if it is to be successful. First, design is where the action is.

An effective discipline of human –computer

interaction cannot be based largely on ‘usability analysis’, important though that may be. Usability
analysis happens too late; there are too few degrees of freedom; and most importantly, it is not
generative. Design thrives on understanding constraints, on insight into the design space, and on deep
knowledge of the materials of the design, that is, the user, the task, and the machine. The classic
landmark designs in human–computer interaction, such as the Xerox Star and the Apple Lisa/Macintosh,