MATHEMATICS

MODULE 8: LINEAR EQUATION AND INEQUALITY IN ONE VARIABLE

An algebraic expression is an expression which may contain a variable, a constant, or a combination of both. It
may also include the four operation symbols and different grouping symbols. It is separated by a plus (+) or
minus (−) sign.

A Linear equation in one variable is an equation of the first degree. It is a mathematical statement that shows
two algebraic expressions are equal. A Linear equation in one variable can be written in the form.

There are properties of equality that we can use in solving an equation. These are the following:

1. Reflexive Property - It states that any number or expression is always equal to itself. (a = a)
2. Symmetric Property - It states that the two expressions on the left and right side of the equation can be
interchanged without affecting the equation. (If 𝒂 = 𝒃, then 𝒃 = 𝒂)
3. Transitive Property - If two expressions are each equal to a third expression, then these three expressions
are equal to each other. (If 𝒂 = 𝒃 and 𝒃 = 𝒄, then 𝒂 = 𝒄)
4. Substitution Property - It states that if 𝒂 = 𝒃, then 𝒂 can be substituted for 𝒃 and 𝒃 can be substituted for 𝒂
in any equation.
5. Addition Property of Equality (APE) - It states that adding the same number on both sides of the equation
will give an equal sum. (If 𝒂 = 𝒃, then 𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝒃 + 𝒄)
6. Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE) - Multiplying the same number on both sides of the equation will
give an equal product. (If 𝒂 = 𝒃, then 𝒂𝒄 = 𝒃𝒄)

𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬 : Why are subtraction and division not mentioned on the properties?

Always remember that subtracting means adding the negative of what is subtracted. Which means 𝒂 − 𝒃 is
the same as 𝒂 + (−𝒃). Example: If 𝑥 + 5 = 9, then 𝑥 + 5 + (−𝟓) = 9 + (−𝟓) is the same as 𝑥 + 5 − 𝟓 = 9 − 𝟓.

LINEAR INEQUALITY IN ONE VARIABLE

An inequality is a statement in which the two algebraic expressions are not equal, that is either one quantity is
greater than or less than the other. It is a linear inequality if the variable is on the first degree.

A solution to an inequality is the same in equation that is when substituted to the variable will make the
statement true. It also uses properties.

Properties of Inequality

For any real numbers, a, b, and c, we have:

1) Transitive Property of Inequality (TPI)
If 𝒂 < 𝒃 and 𝒃 < 𝒄, then 𝒂 < 𝒄
If 𝒂 > 𝒃 and 𝒃 > 𝒄, then 𝒂 > 𝒄
Examples:
a. If −3 < 6 and 6 < 17, then −3 < 17
b. If 3𝑥 ≥ 21 and 21 ≥ −15, then 3𝑥 ≥ −15
2​ ) Addition Property of Inequality (API) - The inequality symbol does not change if the same number is added
to both sides of an inequality.

If 𝒂 > 𝒃, then 𝒂 + 𝒄 > 𝒃 + 𝒄

If 𝒂 < 𝒃, then 𝒂 + 𝒄 < 𝒃 + 𝒄
​Examples:
​a. If 8 > 5, then 8 + 4 > 5 + 4 or 12 > 9
b. If 𝑥 − 2 ≤ −6, then 𝑥 − 2 + 2 ≤ −6 + 2

3) Multiplication Property of Inequality (MPI) - The inequality symbol does not change if the same positive
number are multiplied to both sides of an inequality.

If 𝒂 > 𝒃 and 𝒄 > 𝟎, then 𝒂𝒄 > 𝒃𝒄

If 𝒂 < 𝒃 and 𝒄 > 𝟎, then 𝒂𝒄 < 𝒃𝒄
If we multiply a negative number on both sides of the inequality, we need to reverse the inequality symbol.
If 𝒂 > 𝒃 and 𝒄 < 𝟎, then 𝒂𝒄 < 𝒃𝒄

- Solution of an inequality can be graphed using a number line. If the symbol is either < or >, we use an open
circle to indicate that the given number is not included in the solution. And if the symbols are ≤ or ≥, we use
a solid circle which means the given number is included in the solution. If the inequality symbols are < 𝑎𝑛𝑑
≤, we draw a line extending to the left from the solid/open circle. If the inequality symbols are > 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥, we
draw a line extending to the right from the solid/open circle.

