1

Automation

Contents : 1-1 Introduction ; 1-2 Types of automation ; 1-3 Advantages of

automation ; 1-4 Disadvantages of automation ; 1-5 Automation strategies ;
1-6 Systems used for automation ; 1-7 Applications ; 1-8 Role of automation.
Objectives :
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the meaning of automation
• List the types of automation
• Explain various types of automation
• Describe non-manufacturing automation
• List the advantages and disadvantages of the automation
• Describe the automation strategies
• Explain the various systems used for automation
• State the applications of automatic systems

1-1 INTRODUCTION
The word “Automation” was rst used at the Ford Motor Company in the
late 1940. One de nition of automation was proposed in 1947 as “the automatic
handling of work pieces into, between, and out of machines”.
The Automation means automatic manufacturing without human control.
Automation is a technology concerned with the application of mechanical,
electronics and computer based systems to operate and control production.
This technology includes:
• Automatic machine tools to process parts
• Automatic assembly machines
• Industrial robots
• Automatic material handling and storage systems
• Automatic inspection systems for quality control
• Feedback control and computer process control
• Computer systems for planning, data collection, and making to support
manufacturing activities
The objective of automation is to cause the work system to be automatic that
is self acting, self regulating, and self reliant. But because of practical limitations

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of environmental, social and economical variables the work stations are made
partially automated.

1-2 TYPES OF AUTOMATION

The automation is of two types :
1. Manufacturing automation: Manufacturing automation can be further
classi ed into:
• Fixed automation • Programmable automation
• Flexible automation
2. Non-manufacturing automation: Non-manufacturing automation can
be further classi ed into:
• Of ce automation • Home automation
• Building automation

1-2-1 Fixed Automation

Fixed automation is a system in which the sequence of processing (or
assembly) operations is xed by the equipment con guration. The operations in the
sequence are usually simple. It is the integration and coordination of many such
operations into one piece of equipments that makes the system complex.
Typical features of xed automation are:
• High initial investment for custom engineered equipment
• High production rates
• Relatively in exible in accommodating product changes
The economic justi cation for xed automation is found in products with very
high demand rates and volumes. Introduced in 1924 for automation of mechanized
conveyors, manual operations of workstations (control rooms).

1-2-2 Programmable Automation

In programmable automation the production equipment is designed with the
capability to change the sequence of operations to accommodate different product
con gurations. The operation sequence is controlled by a program, which is a set of
instructions coded so that the system can read and interpret them. New programs
can be prepared and entered into the equipment to produce new products. Typical
features:
• High investment in general-purpose equipment
• Low production rates relatively to xed automation
• Flexibility to deal with changes in product con guration.
• Most suitable for batch production
Automated systems that are programmable are used in low and medium
volume production. The parts or products are typically made in batches. To produce
each new batch of a different product, the system must be reprogrammed with
the set of machine instructions that correspond to the new product. The physical
setup of the machines must also be changed over. Tools must be loaded, xtures
must be attached to the machine table and required program for the machine must
AUTOMATION 3
be entered. Initial applications are introduced in 1952 for Numerically controlled
machines, industrial robots.

1-2-3 Flexible Automation

Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation. The
concept of exible automation has developed only over the last 15 or 20 years, and
the principles are still evolving. A exible automated system is one that is capable
of producing a variety of products ( or parts) with virtually no time lost changeovers
from one product to the next. There is no production time lost while reprogramming
the system and altering the physical setup (tooling, xtures, machine settings).
Consequently, the system can produce various combinations and schedules of
products, instead of requiring that they be made in separate batches. Typical
features:
• High investment for a custom engineered system
• Continuous production of variable mixtures of products
• Medium production
• Flexibility to deal with product design variations.
Introduced in late 1960s, for performing machine operations. It is used in
continuous production system. It has capability to change part programs with no
lost of production time, and the capability to change over the physical setup, again
with no lost of production time.
Plant automation: This comes under manufacturing automation. The
devices/systems are used in process plant are controlled automatically. The
automatic measurement systems/control systems are used to control the operations
of the plant.

