Material Balance

BT2061: Biochemical Thermodynamics

M. Hamsa Priya

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 1 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance

Conservation of Mass
Mass is a conserved quantity, it can be neither created nor be destroyed

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 2 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance

Conservation of Mass
Mass is a conserved quantity, it can be neither created nor be destroyed

General Balance Equation

(Amount of θ in the system at time t + ∆ t)

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 2 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance

Conservation of Mass
Mass is a conserved quantity, it can be neither created nor be destroyed

General Balance Equation

(Amount of θ in the system at time t + ∆ t) -
(Amount of θ in the system at time t )

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 2 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance

Conservation of Mass
Mass is a conserved quantity, it can be neither created nor be destroyed

General Balance Equation

(Amount of θ in the system at time t + ∆ t) -
(Amount of θ in the system at time t )
= (Amount of θ that has entered the system
across system boundaries between t and t + ∆ t)

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 2 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance

Conservation of Mass
Mass is a conserved quantity, it can be neither created nor be destroyed

General Balance Equation

(Amount of θ in the system at time t + ∆ t) -
(Amount of θ in the system at time t )
= (Amount of θ that has entered the system
across system boundaries between t and t + ∆ t)
- (Amount of θ that has left the system across
system boundaries between t and t + ∆ t)

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 2 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance

Conservation of Mass
Mass is a conserved quantity, it can be neither created nor be destroyed

General Balance Equation

(Amount of θ in the system at time t + ∆ t) -
(Amount of θ in the system at time t )
= (Amount of θ that has entered the system
across system boundaries between t and t + ∆ t)
- (Amount of θ that has left the system across
system boundaries between t and t + ∆ t) +
(Amount of θ generated/consumed within the
system between t and t + ∆ t)

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 2 / 10

 Material Balance

General Balance Equation

   
Rate of change Rate at which θ
 of θ in the system  =  flows in/out of 
i.e., Accumulation the system
 
Rate at which θ
+  is generated/consumed 
within the system
dθ X
= θ̇k + rθ
dt
k

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 3 / 10

 Material Balance

General Balance Equation

   
Rate of change Rate at which θ
 of θ in the system  =  flows in/out of 
i.e., Accumulation the system
 
Rate at which θ
+  is generated/consumed 
within the system
dθ X
= θ̇k + rθ
dt
k

subscript k corresponds to k streams in/out of the system

Sign convention:
Inlet stream – Positive; Outlet strem – Negative
Generation – Positive; Consumption/Loss – Negative

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 3 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

What about rM term?

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

What about rM term?

Since mass is a conserved quantity =⇒ rM = 0

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

What about rM term?

Since mass is a conserved quantity =⇒ rM = 0
Total mass balance for a closed system:

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

What about rM term?

Since mass is a conserved quantity =⇒ rM = 0
Total mass balance for a closed system:
0; no flows
dM X 
= Ṁ
>
dt  k
k

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

What about rM term?

Since mass is a conserved quantity =⇒ rM = 0
Total mass balance for a closed system:
0; no flows
dM X 
= Ṁ
>
dt  k
k

Total mass balance for a system at steady state:

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Mass Balance
Total Mass Balance:
dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

What about rM term?

Since mass is a conserved quantity =⇒ rM = 0
Total mass balance for a closed system:
0; no flows
dM X 
= Ṁ
>
dt  k
k

Total mass balance for a system at steady state:

0; steady state(s.s)
dM7 X
 = Ṁk
dt k

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 4 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Single component system

Mass Balance of a single component system

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 5 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Single component system

Mass Balance of a single component system

dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

How to convert mass to moles?

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 5 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Single component system

Mass Balance of a single component system

dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

How to convert mass to moles?

M
N=
Mw
Molar Balance Equation:

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 5 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Single component system

Mass Balance of a single component system

dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

How to convert mass to moles?

M
N=
Mw
Molar Balance Equation:
dN X
= Ṅk
dt
k

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 5 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Single component system

Mass Balance of a single component system

dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

How to convert mass to moles?

M
N=
Mw
Molar Balance Equation:
dN X
= Ṅk
dt
k

Mass is always conserved, moles need not be conserved

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 5 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Single component system

Mass Balance of a single component system

dM X
= Ṁk
dt
k

How to convert mass to moles?

M
N=
Mw
Molar Balance Equation:
dN X
= Ṅk
dt
k

Mass is always conserved, moles need not be conserved

For a single component system, moles are also conserved!
M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 5 / 10
 Material Balance

Molar Balance – Multi-component system

Balance should be written for each species

Molar balance equation for ith component
dNi X
= Ṅi,k + ri
dt
k

ri corresponds to the rate at which component i is

generated/consumed due to chemical reactions in the system
For C component system, one has to write C balance equations
Two choices
C species balance equations
C-1 species balance equations and 1 total mass balance equation

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 6 / 10

 Material Balance

Chemical Reactions in the System

A typical chemical reaction can be represented as

αA + βB + · · ·
ρR + σS + · · ·

Mathematical equation representing the chemical reaction

ρR + σS + · · · − αA − βB − · · · = 0

A simplistic notation X
νi I = 0
i

Chemical Species,I A B R S
Stiochiometric Coefficient, νi -α -β ρ σ

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 7 / 10

 Material Balance

Chemical Reactions in the System

Let’s define the extent of reaction, ,

Ni − Nio
=
νi
where, Ni is the number of moles of i at any instant of time,
Nio is the initial number of moles of species i and
νi is the stoichiometric coefficient
Thus, the rate of generation/consumption of a species i is
 
dNi
ri = = νi ˙
dt rxn

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 8 / 10

 Material Balance

Chemical Reactions in the System

For a single reaction in the system

Ni = Nio + νi  ;
C
X C
X C
X
Ntot = Ni = Nio +  νi
i=1 i=1 i=1

For M independent reactions

M
X
Ni = Nio + νij j
j=1

where, j is the molar extent of reaction for jth independent reaction;

νij is the stiochiometric coefficient of ith species in jth reaction

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 9 / 10

 Material Balance

Molar Balance for Multicomponent System

Species Balance:
M
dNi X X
= Ṅi,k + νij ˙j
dt
k j=1

Total Molar Balance:

C M
dN X XX
= Ṅk + νij ˙j
dt
k i=1 j=1

M. Hamsa Priya BT2061:MB 10 / 10