MODULE 9: LESSON 1: SOLVING LINEAR EQUATION AND INEQUALITY IN ONE VARIABLE

Solving Linear Equations in One Variable using Addition Property of Equality (APE)
- Using Addition Property of Equality (APE), our goal is to think of a number that can be added on both sides
of the equation to be able to isolate the variable on one side of the equal sign.

Solving Linear Equations in One Variable using Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)
- Let us recall, Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE). It states that if 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐. That is
multiplying the same number on both sides of the equation in order to isolate the variable on one side of it
and be able to find the value of the unknown or variable.

Solving Other Types of Linear Equations in One Variable

- Solving other types of linear equations in one variable may use two or more properties of equality and
properties of real numbers.

Solving Linear Inequality in One Variable

- To find the solution of linear inequality in one variable, we use properties of inequality namely: Addition
Property of Inequality (API) and Multiplication Property of Inequality (MPI)
LESSON 2: PROBLEMS INVOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITY IN ONE VARIABLE

In solving word problems, one must know how to formulate an equation or inequality based on the given
problem. The following steps can help us in solving a problem.

1.) Read the problem carefully.

2.) Represent the unknown by using a variable.
3.) Form an equation or inequality based on the given in the problem.
4.) Solve the equation or inequality.
5.) Check the answers.
MODULE 1: UNDEFINED TERMS and SUBSETS OF A LINEAR

Geometry comes from two Greek words geo and metron. Geo means earth and metron means measure.
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of properties, measurement, relationships of
point, line, plane, angles and other figures in space.

Line is an infinite set of points extending in opposite directions. It is represented by a straight edge with arrows
on both ends.

UNDEFINED TERMS DESCRIPTION

POINT A point has no dimensions. It has no length, width or

thickness, and it is represented by a small dot.
Named by a single capital letter.

LINE A line has one dimension. It has infinite length but no

width or thickness, and it is represented by a two
headed arrow. It is named by either using two points
on the line or an italicized lowercase letter.

PLANE A plane has two dimensions. It has infinite length and

width but no thickness, andTwo rays with aTwo rays
with a common endpoint and extending to opposite
directions. Common endpoint and extending to
opposite directions. It is represented by a flat
surface. It is named by using three noncollinear
points on the plane, or a capital letter.

SUBSETS OF A LINE DESCRIPTION

SEGMENT Subset of a line consisting of two endpoints and all

the points between them. It is named using the
endpoints.

RAY Subsets of a line consisting of an endpoint and the

infinite set of points on one direction of the endpoint.
It is named using an arrow symbol and two capital
letters with the endpoint written first followed by
another point on the ray.

OPPOSITE RAYS Two rays with a common endpoint and extending to

opposite directions.

SAME RAY Two rays with the same endpoint and extending to
the same direction.

HALF LINE Subsets of a line also extend in one direction from a

point which is not included.
MODULE 2: ANGLES AND ANGLE PAIRS

An ANGLE is a figure formed by two noncollinear rays that have a common endpoint called vertex.

The measure of an angle refers to the amount of opening between the sides of the two rays. Protractor is the
measuring instrument used to measure angles. Degree is the unit for measurement.

KINDS OF ANGLES DESCRIPTION

ACUTE ANGLE An angle that measures greater than 0 but less than
90.

RIGHT ANGLE An angle that measures exactly 90.

OBTUSE ANGLE An angle that measures greater than 90 but less than
180.

SPECIAL PAIRS OF ANGLES RELATED BY MEASURES

DESCRIPTION

COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES Two angles whose measures add up to 90.

SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES Two angles whose measures add up to 180.

CONGRUENT ANGLES Two angles whose measures are equal.

SPECIAL PAIRS OF ANGLES RELATED BY POSITION

DESCRIPTION

ADJACENT ANGLES Two angles with a common side but no common

interior points."3 middle fingers”

LINEAR PAIR Two adjacent angles whose non-common sides form

opposite rays.

VERTICAL ANGLES Non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting

lines.
MODULE 3: ANGLES FORMED BY PARALLEL LINES CUT BY TRANSVERSAL

Transversal Lines is a line that intersects two lines in two distinct points.