1-2-4 Non-manufacturing Automation

This include of ce automation and integrated data processing mechanism,
automatic elevators, transportation ticket selling equipments. etc.
Of ce automation involves information as input, the work in progress,
and as the nal products. The information may be of many purposes and formats-
payroll preparation, transportation, reservation, and scheduling, banking, security
transactions, cost price analysis etc. Increased productivity per of ce worker is
indeed a major advantage of of ce automation. Information required for business
management is rapidly managed, integrated, and sent long distance through of ce
automation.
Home automation involves the automatic operation of electrical devices /
system used in home.
Building automation: It involves automatic operation of access control
systems, re hazardous systems, electrical lightning systems, parking systems, water
distribution systems, air-conditioning systems. These systems are used in smart
buildings. The intelligent systems /computers are used to control these systems.

1-3 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION

Following are the advantages of automation
Increased productivity. Automation of manufacturing operations holds the
promise of increased the productivity of labor. This means greater output per hour
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labor input. Higher production rate (output per hour) are achieved with automation
than with the corresponding manual operations.
High cost of labor. The high cost of labor is forcing business leaders to
substitute machines for human labor. Because machines can produce at higher rates
of output, the use of automation results in a lower cost per unit product.
Labor shortage. In many advanced nations there has been a general
shortage of labor. Labor shortages also stimulate the development of automation
as a substitute for labor.
Safety. By automating the operations and transferring the operator from an
active participation to a supervisory role is made safer.
High cost of raw material. The high cost of raw material in manufacturing
results in the need for greater ef ciency in using these materials. The reduction of
scrap is one of the bene ts of automation.
Improved product quality. Automated operations not only produce parts
faster rate than do their manual counterparts, but they produce parts with greater
consistency and conformity to quality speci cations.
Reduction in process inventory. Holding large inventories of work-in-
progress represents a signi cant cost to the manufacturer because it ties with
capital. Automation tends to accomplish this goal by reducing the time a work-part
spends in the factory.
Reduction in manufacturing lead time. Automation allows the
manufacturer to reduce the time between customer order and product delivery. This
gives the manufacturer a competitive advantage in promoting good customer service.
Better labor relations, higher sales, better company image, less oor space
are also the advantages of automation.

1-4 DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION

The disadvantages of automation are:
• Greater capital investment
• Less manufacturing exibility
• During less demand, the plant can not be used for any other purpose
• The immediate effect of automation is increased unemployment.
• Expensive down time, as the failure of one part may result in the shut
down of the whole line where automation is there.

1-5 AUTOMATION STRATEGIES

The automation strategies are listed below:
Specialization of operations. This strategy involves the use of special
purpose equipment designed to perform one operation with the greatest possible
ef ciency.
Combined operations. This is accomplished by performing more than one
operations (combined ) at a given machine, thereby reducing the number of separate
machines needed.
Simultaneous operations. Two or more processing (or assembly) operations
are being performed simultaneously on the same work part, thus reducing total
processing time.
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Integration of operations. This strategy links several workstations in a
single integrated mechanism using automated work handling devices to transfer
parts between stations. With more than one workstation, several parts can be
processed simultaneously, thereby increasing the overall output of the system.
Increased exibility. In this strategy same equipment is used for variety
of products. Maximum utilization of the equipment. Prime objectives are to reduce
setup time and programming time for the production machine.
Improved material handling and storage. Involves automation of
material handling and storage system. It leads to shorter manufacturing time.
On-line inspection. Generally inspection is done, when the product is
produced. Incorporation of inspection into the manufacturing process permits
corrections to the process as product is being made. This reduces scrap and make
the product closure to speci cations intended by the designer.
Process control and optimizations. This include a wide range of control
schemes intended to operate the individual processes and associated equipment
more ef ciently. By this strategy, the individual process times can be reduced and
product quality improved.
Plant operations and control. This strategy is concerned with control at
the plant level. It attempts to manage and co-ordinate the aggregate operations
in the plant more ef ciently. Its implementation involves computer networking
within factory.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Integration of factory
operations with engineering design and many of the other business functions of the
rm. CIM involves extensive use of computer applications, computer data bases,
and computer networking in the company.

