Human BIOLOGY

CARD-3

QUESTIONS
1. Bone, Muscle & Joint
2. Heredity
3. Microorganism
1 A student wanted to find out if microorganisms were present in her hair.

She prepared a sterile Petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar.

She lifted the lid of the dish and placed one of her hairs in the middle of the agar, as

shown in the diagram.

She replaced the lid and left the dish in an incubator for a period of time.

She then examined the dish.

(a) (i) Name two types of microorganism that could grow on the nutrient agar.

(2)

1 ...................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................

(ii) At which temperature should the student have set the incubator?

(1)

(iii) Explain why the student chose this incubation temperature.

(3)

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(iv) Suggest a possible source of error in this investigation.

(1)

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(b) Complete the two diagrams to show the likely appearance of the agar after

incubation for 2 days and after 7 days. (2)

(c) Briefly describe a control experiment that the student could have used as part of

her investigation and explain what it would show.

(3)

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(d) A hair shampoo manufacturer claims that their shampoo has antiseptic properties. The student
washed her hair in the shampoo then repeated the investigation.

How would you expect her results to differ, if the manufacturer’s claim is correct?

(2)

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(Total 14 marks)
2 The diagram shows a side view of the male reproductive system.

(a) (i) The following is a list of some of the parts of the male reproductive system.

Select the correct name from the list to identify each of the parts labelled A, B and D.

(3)

A ...................................................................................

B ....................................................................................

D ...................................................................................

(ii) Explain the function of parts B and C in the process of transferring sperms to a female.

(2)

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(b) In the space draw a large diagram of a single sperm. Label two parts.

(3)

(Total 8 marks)

3 Human reproduction involves the fusion of a sperm and an ovum.

(a) (i) What is the name given to the fusion of a sperm and an ovum?

(1)

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(ii) Where does the fusion of a sperm and an ovum take place?

(1)

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(b) After the fusion of a sperm and an ovum there is cell division to produce an

embryo of four cells as shown in the diagram.

(i) Tick the row in the table that correctly describes the type and the number of

cell divisions that produced this embryo of four cells.

(1)
 (ii) It is possible to remove one cell from this embryo and test it to see if it has any

changes within specific genes in the chromosomes.

What is the name used to describe random change within genetic material?

(1)

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(c) The developing embryo is shown in the diagram.

(i) Name the parts labelled X and Y.

(2)

X ...................................................................................

Y ....................................................................................

(ii) State the function of part Y.

(1)

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(iii) Describe the role of part X in the nutrition of the embryo.

(3)

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(Total 10 marks)
4 (a) Food poisoning is caused by certain bacteria.

A student has lunch in the canteen at school. She notices that some of the food

on the counter is not covered. One of the servers in the canteen coughs a lot.

(i) Explain why the student may be at risk of developing food poisoning.

(2)

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(ii) The student eats some of the food and shows symptoms of food poisoning later that day.

Explain why the student did not develop symptoms of food poisoning immediately after eating the
infected food. (2)

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(b) The table gives information about the number of food poisoning cases in the

United Kingdom between 1997 and 2009. It shows the total number of cases

from all bacteria and those only from Salmonella bacteria.

The information shows changes that have occurred from 1997 to 2009.

The results are to the nearest thousand.

 (i) Plot both sets of data on the grid to show how the number of food poisoning

cases from all bacteria has changed over time and also how the number of

cases of food poisoning from Salmonella bacteria has changed over time.

(5)

(ii) A student used the information to state that the number of cases of food

poisoning is decreasing.

Do you agree or disagree with the student?

Give reasons for your answer.

(4)

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(Total 13 marks)
5 (b) Haemophilia is a sex-linked condition that mainly affects males.
The allele for haemophilia is recessive and is carried on the X chromosome. It is
given the letter X h . The allele for normal blood clotting is dominant and given the letter X H .
(i) Complete the table to show the sex, genotypes and phenotypes of the four people. The first
one has been done for you.
(4)

(ii) A man whose blood clots normally marries a woman whose blood also clots

normally. They produce a child with haemophilia.

Explain why this child cannot be female.

(3)

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(Total 7 marks)
6 The graph shows the pattern of growth of different parts of the human body
between birth and 25 years of age.
(a) (i) State the percentage of total growth reached by the brain and head at

10 years of age.

(1)

percentage = . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(ii) State the percentage of the total growth reached by the whole body at

10 years of age.

(1)

percentage = . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . %

(iii) Suggest reasons for the differences between the percentages in part (i) and part (ii).

(2)

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(b) (i) Describe the pattern of growth of the reproductive organs from birth to

25 years of age.

