EPHYSICS LECTURE

Schedule - 9:00 am - 12 pm (Thursday)

2nd Semester 2021-2022

NAME: ANGEL V. ANSIT INSTRUCTOR: Juanita Z. Sayson

Course & Year-Section: BSCE 1-D Date of Presentation: April 28, 2022

Presentation of Group 4: Experiment No.:

My Learnings

A set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that
has the property of electric charge is known as electricity. Electric Charges, Electric Fields,
and Electrostatics are the assigned topics that have been presented by Group 4.

Electric Charges
In physics, electric charge or electrostatic charge denoted by the symbol q is a
property of a unit of matter, which expresses the extent to which it has more or fewer
electrons than protons. The proton in an atom has a positive charge, while the electron has a
negative elementary charge. Moreover, electric charge is a scalar quantity. A quantity to be
termed a vector should also obey the laws of vector addition, such as the triangle law of
vector addition and parallelogram law of vector addition; only then quantity is said to be a
vector quantity. When two currents meet at a junction, in the case of an electric current, the
resultant current of these will be an algebraic sum and not the vector sum. Hence, an electric
current is a scalar quantity, although it possesses magnitude and direction.

❖ Types of Electric Charges

a) Positive Charge (+)

A positive charge indicates that an object has more protons than
electrons. The method of charging an uncharged object by bringing it close to
a charged object
b) Negative Charge (-)
A negative charge indicates that an object has more electrons than
protons.

(Note: If there are equal numbers of protons and electrons, then the object is
electrically neutral.)

❖ Methods of Charging
a) Charging by Friction
➢ occurs when one material gains electrons and becomes negatively
charged, and another loses electrons and becomes positively charged.
 b) Charging by Conduction
➢ the method of charging an uncharged object by bringing it close to a
charged object. As the charged conductor has an unequal number of
protons and electrons, when an uncharged conductor is brought near it,
it discharges electrons to stabilize itself.
c) Charging by Induction
➢ the process of charging an uncharged conductor by bringing it near a
charged conductor without any physical contact.
Electric Field
Electric field is the electric force per unit charge. It is said to exist in the region of
space around a charged object, the source charge. Here is the equation to calculate the electric
field generated by any point charge:
𝑘𝑄
𝐸= 2
𝑟
Moreover, an electric field line is an imaginary line or curve drawn through a region
of empty space so that its tangent at any point is in the direction of the electric field vector at
that point. The direction of the fields is defined by the force on a positive test charge. A
positive test charge is repelled by a positive charge so the direction extends away from it. On
the other hand, a negative charge attracts a positive test charge, so the direction is towards a
negative point charge.

❖ Important Properties of Electric Field Lines

a) The field lines must be tangent to the direction of the field at any point.
b) The greater the line density, the greater the magnitude of the field.
c) The lines always start from positively charged objects and end on negatively
charged objects.
d) The lines must never cross.

Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that deals with the phenomena and properties of
stationary or slow-moving electric charges. Coulomb's Law describes electrostatics
phenomena that arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other. Although
electrostatically induced forces seem to be relatively weak.

Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or
repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes
of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The Coulomb’s Law is given by the expression:

𝑘𝑞1𝑞2
𝐹𝑒 = 2
𝑟
where Fe is the electric force, q1 and q2 are electric charges, k is the Coulomb’s constant
8.988×109 N⋅m2/C2 and r is the distance of separation.