1-6 SYSTEMS USED FOR AUTOMATION

• CAD (Computer Aided Design): It is a computer based system, assists
in preparation and reproduction of drawings, develops the information
associated with drawing, creates designs. Design and geometric modeling,
engineering analysis computer kinetics, drafting are the main functions
performed by CAD system. CAD is most commonly associated with the
use of an interactive computer graphis system. (See Figure 1-1)

Figure 1-1 CAD station. Figure 1-2 CAM system.

• CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): It is a computer based
system used for to manufacturing operations. It is used to control machine
operations, process planning, factory management. (See Figure 1-2)
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• CAE (Computer Aided Engineering): This system provides the

engineering assistance obtained from CAD system. It supports the
mathematical modelling, engineering element analysis. (See Figure 1-3)

Figure 1-3 CAE Figure 1-4 CIM

• CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing): This system provides
automation and integration of a manufacturing enterprise through the
use of computers. The functions of this system are design, inventory
control, physical distribution, cost accounting, planning, production control
and purchasing. These functions are integrated with direct material
management and shop oor data acquisition an control. (See Figure 1-4)
• FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System): This is computer based system
used for machining operations, automated material handling operations,
material transport purpose. Group of machine tools can be operated by
this machine. Production, down time, individual machine utilization,
statistics are recorded and reported as required.

Figure 1-5 Flexible Manufacturing System

• PC (Programmable controllers): They are industrial computers used
to control the process/machining operations sequentially. PLCs performs
arithmetic, logic, timing, counting, sequencing and control operations
through digital/analog input/outputs. (See Figure 1-6)
AUTOMATION 7

Figure 1-6 Programmable Controller Figure 1-7 Process control system

• Computer based Control systems/Measurement systems: The
process variables such as temperature, pressure, level ow are measured
and controlled automatically. These variables are used to control
the operations of process units such as boiler, chemical reactor, heat
exchanger, dryer, crystallizer etc. The digital computer is used as a
controlling device for it. (See Figure 1-7)
• Robots: An industrial robot is reprogrammable, multi-functional,
manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools or special devices
through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety
of tasks. Robots have capability to make decisions, respond to sensory
inputs and communicate with other machines. Typical robot applications
include spot welding, material transfer, machine loading, spray painting,
and assembly. (See Figure 1-8)

Figure 1-8 Robotic systems: Figure 1-9 SCADA

Welding Operations

• SCADA: SCADA is a acronym that is formed from the rst letters of the
term “Supervisory control and data acquisition”. It is a supervisory control
and data acquisition system. SCADA is technology that enables a user to
collect data from one or more distant facilities and/or send limited control
instructions to those facilities. (See Figure 1-9)
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SCADA makes it necessary for an operator to be assigned to stay or

frequently visit remote locations when those remote facilities are operating
normally. The SCADA system allows an operator to make set point
changes on distant process controllers, to open or close valves or switches,
to monitor alarms, and to gather measurement information from location
central to widely distributed processes, such as an oil or gas eld, pipeline
systems or electricity generation complex. When distance of the process
become very large hundreds or thousands of kilometer from one end to
the others the SCADA is bene cial.
• DCS (Distributed Control System): The distributed control systems is a
network of computers used in process industries, and has made possible to
display data and allow the operator to initiate actions through the video.
The cost and wiring complexity is reduced by using a digital signal passing
through a single cable used as a communication network (data highway).
The distributed process architecture permits the functional distribution
of tasks among many processors, reducing the risk of everything failing
at once. Distributed control and monitoring means shorter wiring runs,
between controllers and control room, less risk of failures and more
scalable system. Many (150) control loops can be controlled by DCS.

Figure 1-10 Distributed Control system: anel rack

Figure 1-11 Distributed Control system: control room view

AUTOMATION 9
• CNC (Computer Numerical Control): Computer Numerical control
CNC is a form of programmable automation in which the processing
equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols.
The numbers, letters and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to
de ne a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job. In this
system the dedicated micro-computer is as the machine control unit. When
job changes the program of instructions is changed. It is used for
(i) machine tool applications such as drilling, milling, turning, and other
metal working and (ii) non-metal tool applications such as assembly,
drafting, and ispection.