(4)

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(ii) Explain the pattern of growth described in part (b)(i).

(3)

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(Total 11 marks)

7 (a) The boxes show seven structures of the human reproductive system and the

process that occurs in each structure.

Draw a straight line from each structure linking it to its correct process.

(6)

(b) Describe the advantages of breast feeding a baby compared with bottle feeding.

(4)

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(Total 10 marks)

8 The diagram shows the bones and muscles that are used in moving the forearm.

(a) (i) Name the muscle shown in the diagram that pulls the forearm up.

(1)

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(ii) Name the muscle shown in the diagram that pulls the forearm down.

(1)

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(b) (i) Name the type of joint labelled R and the type of joint labelled S.

(2)

Joint R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Joint S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Joints R and S both contain the same fluid.

Name this fluid.

(1)
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(iii) Describe the function of the fluid in part (ii).

(1)

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(iv) Describe how the movement of joint R differs from the movement of joint S.

(2)

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............................................................................. (c)
Explain why it is important for the scapula and humerus to remain still while the forearm moves.

(2)

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(Total 10 marks)

9 The passage is about the process of controlling blood sugar levels.

Complete the passage by writing a suitable word in each of the spaces.

Blood sugar concentration is regulated by . . . . . . . . . . . feedback involving hormones secreted by the . .

. . . . . . . . . . The hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . is secreted when reduced blood sugar concentration is
detected.This hormone causes the blood sugar concentration to return to normal by stimulating

the conversion of glycogen to . . . . . . . . . .. This takes place in the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If high

concentrations of blood sugar are detected, then the hormone. . . . . . . . . . . . is secreted. This returns
the blood sugar level to normal by stimulating the reverse conversion and by stimulating the uptake of. .
. . . . into respiring cells. This whole process of blood sugar control is an example of . . . . .

(Total 8 marks)
10 (a) The diagram shows a human skeleton.

(i) Name the type of joint shown by joint X in the diagram.

(1)

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(ii) Explain how the structure of joint Y allows it to bring about movement.

(4)

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iii) Place one tick () in each row to show whether the structures form part of the

axial or appendicular skeleton.

 (3)

(b) The passage describes the role of bones and muscles in movement.

Use words from the box to complete the passage.

You may use each word once, more than once or not at all.

(7)

Bones are moved by . . . . . . . . muscles. These muscles are attached to bones by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and
they work in . . . . . . . . . pairs. When one muscle in thepair . . . . . . . . . the other . . . . . . . . . . . . . and
bones are . . . . . . . . . . . . in a particular direction. Muscle cells contain many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which
release energy for movement.

(Total 15 marks)

11 (a) The bar graph shows the levels of deforestation and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions

each year in the Brazilian Amazon between 2005 and 2011.

(i) Calculate the difference in the level of deforestation in 2011 compared with

the level in 2005.

(2)

difference = . . .. . . . . . . . . km 2

(ii) Use the bar graph to compare the trends in deforestation and CO 2 emissions between 2005 and
2011.

(2)

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .
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(b) (i) Describe how deforestation can lead to a greater imbalance of oxygen and

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

(2)

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(ii) Describe how deforestation leads to soil erosion.

(3)

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(c) Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can lead to global warming.

Describe the consequences of global warming.

(3)

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(d) Eutrophication is another environmental problem.

Describe how eutrophication might occur in some lakes.

(2)

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(Total 14 marks)

12 Nutritional diseases are caused by an inadequate diet and communicable diseases

are those that can be transmitted from one person to another.

The bar graph shows the number of people, in thousands, that died from certain

nutritional and communicable diseases in 2008.

(a) In 2008, an estimated 15.6 million people died from all nutritional and communicable diseases.

Calculate the percentage of these deaths that were caused by malaria.

(3)

percentage = . . . . .. . . . . . . %

(b) Complete the table by writing the name of each disease from the bar graph to

show whether it is a communicable disease or a nutritional disease.

Two have been done for you.

(3)

(c) Explain how oral rehydration therapy is used in the treatment of diarrhoea.

(4)

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(Total 10 marks)

13 Genetic mutation can cause a change in a characteristic of an organism.

Use the idea of natural selection to explain how a change in a characteristic can become

more common in a population.

(4)

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(Total 4 marks)

14 The diagram shows the female reproductive system.

(a) Complete the table by giving the part of the reproductive system where each

event takes place.

(3)

(b) (i) An intrauterine device (IUD) can be used to prevent pregnancy.

Describe how this device works.

 (2)

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(ii) State an advantage and a disadvantage of using an IUD as a method of

contraception compared to using the contraceptive pill.

