
- It is determined by the interaction
between energy fields (i.e., human and
environment).
Nursing
- Promote symphonic interaction Goal Attainment Theory
between human & Environmental fields.  Nursing is a process of actin, reaction and
- Strengthen coherence and integrity of human interaction by which nurse and client share
beings. information about their perception in a
- Direct/Redirect patterns of interactions between nursing situation.
human and environmental fields.  The goal of a nurse is to help individuals to
Application of Theory maintain their health so they can function in
their roles.
Nursing Practice
Interpersonal process
• Nursing action is always focused on
action-reaction-interaction-transaction
unitary human being and change the energy
field between human and environment.
Nursing Education
• Emphasis should be given on the understanding
of the patient and self, energy field and
environment.
Nursing Education
• Rogerian theory has been used in many
research works and has been found testable and
applicable in research.
Person
 Refers to social being who are rational
and sentiment
 Has the ability to perceive, think, feel,
choose, set goals, select means to
achieve goals and to make decisions.
 Has 3 fundamental needs.

APPLICATIONS
 Nursing Practice
 Nursing Education
 Nursing Research
Purpose of King’s conceptual systems was to
name concepts that were relevant to the
nursing profession.
Self-Care Nursing Theory
Dorothea Orem
 Born on July 15, 1914 in Baltimore,
Maryland and died on June 22, 2007 in
Savannah Georgia.
 Youngest among two daughters
 Graduated at Seton Highschool at 1931
 Received a diploma from the Providence
Hospital School of Nursing in
Washington in 1934
 Earned her BS Nursing Edu. In 1939 and
M.S Nursing Edu. In 1945.
 Given a Doctorate of Science from both
Georgetown Univ in 1976 & Incarnate
Word College in 1980.
Self-Care Theory
 Individuals personally initiate and
perform on their own behalf in
maintaining health, life, and well-being.
Self-Care Agency
 Complex required ability to meet one’s
continuing requirements for care that
regulates life processes.
 Maintains integrity of human structure,
functioning and development and
promotes well-being.
 Therapeutic Self-Care Demand
 In order to meet known self-care
requisites by using valid methods
and related sets of actions and
operations.
Self-Care Requisites
 Actions or measures used to provide
self-care.
 Has 3 categories
Universal-Developmental-Health
Deviation.
 Associated with life processes
and the maintenance of the integrity of
human structure and functioning.
Developmental self-care requisites
 Associated with developmental
processes/ derived from a condition or
associated with an event.
Health deviation self-care requisites
 are required in conditions of illness,
injury, or disease or may result from
medical measures required to diagnose
and correct the condition.
Theory of self-care deficit
 Specifies when nursing is needed
 Nursing is required when an adult
(or in the case of a dependent, the
parent) is incapable or limited in the
provision of continuous effective self-
care.
Theory of Nursing Systems
 escribes how the patient’s self-care needs
will be met by the nurse, the patient, or
both.
Nursing Metaparadigm
 Nursing
- is an art through which the practitioner
of nursing gives specialized assistance to
persons with disabilities which makes
more than ordinary assistance necessary
to meet needs for self-care.
 Person
- defined as “men, women, and children
cared for either singly or as social units,”
and are the “material object” of nurses
and others who provide direct care.
 Environment
- has physical, chemical and biological
features. It includes the family, culture,
and community.
 Health
- a state that encompasses both the health of
individuals and of groups, and human
health is the ability to reflect on one’s self, to
symbolize experience, and to communicate
with others.
APPLICATIONS
 Nursing Practice
 Nursing Education
 Nursing Research
It is important for the nurse today to
focus on patient’s capacity and ability
to perform self-care activities in order
to determine which self-care activities
will be totally performed f0r that
patient.