1.) Interior Angles are interior angles on the same side of transversal line.
Examples: ∠3 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠6
2.) Exterior Angles are exterior angles on the same side of transversal line.
Examples: ∠1 and ∠7, ∠2 and ∠8
3.) Alternate Interior Angles are interior angles on the opposite sides of transversal line.
Examples: ∠3 and ∠6, ∠4 and ∠5
4.) Alternate Exterior Angles are exterior angles on the opposite sides of transversal line.
Examples: ∠1 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠7
5.) Corresponding Angles are angles whose one is in the interior and the other one is in exterior of the same
side of transversal line.
Examples: ∠1 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠7, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠4 and ∠8

MODULE 4: POLYGONS AND EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ANGLES OF A CONVEX POLYGON

Polygon is a closed figure bounded by segments which intersect at their endpoint.

I. Kinds of Polygons according to number of sides

NUMBER OF SIDES KINDS OF POLYGONS NUMBER OF SIDES KINDS OF POLYGON

3 TRIANGLE 9 NONAGON

4 QUADRILATERAL 10 DECAGON

5 PENTAGON 11 UNDECAGON

6 HEXAGON 12 DODECAGON

7 HEPTAGON N-SIDES N-GON

8 OCTAGON
II. Kinds of Polygons according to diagonals.

KINDS OF POLYGON DESCRIPTION

CONVEX POLYGON If all its diagonals are in the interior of the polygon.

CONCAVE POLYGON If not all or some of its diagonals are in the interior of
the polygon.

III. Kinds of Polygon according to sides and angles

KINDS OF POLYGON DESCRIPTION

EQUILATERAL POLYGON Polygon with equal sides.

EQUIANGULAR POLYGON Polygon with equal angles.

REGULAR POLYGON Polygon with equal sides and angles.

EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ANGLES OF CONVEX POLYGON

• An interior angle of a polygon is an angle formed by two consecutive sides of a polygon and whose interior is
also part of the interior of the polygon.
• The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is (n − 2) ∙ 180° where n is the number of sides.
• The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is (n−2) ∙ 180/n where n is the number of sides.
• An exterior angle of a polygon is an angle outside the polygon formed by one of its sides
and the extension of an adjacent side.
• The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon, one for each vertex, is 360°.
• The measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 360°/n
where n is the number of sides.
• The adjacent interior and exterior angles are supplementary; Hence, their measures will
add up to 180°.
MODULE 5: CIRCLE, TRIANGLE, AND QUADRILATERAL

A circle is a set of points on a
plane all of which are equidistant
(the same distance) from a fixed
point called the center. It is named
by its center.
​A triangle is a polygon with three
sides, three angles and three
vertices. We can also call a
triangle a trigon meaning three
sides. The sum of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
Quadrilateral is a polygon with
four sides, four angles and four
vertices. Quadri means four and
lateral means sides. The sum of
the interior angles of a
quadrilateral is 360

TERMS RELATED TO CIRCLE DESCRIPTION

RADIUS A line segment drawn from the center to any point on

the circle.

CHORD A line segment with both endpoints on the circle.

DIAMETER A chord that passes through the center of the circle.

Its measure is twice the measure of a radius.

CENTRAL ANGLE Angle formed by two radii of the same circle.

INSCRIBED ANGLE Angle formed by two chords of the same circle.

SEMI CIRCLE Half of the circle.

MINOR ARC A portion of a circle that is less than half of the

circle.

MAJOR ARC A portion of a circle that is greater than half of the

circle.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES ACCORDING TO SIDES

DESCRIPTION

SCALENE TRIANGLE A triangle with no congruent sides.

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE A triangle with two congruent sides.

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE A triangle whose sides are all congruent.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES ACCOR

DESCRIPTION

ACUTE TRIANGLE A triangle with three acute

interior angles.

OBTUSE TRIANGLE A triangle with an obtuse

interior angle.

RIGHT TRIANGLE A triangle with a right interior

angle.

EQUIANGULAR TRIANGLE A triangle whose interior angles are all congruent.

KINDS OF QUADRILATERAL DESCRIPTION

TRAPEZOID A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of sides that are

parallel.

TRAPEZIUM A quadrilateral with no pair of sides that are parallel.

PARALLELOGRAM A quadrilateral with two pairs of sides that are

parallel.

RECTANGLE A parallelogram with four right angles.

RHOMBUS A parallelogram with four congruent sides.

SQUARE A parallelogram with four right angles and four

congruent sides.
MODULE 6: MEASURES OF SIDES AND ANGLES OF A CONVEX POLYGON

- The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is (𝑛−2) ∙ 180°/ 𝑛

- The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon is (𝑛 − 2) ∙ 180