(2)

Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Total 7 marks)

15 This question is about parts of the human skeleton.

(a) Draw one straight line from each part of the skeleton to the body organ that it protects.

(3)
(b) The pelvis is made up of several bones that meet at joints.

One of these joints is labelled in the diagram.

(i) Describe how the joint found between the femur and the pelvis is different

from the sacroiliac joint.

(3)

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(ii) The pelvis and femur are bones that form part of the appendicular skeleton.

Name two other bones that form part of the appendicular skeleton.

(2)

1 ....................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................
 (iii) The femur is an example of a long bone.

Draw a diagram of a section through a long bone.

Label the compact bone, the spongy bone and the epiphysis.

(4)

(Total 12 marks)

16 The skeleton contains a number of joints.

(a) State what is meant by the term joint.

(1)

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(b) The diagram shows a hinge joint.

(i) Name parts A, B and C.

(3)

A ....................................................................................

B ....................................................................................

C ....................................................................................
 (ii) Describe the function of each of the parts A, B and C.

(6)

A ......................................................................................
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B ......................................................................................
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C ......................................................................................
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(Total 10 marks)

17 Sickle cell anaemia is a genetically inherited condition. People with this condition

have red blood cells that are shaped differently from normal red blood cells.

The diagram shows blood cells passing through a capillary of a person with normal

red blood cells and a person with sickled red blood cells.

(a) (i) Using information from the diagram, explain the disadvantage of having the

sickle cell condition.

(3)

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(ii) State an advantage for people living in tropical areas of having the sickle cell allele.

(1)

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(b) The diagram shows a family tree, some of whose members carry the allele for

sickle cell anaemia.

The allele for normal haemoglobin is N and the allele for sickle haemoglobin is n.

(i) Explain how the family tree shows that sickle cell anaemia is not a sex linked condition.

(2)

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(ii) Explain what is meant by the term carrier.

(2)

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............................................................................. (iii)
What is the genotype of person A in the family tree?

(1)

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(iv) Explain who is the only person in the family tree who might have

sickle cell anaemia.

(3)

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(Total 12 marks)

18 The diagrams show a sperm and an ovum.

(a) On the diagram, name the parts of the sperm labelled A and B.

(2)

(b) Describe how structures A and B help the sperm to carry out its functions.

(2)

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............................................................................. (c)
Suggest two advantages of an ovum being much larger than a sperm.

(2)

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(Total 6 marks)

19 The diagram shows a section through a long bone.

(a) (i) Name structures A, B and C.

(3)

A ....................................................................................

B ....................................................................................

C ....................................................................................

(ii) Describe the function of structure A.

(2)

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(b) The bone is placed into a container of hydrochloric acid for 10 hours.

The bone becomes soft and is easily bent after that time.

(i) State two safety precautions that should be taken whilst treating the bone in

the way described.

(2)

1 .......................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................
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(ii) Explain the changes to the bone that are observed after 10 hours.

(3)

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. (c) The diagram shows the bones and muscles used to raise and lower the forearm.

(i) State the names of bones X and Y.

(2)
X ....................................................................................

Y ....................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the tendons from the lower end of the biceps are attached to

bone Y and not the humerus.

(2)

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(iii) Explain the changes that occur in the biceps muscle when the forearm is

lowered (straightened).

(2)

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(iv) The two joints labelled P and Q are both synovial joints.

State two other components of a synovial joint that are not shown in the diagram.

(2)

1 .......................................................................................
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2 .......................................................................................
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(d) Complete the table by giving two differences between muscles and tendons.

(2)

(Total 20 marks)
20 Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive condition. People who are

affected by it are unable to distinguish between red and green colours.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term sex-linked.

(2)

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(b) The table shows the percentage of red-green colour blindness in males and

females in different populations.

Equal numbers of males and females were tested.

(i) Calculate the total number of Pacific Island males in the sample who are colour blind.

Show your working.

(2)

total number = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain how the information in the table supports the fact that red-green

colour blindness is a sex-linked condition.

(4)

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(c) Draw a genetic diagram to show how it is possible for a heterozygous mother and a father with
normal vision to produce a boy who is colour blind.

Use B to represent the allele for normal vision and b to represent the allele for red-green colour
blindness.

(4)

(Total 12 marks)

21 (b) (i) The recommended daily allowance of some nutrients in food varies for different

groups of people.

Explain why a pregnant female needs more calcium than a female who is not pregnant.

(2)

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(ii) The diagram shows a growing fetus.
 Add a labelled arrow to the diagram, naming the structure that gives

protection to the fetus from harmful bacteria.

(2)

(Total 4 marks)

22 (a) The graph shows the percentage general growth of humans and the human hormonal

system from birth to the age of 20 years.