Figure 1-12 CNC Machine

1-7 APPLICATIONS
Automatic systems are used in space vehicles, transportation, hospitals,
aircrafts, home appliances, metal working, automobile manufacturing, process
industries etc. In process industries various process parameters such as temperature,
pressure, level, ow are monitored and controlled by the automatic systems. Bottle,
bags and drum lling operations are sequentially controlled by the automatic
systems. In mechanical industries, workshops the drilling, nishing, cutting etc
operations are performed automatically by the automatic systems such as CNC,FMS
machines. Water distribution, gas lling terminals, oil lling terminals, electricity
generation, electricity distribution, re neries the automatic system SCADA is used.
Now-a-days the tea, coffee vending machine operations are atomically controlled by
automatic systems such as PLC. In Cargo ships the various operations are controlled
by automatic systems. Chemical reactor, boiler, heat exchanger, dryer, crystallizer
such unit operations are monitored and controlled with the automatic systems. In
fertilizer, chemical, petroleum, cement industries the plant operations automatically
controlled by DCS system. Automobile industry, mechanical industry, space vehicles
the Robotic systems are used.
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1-8 ROLE OF AUTOMATION

Role of automation at various industries is given below:
Area/ Role of automation System used for
Industry automation
Building • Controls air conditioners, HVAC DDC, SCADA, computer based
automation systems system, PLC
• Controls access control system
• Controls lightening systems in a
building
• Control CCTV systems
• Manages drinking water to building
• Controls re hazards devices
• Control lift system/elevators
• Monitoring electrical devices of
building.
Railways • Automation for signalling purpose SCADA, PLC computer based
• Monitors railway traf c on tracks system, automatic alarm
• Automatic track changing systems
• Communication between station to
station and railwlay and station
• Online reservation, booking tickets
• Controls to prevent accidents and
monitors motor engine faults
• Railway information system.
A u t o m o b i l e • In assembly line for movement of Microprocessor, microcontroller,
industry vehicles from one place to other PLC, SCADA, computer, CAD,
• Automatic tting and placement of robotic systems
parts to vehicle Robotic system is used.
• Counting of vehicles manufactured
• Painting of vehicles, automatic colour
combination
• Automation in engine, brake, window
glass operation, locking
• Controls air conditioner systems used
in vehicle
• Fuel measurement and control
• Speed measurement and control
• Controls production rate
• CAD system is used for design of
vehicle.
Process • Measurement and control of process DCS, PLC, SCADA, micro-
industries parameters (temp, pressure, flow, controllers, VFD
(cement, level)
chemical, • Recording process variables
fertilizer etc. • Alarm annunciator
industries)
• Fault identi cation and correction
• Signal transmission between field
devices and control room
AUTOMATION 11

• Graphical presentation of process

variables and trending
• Control of eld devices
• Automatic interlocking of devices
• Controls various motors, valves,
pumps
• Count the products, packaging of
product.
Hospitals • Measurement of body parameters of S C A D A , D D C , c o m p u t e r ,
a patient access control system, CCTV
• ECG Analysis, imaging, sonography, system
X ray systems, blood analysis
• Patient’s diagnosis
• Monitoring the patients health
• Gives detail information (history) of
patient
• Automatic control of fire hazards
devices in the hospital
• Display of operation theatre
information
• Show on-line video information about
operation to patients relative
• Provide information to doctors during
operation (length, movements, force)
• Monitors administration, automatic
billing
Power • Generation of electricity–generator, PLC, DCS, SCADA, DDC
industries turbines are controlled automatically
• Demand is sensed automatically
• Water ow, operations are controlled
automatically in Hydraulic Power
Stations.
• Thermal power stations various
parameters of boiler are controlled
automatically (steam temp, steam
pressure etc)
• In neuclear power station concentration
of nuclear radiations are measured and
controlled automatically
• Valves, motors, relays, blowers and
heaters used in power station are
controlled automatically
• Automation is used for electricity
distribution to avoid power losses
• Load scheduling, load control,
automatic metering operations are
controlled by SCADA
• In thermal power station coal handling
systems are controlled automatically
• In hydraulic power station pipeline
operations are controlled automatically
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• Automatic systems are used for fault

