GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS Pharmaceutical Importance:

● 1 valence electron • Water ( 𝑯𝟐𝑶) - odorless, tasteless, clear

● S block liquid in small quantity but greenish blue in
● It forms solid hydrides when heated deep layers
with hydrogens
● High affinity to oxygen TYPES OF WATER
● Most reactive metallic element
Type Components

HYDROGEN Alkaline Water 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑜4, 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4,

- Lightest element 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3
- Inflammable air
Saline Water “ 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑜4, 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4,
- Not an alkali metal Purgative water” NaCl
- Hydrogene means water forming
Carbonated water [Ca(𝐻𝐶𝑂3) 2],
Uses of Hydrogen [Mg(𝐻𝐶𝑂3) 2] 𝐶𝑂2
in 𝐻2O
- It is not employed as therapeutic
agent Chalybeate water Fe in
- Used as a reactant in various states solution/suspension;
of purity and its peroxide are official ferruginous state
- It is the element that is common to
Lithia water 𝐿𝑖2𝐶𝑂3 , 𝐿𝑖𝐶l
all official aids
Sulfur water 𝐻2S
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Siliceous water 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑖𝑂3 / 𝐾2𝑆𝑖𝑂3
Protium – most abundant
Deuterium – Heavy hydrogen
Tritium – prepared by bombarding
OFFICIAL WATERS
Beryllium with deuterous

• WATER USP – official solutions, tinctures

HARDNESS OF WATER
and extracts
Temporary Permanent

- soluble Ca - Sulfates, • PURIFIED WATER USP

or Mg Chlorides and - Distillation or by ion exchange
bicarbonat Hydroxides of treatment
es ; Ca and or Mg - Not for parenteral administration
removed - Water of choice for
by boiling
extemporaneous compounding
• WATER FOR INJECTION USP
- Purified by distillation; no added
substance
- Pyrogen test - Solvent to prepare
parenteral solutions
• STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION USP -
single dose container - no antimicrobial -
Extemporaneous compounding ( IV or IM )
• BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR
INJECTION - One or more suitable
antimicrobials - Not for IV administration -
small volumes of extemporaneous
parenterals for IM.
• STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION - used
to moisten body tissues and in performing
urologic procedures.
Hydrogen Peroxide
• a.k.aThenard’s oxygenated acid
• Agua oxinada, oxygenated acid,
oxygenated water - 3% of 𝐻2𝑂2 ( 10
volumes )
• Mild oxidizing antiseptic ( wound )
• Mouthwash
- treatment of Vincent’s stomatitis
- prolonged use: Hairy tongue /
hypertrophied filiform papillae
- 6% ( 20 volumes ) for hair and fabric
bleach
LITHIUM
• “Lithos” means earth or stone
• Lightest metal
• Most reactive metal
Lithium Carbonate USP XIX
• Prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar
disorders and mania
Brand name: Lithase
SODIUM
• “ Natrium “
• Most abundant and major extracellular
cation
• Fluid retention in tissues
Sodium Chloride ( NaCl )
• most important mineral
• Table Salt, Sea Salt, Rock Salt, Solar Salt,
Asin
• Electrolyte Replenisher:
1. Sodium Chloride Injection – 0.9% NaCl
2. Ringer’s Solution – Isotonic soln of 3
chlorides
3. Lactated Ringer’s Solution – Hartmann’s
Soln.
4. Darrow’s Solution 5. ORS
Sodium Acetate ( CH3COONa )
• Other name Acetate of Soda
• Urinary and systemic alkalizer
• Diuretic
• Antacid
POTASSIUM
• “ Kalium “
• Major Intracellular cation
• Compounds - More soluble in non polar
solvents
• Diuretic
• Vital in muscle contraction - Hypokalemia
 • Carbonate – Magnesite, Dolomite
Potassium alum [ KAl (SO4) 2 ] • Chloride – Carnallite
• Tawas • Sulfate – Kieserite
• Astringent • Magnesium Containing antacids C/I :
Impaired renal function\
RUBIDIUM & CESIUM
Very similar in behavior to potassium ion Magnesium Sulfate
• Rubidium Chloride - Cardiac imaging for • Other name Epsom salt; Bitter salt
px with suspected MI • IM –Anticonvulsant ( eclampsia )
• Cesium Chloride - Used in dentistry
CALCIUM
GROUP IIA –ALKALINE EARTH METALS • 2 nd most abundant extracellular cation
- 2 valence electrons • 99% calcium in body
- Strong reducing agents (except Be) • Blood clotting ( factor IV )
- Oxides are all basic (except Be) Osteoporosis - calcium deficiency
- Do not occur in nature because of
high order of chemical reactivity STRONTIUM
- Strong reducing agent • Red pyrotechnics
• Similar properties to Ca
BERYLLIUM
• Former name –Glucinum Compounds:
• Least metallic • Strontium Chloride
• Amphoteric • Strontium Bromide
• Use in fluorescent lamp • Strontium Lactate