(i) Between which two ages is general growth of humans most rapid?

(1)

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(ii) Suggest how general growth of humans could be measured.

(1)

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(iii) State the age at which 50% of total general growth of humans is achieved.

(1)

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(iv) Suggest the cause of the sudden increase in the growth of the hormonal system

from 13 years of age.

(2)

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(v) State two changes in males during the growth of the hormonal system

between 13 and 15 years of age.

(2)

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(b) Explain the role of the following hormones in the menstrual cycle.

Ɣ oestrogen Ɣ progesterone

(4)

oestrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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progesterone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a procedure used to increase the chances of pregnancy.

The diagram shows some of the stages in IVF.

(i) Suggest why FSH is used during stage 1 of the IVF procedure.

(1)
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(ii) Name the part of the brain that releases FSH.

(1)

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(iii) Suggest why LH is used during stage 2 of the IVF procedure.

(2)

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(Total 15 marks)

23Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease that affects the nervous system.

The diagram shows the inheritance pattern of Tay-Sachs disease in a family.

(a) (i) Which of these alleles must a person inherit to be affected by Tay-Sachs disease?

(1)

A one dominant allele only

B two dominant alleles

C one recessive allele only

D two recessive alleles

(ii) Write down the genotype for Tay-Sachs disease for person 3 and person 8.

Use T for the normal allele and t for the Tay-Sachs allele.

(2)

person 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
person 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain your choice of genotype for person 3.

(3)

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(iv) Person 6 has a heterozygous genotype.

Draw a genetic diagram to determine the probability of person 6 and person 7 having

a child who is a carrier of the Tay-Sachs allele but is not affected by the disease.

(5)

probability = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The diagram shows the type of body cell that is affected in a person with Tay-Sachs disease.

Toxins build up in the cells affected by Tay-Sachs disease. This build-up of toxins destroys the cells.

Suggest what symptoms will be shown by a person affected by Tay-Sachs.

(2)
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(c) Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a faulty gene on chromosome number 15.

The diagram shows part of a normal gene, and a faulty version of the gene found

in a person with Tay-Sachs disease.

Explain what has happened to the normal gene to produce the faulty gene that

causes Tay-Sachs disease.

(2)

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(Total 15 marks)

24 The passage is about controlling body temperature.

Use words or numbers from the box to complete the passage.

Each word or number may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(8)
The internal environment of the body is usually kept constant. This is called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The
human body temperature is kept constant at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This allows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to work
at their optimum rate. If the core body temperature decreases, then this is detected by

the . . . . . . . . . . This causes . . . . . . . . . in blood vessels supplying the skin. It also causes . . . . . . . . . .
muscles in the skin to contract and raise hairs. Less . . . . . . . . . is released from glands in the skin.

The control of body temperature works by the process of . . . . . . . . . . . .feedback.

(Total 8 marks)

25 (a) During the menstrual cycle, the concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone in

the blood vary.

The table shows these variations.

Plot the data on the grid and join the points with straight lines.

(5)

(b) (i) Name the process in the menstrual cycle that occurs between days 1 and 4.

(1)

......................................................................................

(ii) Name the process in the menstrual cycle that occurs between days 10 and 14.
 (1)

......................................................................................

(b) (i) Name the process in the menstrual cycle that occurs between days 1 and 4.

(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
Name the process in the menstrual cycle that occurs between days 10 and 14.

(1)

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(c) The lining of the uterus (endometrium) changes in thickness during the menstrual cycle.

(i) Draw a line on the chart to show the changes in the thickness of the lining

during the 28-day cycle. (3)

(ii) Explain why the thickness of the lining needs to change during the 28-day cycle.

(3)

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.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.......................................................................

(d) The body temperature of a female varies during the 28-day cycle.

The chart shows these variations in temperature.

Suggest how a female can use information about her body temperature to increase

her chances of becoming pregnant.

(3)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 16 marks)

26 (b) The inheritance of blood groups is controlled by three alleles, I A , I B and I O .

Alleles I A and I B are codominant.

Allele I O is recessive to alleles I A and I B .

(i) State what is meant by the term codominant.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. (ii) State all of the possible genotypes for blood groups AB, B and O.

(4)

AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B....................................................................................

O....................................................................................

(iii) A mother who is heterozygous for blood group A and a father who is

heterozygous for blood group B have a baby.

Draw a genetic diagram to show the possible phenotypes for this child.

(4)
(iv) These parents then produce identical twins.

What is the probability that both twins will be blood group AB?

Give a reason for your answer.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)

27 The diagram shows a section through a bone.

(a) Name the structures labelled X and Y.

