Solutions for the Appendix 303

the
pminus sign in front of the first term is still there. Indeed, the square root
+ u + 1 x2 is the positive one, and since a < 1/2 (and in particular,
a < 0), we must take the negative square root of 4a2 when factoring it out
of the square root. Thus the quadratic form is again
✓ ◆2
a 1 1
a(4a2 1) A p (B + C)2 + (B C)2 ,
4a2 1 4 4
which this time has signature (1, 2), since a < 1/2. Thus again we confirm
Theorem 3.7.13.

A15.1 By Definition 3.9.7, H = (1/2)(A2,0 + A0,2 ). Equation 3.9.36 gives

us expressions for A2,0 and A0,2 . It is now straightforward to show
p that H
is given by the desired expression. Remember we have set c = a21 + a22 ,
so that a21 + a22 = c2 . Thus we have
1
H= (A2,0 + A0,2 )
2
1 1
= 2 2 1/2
a2,0 a22 2a1,1 a1 a2 + a0,2 a21 a2,0 a21 + 2a1,1 a1 a2 + a0,2 a22
2c (1 + c ) 2c (1 + c2 )3/2
2

1 ⇣ ⌘
2 2 2 2 2
= 3/2
(1 + c ) a 2,0 a2 2a 1,1 a1 a2 + a 0,2 a 1 + a2,0 a1 + 2a 1,1 a1 a2 + a0,2 a2
2c2 (1 + c2 )
1 ⇣ ⌘
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 3/2
a (a
2,0 2 + a1 ) + a (a
0,2 1 + a 2 ) + c a a
2,0 2 c 2a a a
1,1 1 2 + c a a
0,2 1
2c2 (1 + c2 )
1 ⇣ ⌘
2 2
= 3/2
a2,0 + a 0,2 + a2,0 a2 + a 0,2 a1 2a 1,1 a 1 a2
2 (1 + c2 )
1 ⇣ ⌘
2 2
= 3/2
a2,0 (1 + a 2 ) 2a 1,1 a 1 a 2 + a 0,2 (1 + a1 .
)
2 (1 + c2 )
In going to the next-to-last line, one c2 in the 2c2 in the denominator cancels
the c2 and a21 + a22 in the numerator.

A16.1 a. Since 0  sin x  1 for x 2 [0, ⇡], it follows that

0  sinn x  sinn 1
x1
for x 2 [0, ⇡]. So
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
cn = sinn x dx < sinn 1
x dx = cn 1.
0 0

b. We have
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
cn = sinn x dx = sin x sinn 1 x dx
0 0
Z ⇡
⇥ ⇤⇡
= cos x sinn 1
x 0+ cos x(n 1) sinn 2
x cos x dx.
0

But
⇥ ⇤⇡
cos x sinn 1
x 0 = 0 for n 2,