location
• Automatic systems are used to increase
production and increase ef ciency of
distribution
Mechanical • Automatic drilling, cutting, fitting, CNC, FMS, computer, controlled
workshops grinding and boaring operations on L a t h e m a c h i n e s , R o b o t i c
workpieces are performed. systems
• Digital encoders are used to measure
displacement of object.
• Automatic system are used for motion/
position control
• Movements of the object are controlled
automatically by conveyor belt
• Workpieces are joined/ tted/welded
• Automatic threading operations are
performed.
• Robotic systems are used for automatic
welding
• Movement of heavy material from
one place to another Robotic systems
are used.
• To count the objects/products
manufactured
• Automatic interlock are provided,
because of it accident prevention is
possible.
• Automatic direction and speed control
system are used.
• Automation improves quality of
product and production rate.
Airport • Control the air traf c SCADA, PLC, Computer, DDC,
• For communication between airport Microcontrollers
and aircraft
• To observe changes in climate
conditions
• On-line air tickets booking, giving
boarding pass
• Automatic loading, unloading of goods,
baggages of the passengers
• Scheduling aircraft landing/takeoff
• On-line information of aircraft
• Controls operations of aircraft.
• CCTV system, security systems,
alarm system are used in airport are
monitored and controlled automatically
• To diagnosis is any fault in aircraft the
system to prevent the accidents
• Aircraft information display system,
computers are used.
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• Fire hazards systems used in airport

are automatically operated.
• On runway automatic lightening
systems are used.
• Lifts/Elevators are controlled by PLC
Telecom • Automatically changing the network SCADA, computer, micro-
industries • Transfer calls from one line to other processors, microcontroller
• To divert calls from landline to mobile
• To provide internet services to mobiles
and landlines
• To provide services of conferencing
• Automatically control switching
network
• To measure call duration and
automatic billing
• To provide SMS services
• Monitor the telephone exchange
stations
• To provide roaming facility to user
• To identify faults in telephone line
• To exchange, allot telephone, mobile
numbers
• To divert call traf c from one network
to another
• To maintain subscribers information
• Remotely control devices through
telephone lines
Construction • Automatic control of cranes PLC, microprocessor,
industries • Use of conveyors for material handling microcontroller,
• Automatic mixing of course material, computers
cement, sand in proportional quantity
• Measure and analyse strain, stress and
strength of infrastructure
• Servomotor, pneumatic actuator are
used for glass mounting on panel
xing, tting of window panels
• Controls lift for material handling in
high-rise buildings
Aerospace • Automatic control of spacecraft engine Microprocessor, microcontroller,
industry systems PLC, SCADA, computer
• Control of landing gear system
• Control of propeller system
• Automatic control of wheels and brakes
• Control of air management system
• Control of emergency power generation
systems
• Motor controls, power distribution
system
• Control of launching of missiles
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• Control of spacecraft guidance,

navigation systems
• Control of satellite pointing direction
• Automatic orbit control system
Steel plant • Automatic systems are used for raw PLC, DSC, SCADA, digital
material handling controllers, computer
• The operations of underloaders,
conveyers are remote controlled by
computer
• PLC is used sequencial control
operations of blast furnace, coke oven,
sintering plant
• Automatic opening and closing of gates
of coal tower
• Automatic systems are used for
monitoring of blending operation to
develop correct composition, size and
moisture content
• Automatic systems are used to control
and monitor operations of blooming
mill, billet mill, wire rod mill, plate
mill, slab mill

SUMMARY
• Automation is a technology concerned with the application of mechanical,
electronics and computer based systems to operate and control production.
• Fixed, programmable, exible, of ce, home, building automation are the
types of automation.
• Fixed automation is a system in which the sequence of processing (or
assembly) operations is xed by the equipment con guration.
• In programming automation the production equipment is designed with the
capability to change the sequence of operations to accommodate different
product con gurations.
• A exible automated system is one that is capable of producing a variety
of products (or parts) with virtually no time lost changeovers from one
product to the next.
• Non-manufacturing automation include of ce automation and integrated
data processing mechanism, automatic elevators, transportation ticket
selling equipments. etc.
• SCADA, PLC, DCS, FMS, CNC machine, robots, CIM, CAE systems are
used for automation.
• Improvement in product quality and production rate, reduction in
manufacturing lead time, reduced inventory are the advantages of
automation.
• Automatic systems are used in space vehicles, transportation, hospitals,
aircrafts, home appliances, process industries, automobile manufacturing
etc.
AUTOMATION 15