(2)

X....................................................................................

Y....................................................................................

(b) Using only information from the diagram, explain why this bone could be the

femur (thigh bone).

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
28 (a) The diagram shows two muscles that are used to raise and lower the bones in the forearm.

(i) Name the muscles labelled X and Y.

(2)

X....................................................................................

Y....................................................................................

(ii) Describe how the action of these muscles causes the forearm to be raised and lowered.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Muscles and
bones form part of a body system known as the musculoskeletal system.

The table lists structures in the musculoskeletal system.

Write the numbers 2, 3 or 4 in the table to show the order of the structures, from

the simplest level of organisation to the most complex.

One has been done for you. (2)

(Total 7 marks)
29 (a) (i) Diseases are caused by different types of organism.

Draw a straight line from each disease to the type of organism that causes the disease. (3)

(ii) What name describes a microorganism that causes disease?

(1)

A antigen

B pathogen

C antitoxin

D bacillus

(b) Salmonella enterica is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.

The diagram shows a bacterium similar to Salmonella.

(i) Describe how the structure of this bacterium is different from the structure of an animal cell.

(2)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(ii) State a function of the chromosome, the ribosomes and the cell membrane in a bacterial cell.

(3)

chromosome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................

ribosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................

cell
membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............................................................................

(c) Bacteria that cause food poisoning can be found in raw meat.

The graph shows the effect of different storage temperatures on the growth of bacteria

found in raw meat over different periods of time.

(i) Explain the pattern of growth of bacteria in raw meat between 2 and 14 days at 20 °C.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
ii) Explain which temperature is best for storing raw meat.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
d) Explain how the body defends itself against infections.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 17 marks)

30 (a) The diagram shows stages in the treatment of sewage.

Use information from the diagram to explain how sewage is processed to become treated water.

Include details about the role of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in your answer.

(5)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(b) Explain how untreated sewage can cause the depletion of oxygen in water.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)

31 (a) The table lists four components found in glomerular filtrate and in urine.

It also shows the amount of each component found in glomerular filtrate and in

urine per day.

(i) Calculate the percentage of water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate per day.

(2)

percentage = . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(ii) Explain the difference in the amount of glucose in the glomerular filtrate
and in the urine.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(iii) Blood plasma contains about 200 g of protein.

State why only a small amount of this protein passes into the glomerular filtrate.

(1)

.........................................................................................
...................................................................................

(iv) Name two organs involved in maintaining water balance in the body.

(2)

1....................................................................................

2....................................................................................

(b) Urea is a main component of urine.

Describe how the human body produces urea.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)

32 The graph shows how the mass of DNA in a body cell changes as the cell divides to produce
two new body cells.
(a) (i) Use the graph to determine the time taken for mitosis to occur.

(2)

time taken = . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . hours

(ii) Describe the properties of the new cells produced by this type of cell division.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(b) Humans reproduce by a process called sexual reproduction.

Other organisms are able to reproduce by a process called asexual reproduction.

Describe how sexual reproduction differs from asexual reproduction.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)

33 The diagram shows part of the male reproductive and urinary systems.

(a) (i) Name the structures labelled B, C and D.

(3)

B ....................................................................................

C ....................................................................................

D ...................................................................................

(ii) Explain the function of structure A in reproduction.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(iii) A condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia can occur in older males.

This condition causes structure A to grow and swell.

Suggest a symptom shown by a male who has this condition.

Give a reason for your answer.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
............................................................................. (b)
Structure D produces sperm.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a sperm.

(3)

(ii) Describe one other function of structure D.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(c) (i) Complete the table by giving three ways that a sperm differs from an ovum.

(3)

(ii) State how a sperm and an ovum are genetically similar.

(1)

.........................................................................................
(Total 18 marks)

34 Red-green colour blindness is a condition that affects a person’s ability to tell the difference

between red and green.

It is an inherited sex-linked condition.

Susan and John are married. They have a son.

• Susan’s father is not colour blind

• Susan’s mother is a carrier of red-green colour blindness

• Susan has three brothers, A, B and C

• brothers A and B are red-green colour blind

• brother C is not colour blind

• Susan’s husband, John, is not colour blind

(a) Draw a pedigree to show the possible genotypes for all members of this family.

Use X B for normal vision and X b for red-green colour blindness.

(4)
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term carrier of red-green colour blindness.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(ii) Susan and John have a daughter.

Determine the possible chances of their daughter being a carrier.

(2)

.........................................................................................
...................................................................................

(c) State the process that initially produced the red-green colour blindness allele.

(1)

......................................................................................