MAGNESIUM BARIUM
• 2 nd most abundant intracellular cation • Green pyrotechnics
• 6 th most abundant element which • Extremely toxic
resembles Al in behavior Uses: • All Ba compounds are poisonous Toxicity:
• Photography - Flash bulbs and signal Baritosis
light Antidote: Na2SO4 or MgSO4 ( best
• Research antidote )
• Magnesium salts –Antacid ; Laxative
• Natural calcium channel blocker Compounds of Barium:
1. Barium Hydroxide
Natural Sources of Magnesium: 2. Barium Sulfate
• Silicate –Talc, Asbestos
GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY
- B and Al are the most important
members of the group in pharmacy
- The metals of this group are readily
oxidized in air
- They readily react with halogens
and sulfur
BORON
• Metalloid
• Vulcanizing rubber
ALUMINUM
• 3rd most common element in the Earth’s
crust
• Most common metal
Uses:
• Astringent ( soluble Aluminum )
• Deodorants
• Antiperspirant
GROUP IV A – CARBON FAMILY
- 4 valence electrons
- Increasing atomic mass and atomic
radius, the elements show
increasingly more metallic
characteristics.
- They have low melting point and
boiling point
- Ge and Sn are active metals,they
displace H from acids and combine
with most metals.
- The oxides and hydroxides of Sn
and Pb are amphoteric.
- Si and Ge form diamond type
structures in the solid state but their
electrical behavior indicates more
metallicity.
- Si and Ge are classified as
Metalloids
CARBON
• Non-metal
• Basic unit or organic compounds (
Catenation )
• C is used as a reducing agent in the
preparation of many metals.
CARBON - 2 Allotropic modification:
•Amorphous
Coal, Anthracite ( hard coal ), Bituminous (
soft coal )
• Crystalline
Diamond, Graphite
Activated Charcoal
• Destructive distillation of organic
• General purpose antidote
• Adsorbent in diarrhea disorder
Carbon dioxide
• a.k.a. Carbonic Acid, Aer Fixus
• Gray container
• Respiratory stimulant
• Refrigerant – Dry ice
• Treat acne, warts corns
• CO2 laser
Carbon monoxide
• Colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas
• Byproduct of incomplete combustion
• Systemic poison

SILICON
• Metalloid
• 2nd most abundant element in the earth’s
crust
• Not in free state
• Inert, non-absorbent aid

Official compounds of Si
• Purified Siliceous earth ( SiO2)
– absorber, filtering medium and clarifying
agent

• Bentonite
– soap clay, mineral soap, a.k.a native
colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate

• Kaolin a.k.a native hydrated aluminum

silicate
– adsorptive for diarrhea, dusting powder
• Pumice- dissolving agent for slowly
soluble substances

• Talc
– Soapstone, Purified talc –a.k.a hydrated
Mg silicate ( softest mineral known ) - used
as a dusting agent and filtering agent

Silicosis – Lung disease caused by dust id

Silica

GERMANIUM - extracted from Zinc ores