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The word ‘Automation’ was rst used at the ...... company.
(a) Siemens (b) Ford Motor
(c) Rockwell Automation (d) Allen-Bradley.
2. Automation technology includes ....... .
(a) automatic material handling and storage system
(b) automatic assembly machines
(c) computer based process control systems
(d) all of the above.
3. ...... automation is used for manufacturing product with very high demand
rates and volumes.
(a) Fixed (b) Of ce
(c) Programmable (d) Flexible.
4. In ...... automation, product equipment is designed with capability to change
the sequence of operations to accommodate different product con gurations.
(a) programmable (b) home (c) factory (d) xed.
5. In ...... automation, there is no production time lost while reprogramming
the production system and altering the physical set up.
(a) plant (b) xed (c) exible (d) building.
6. Main purpose of automation is .......
(a) reduce the manpower
(b) improve production rate and quality of the product
(c) increase the cost of production
(d) to use advanced technology in the industry.
7. ...... is the disadvantage of automation.
(a) Expensive down time
(b) High cost of labour
(c) High cost of row material
(d) Expensive shut down time of plant.
8. ...... involves extensive use of computer applications, computer data base,
computer networking in the company.
(a) Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
(b) Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)
(c) Computer Aided Design (CAD)
(d) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).
9. In ...... system, computer is used for automatic machining operations, mate-
rial transfer, material handling purpose
(a) Computer Aided Design (CAD)
(b) Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System (SCADA)
(c) Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)
(d) Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM).
10. Design and geometric modeling, engineering analysis, computer, kinetics,
drafting are the main functions performed by ...... system.
(a) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA)
(b) Distributed Control System (DCS)
16 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

(c) Computer Aided Design (CAD)

(d) Computer Aided Engineering (CAE).
11. ...... technology enables user to collect data from one or more distant facilities
and /or send limited instructions to the other facilities.
(a) Supervisory control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA)
(b) Distributed Control System (DCS)
(c) Computer Aided Design (CAD)
(d) Programmable logic controllers (PLC).
12. Many process control loops can be controlled by .......
(a) Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
(b) Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
(c) Robots
(d) Computer Numerical Control machine (CNC).
13. Sequencing and control operations are performed by .......
(a) Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
(b) Computer Based Control Systems
(c) Computer Numerical Control Machine (CNC)
(d) Computer Aided Design (CAD).
14. In ...... machine the numbers, letters and symbols are coded in an appropriate
format to de ne a program of instructions for a particular work part or job.
(a) Computer Aided Design (CAD)
(b) Distributed Control System (DCS)
(c) Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
(d) Computer Numerical Control machine (CNC).
15. ...... performs spot welding, machine loading and assembly operations.
(a) Robots
(b) Programmable Controllers (PC)
(c) Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
(d) Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS).
16. ...... involves the automatic operations of electrical devices/systems used in
home.
(a) Building automation (b) Home automation
(c) Robots (d) Of ce automation.
Answers
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (b)

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. De ne the term automation.
2. How and where automation is applicable?
3. What is the objectives of automation?
4. State the advantages and disadvantages of automation.
5. Explain the strategies of automation.
AUTOMATION 17
6. Give the forms of automation and explain each in short.
7. What are the types of automation?
8. Explain in brief the xed automation.
9. What do know about of ce automation?
10. State the difference between xed and programmable automation.
11. Explain the programmable automation.
12. State the features of programmable automation.
13. Which are the systems used for automation?
14. List the applications of automation technology.
15. What is home automation?
16. What do you know about building automation?
17. What is a SCADA?

FURTHER READINGS
1. Douglas M. Considine: Standard Handbook of Industrial Automation.
2. Roger W. Bolz: Manufacturing Automation Management Handbook.
3. Mikell P. Groover: Automation, production systems and computer integrated
manufacturing.
4. Buckingham: Automation: Harper and Row publisher.