(Total 10 marks)

35 The diagram shows some stages in the treatment of sewage at a sewage works
 (a) Using the diagram, name three stages in treating sewage where bacteria are essential.

(3)

1 ...................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................

3 ...................................................................................

(b) Name the gas produced in the sludge digester stage that can be used as a fuel.

(1)

......................................................................................

(c) Suggest a possible use for the final digested sludge.

(1)

......................................................................................

(d) State the stage where anaerobic conditions are essential.

(1)

......................................................................................

(Total 6 marks)

36 The diagram shows the nucleus of a cell at the start of nuclear division.
 (a) Name the structures labelled A

(1)

A ...................................................................................

(b) Complete the diagrams below to show the structures in the nucleus of a daughter

cell once the original nucleus has undergone:

(2)

(c) The structures labelled A contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Each molecule of

DNA contains four types of base, one of which is guanine.

(i) Name the other three types of base.

(3)

1 ...................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................

3 ...................................................................................
(ii) Name the base that pairs with guanine.

(1)

......................................................................................
(d) Haemophilia is a condition in which blood may not clot when it leaks from a

damaged blood vessel.

It is said to be a sex-linked condition.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term sex-linked.

(1)

.........................................................................................
...................................................................................
(ii) A woman who is a heterozygous carrier for haemophilia has a child with a

man who does not have haemophilia.

What is the probability that their child will be a boy with haemophilia?

Draw a genetic diagram to show how you reached your answer. Use X H as the

allele for normal blood clotting and X h as the allele for haemophilia.

(5)

(Total 13 marks)

37 Some diseases can be spread by eating contaminated food. Explain precautions that

can be taken to prevent the spread of food-borne diseases.

(8)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total 8 marks)

38 The diagram shows the bones and some of the muscles of a human arm.

(a) Name the bones labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)

A ...................................................................................

B ....................................................................................

C ...................................................................................

D ...................................................................................

(b) Describe the functions of muscles X and Y in the movement of the forearm.
 (4)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(c) Describe how the movement at joint M differs from the movement at joint N.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)

39 Use the information in the following passage and your own knowledge to answer the

questions that follow.

Malaria threatens 40% of the world’s population. New approaches in the prevention

and treatment of malaria may result from a study of a group of children in the South

Pacific with a condition known as alpha thalassaemia. The symptoms of this disease

are similar to a mild form of sickle cell anaemia and, like it, protect people from malaria.

Researchers found that children affected by alpha thalassaemia had more malaria

attacks early in life, but that these attacks were relatively mild. Later in life, these

children seemed to be immune to more severe malaria attacks whereas children

unaffected by alpha thalassaemia often died.

(a) Explain how malaria is transmitted.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(b) Explain why malaria is more likely to be found in tropical regions.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(c) Using information in the passage, explain how alpha thalassaemia may have

become common in tropical regions.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (d) Explain
how infection with mild attacks of malaria may protect children against

more severe attacks in later life.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
............................................................................. (e)
Suggest why it has proved difficult to develop a successful vaccine against malaria.

(1)

.........................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)

40 The diagram shows the human skeleton as viewed from the front.
 (a) (i) Name the bones labelled C, D and F.

(3)

C ...................................................................................

D ...................................................................................

F ....................................................................................

(ii) Write down the label letters for two bones that form part of the axial skeleton.

(2)

......................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the knee joint, which is an example of a synovial joint.

(i) State the function of the following parts of the knee joint:
 (3)

tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................

cartilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................

synovial fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................................................................

(ii) The knee joint is also an example of a hinge joint.

Describe the movement at a hinge joint.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)

41 Humans produce many tonnes of sewage effluent each year. In most countries

sewage effluent is treated before it enters rivers or seas.

(a) A common method for treating sewage is the activated sludge treatment. This is

shown in the diagram.

(i) Explain the purpose of adding bacteria in the activated sludge treatment.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
(ii) Suggest a use for the sludge waste.

(1)

.........................................................................................
(b) Explain why it is important that raw, untreated sewage should not enter rivers or the sea.

(4)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 8 marks)

42 (a) (i) Name a disease caused by bacteria.

(1)

......................................................................................

(ii) Name a disease caused by fungi.

(1)

......................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows a sample of blood as seen using a microscope.

The blood was taken from a person suffering from a disease.

 The disease-causing organisms shown in the diagram obtain nutrients from a

living person.

(i) State the general name for organisms that feed in this way.

(1)

......................................................................................

(ii) Name two food substances that the disease-causing organism obtains from human blood.

(2)

1 ...................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................

(iii) Name the structures labelled Y and Z.

(2)

Y ....................................................................................

Z ...................................................................................

(iv) Describe two differences in structure between Y and Z.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(v) Describe two differences in function between Y and Z.

(2)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
................................................................................

(vi) Name blood component X.

(1)

......................................................................................

(vii) Describe the role of component X in protecting the body.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 15 marks)

43 Describe the structure of DNA.

(8)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 8 marks)

44 The inheritance of blood groups is controlled by three alleles, I A , I B and I O

I A and I B are codominant, but both are dominant over I O

These alleles are not sex-linked.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term codominant.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.............................................................................

(b) Explain what is meant by the term sex-linked.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
............................................................................. (c) A man
is blood group A and his wife is blood group B. They have four children,

each with a different blood group.

Draw a genetic diagram to show the inheritance of blood group in this family.

(4)

(d) The man and his wife have a fifth child.

(i) What is the probability that this child will be blood group O?

(1)

......................................................................................
 (ii) What is the probability that this child will be a boy?

(1)

......................................................................................

(Total 10 marks)

45 (a) The diagram shows the bases in one strand of a DNA molecule that represents

part of a gene for normal vision.

(i) Complete the second strand of the DNA molecule by writing the

complementary bases in the boxes.

(2)

(ii) A mutation in the gene for normal vision can lead to colour blindness.

State how a gene mutation might affect the genetic code in this DNA strand.

(1)

.........................................................................................
...................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the inheritance of colour blindness in a family.

Explain the inheritance pattern for this type of colour blindness.

(3)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 6 marks)

46 (a) This passage is about blood transfusions.

(i) Calculate the volume of blood in dm 3 that is needed each year in America

to meet the demand for blood transfusions.

(2)

volume = . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dm 3

(ii) One component of blood is platelets.

Suggest why some people may require platelet transfusions rather than

whole blood transfusions.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.............................................................................

(b) Before a person is given a blood transfusion their blood group has to be checked.
 The table shows the antigens that are present on a person’s red blood cells and

the antibodies that are found in their plasma for each blood group.

Use information from the table to explain why people with blood group O can

donate blood to people of any blood group, but can only receive blood from group O.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 7 marks)

47 (a) T-helper cells are a type of white blood cell that have an important role in the

immune response.

The diagram shows two functions of T-helper cells in the immune response.

(i) Give the name of white blood cell X.

(1)

......................................................................................

(ii) State the function of white blood cell X in defending the body from disease.

(1)
.........................................................................................
...................................................................................
(iii) HIV reproduces inside T-helper cells.

Explain how viruses use living cells to reproduce.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
..........................................................................

(iv) Use the diagram to help you explain why people suffering from AIDs are more

at risk of becoming ill with common infections such as influenza.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
............................................................................. (v) HIV
attaches to a specific cell membrane protein, known as CD4, found on the

surface of T-helper cells.

Name the part of the T-helper cells that contains the gene for the CD4 protein.

(1)

......................................................................................

(vi) Suggest why a genetic mutation in the gene that codes for CD4 could

reduce the risk of infection by HIV.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
............................................................................. (b)
Explain how vaccination can reduce the incidence of influenza.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 13 marks)

48 (a) Haemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele.

(i) Complete the genetic diagram to show the genotypes and phenotypes of

the offspring.

(4)

(ii) The parents in the genetic diagram have another child.

What is the probability that this child will be female?

(1)

......................................................................................

(iii) Explain why it is not possible for a male child to inherit haemophilia from his father.

(2)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Which
row of the table shows the characteristics of the cells produced by mitosis

and meiosis in humans?

(1)

(c) (i) The cells produced by meiosis combine during fertilisation. This process

involves the DNA from the mother mixing with the DNA from the father.

Describe the function of DNA.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii) DNA
contains four bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

Complete the table by giving the percentage of thymine and cytosine in a

DNA molecule.

(2)
d) Describe the effect of ionising radiation on DNA.

(1)

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total
13 marks)

49 Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle.

(5)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 5 marks)

50 (a) The words in the box name some of the parts of the male and female

reproductive systems.

Complete the table using the word or words that match the description in the

first column.

(5)
(b) Describe the functions of the following female hormones.

(i) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(ii) Oestrogen

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
............................................................................. (iii)
Oxytocin

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)

51 (a) Doctors often look at the chromosomes of a developing fetus to see if there are

any genetic abnormalities.

They take cells from the fetus and place them in a solution containing oxygen.

They then place the cells onto a microscope slide and add a stain.

(i) Explain what must be occurring in the cells if their chromosomes are to be seen.
 (2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why oxygen must be present in the solution that the cells are placed into.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why a stain is added to the cells.

(1)

.........................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows the chromosomes found in one cell.

The cell is taken from a person who has the condition known as Down’s syndrome.

(i) Use the diagram to determine the number of chromosomes for this person.

(1

number of chromosomes = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Chromosome pair 23 are the chromosomes that determine the sex of

the person.
State why it is possible to tell that this person is female.

(1)

.........................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why gamete production in people with Down’s syndrome is low.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)

52 (a) The passage is about defence against disease.

Complete the passage by writing a suitable word in each blank space.

(4)

There are several ways that the entry of pathogens into the human body is prevented.

The . . . . . . . . is a barrier to the entry of viruses. The . . . . . . . . . . . contains cilia and produces a
sticky mucus that traps microbes. Acid in the . . . . . . . . kills most bacteria. If pathogens such as bacteria
enter our blood circulation then . . . . . . . . . . can be taken to destroy them.

(b) The diagram shows a hypodermic syringe that is used to give vaccinations by

injection.

The plunger is pulled back so that the vaccine enters the syringe through the needle.

Only 0.56 cm 3 of vaccine is needed by a patient.

Draw a line on the diagram to show 0.56 cm 3 of vaccine in the syringe.

(1)
 (c) Suggest two reasons why new vaccines are tested before being widely used.

(2)

1 .......................................................................................
...................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................
...................................................................................

(Total 7 marks)

53 The micrographs show some of the stages in mitosis. They are not in the correct order.

(a) Name stages A, B and C.

(3)

stage A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

stage B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

stage C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Write A, B or C in each of the boxes to show the correct order of these stages in mitosis.

(2)

c) Describe the function of mitosis in humans.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)

54 (a) The diagram shows a section through part of a female.

(i) Name the structures labelled A, B and C.

(3)

A....................................................................................

B....................................................................................

C....................................................................................

(ii) Add arrows to the diagram to show

● where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse (P)

● where fertilisation takes place (Q)

● where ova are produced (R)

Label your arrows P, Q and R.

(3

(b) The diagram shows a section through the reproductive organs of a male.

The male has had an operation called a vasectomy.

This operation is a method of contraception.

(i) Write the letter S on the diagram to show where sperms are produced.

(1)

(ii) Explain how a vasectomy can prevent pregnancy.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
iii) Explain why a vasectomy will not prevent the spread of gonorrhoea.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)

55 During the life of a body cell, the amount of genetic material changes.

(a) (i) State where genetic material is found in a body cell.

(1)

......................................................................................

(ii) Name the molecule that contains the genetic information.

 (1)

......................................................................................

(b) The graph shows the changes in the amount of genetic material in a body cell

over a period of time.

(i) Explain the change in the amount of genetic material between X and Y.

(2)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(ii) Explain the change in the amount of genetic material at Z.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
iii) The production of gametes differs from the production of body cells.

Extend the line on the graph to show the change in the amount of genetic material during the
production of a gamete. (3)

(iv) Explain the line you have drawn.

Refer to the production of gametes in your answer.

(2)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. (Total 12 marks)

56(c) The graph shows the number of people with skin cancer per 100 000 people in the UK

from 1975 to 2005.

(i) Describe the trend in the number of people with skin cancer in the UK

between 1975 and 2005.

(1)

.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
Extend the line on the graph to estimate the number of people with

skin cancer per 100 000 people in 2015.

(2)
 number of people = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) In 2005 the population of the UK was 63 million.

Calculate the number of people with skin cancer in 2005.

(2)

number of people = . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Suggest why the number of people with skin cancer is increasing.

(1)

.........................................................................................
. (Total 6 marks)

57 (a) The diagram shows a section from a DNA molecule.

Complete the diagram by adding the complementary bases in the boxes on the

DNA strand.

(2)
(b) Chromosomes contain DNA.

The full set of chromosomes found in a body cell is known as a karyotype.

The diagram shows a human karyotype.

(i) Label the X chromosome and the Y chromosome on this karyotype.

(1)

(ii) The X and Y chromosomes determine the sex of an individual.

Draw a genetic diagram to show how sex is inherited in humans.

(4)
(c) Explain how a genetic mutation in a sperm cell results in all body cells of the offspring

having the mutation.

(3)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total 10 marks)

58 (a) The table lists some information about reproductive hormones.

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(3)
(b) The diagram shows a developing fetus in the uterus.

(i) Explain the differences between the composition of the blood in the umbilical artery

and in the umbilical vein.

(4)

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
....................................................................

(ii) One function of the placenta is to keep the blood of the mother separate from

the blood of the fetus.

Explain why it is important that the blood of the mother is not mixed with the

blood of the fetus.

(2)
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)

59

(Total 6 marks)

60

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
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(Total 15 marks)

The end
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The End