CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

ASSIGNMENT
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

20CE132

QNO:1 Define: Materials ,Engineering Material and civil engineering materials .How would
you classify civil engineering materials ?

ANS: MATERIALS.

Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be

pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified based on their physical
and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function.

ENGINEERING MATERIALS.

Engineering Materials 2 is an introduction to the properties and structures of engineering

materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. The fracture, fatigue, creep, and
environmental stability of materials are discussed, along with the results of impact tests, tensile
tests, bend tests, and hardness measurements.

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS.

The modern civil engineer needs to deal with traditional construction materials as well as
advanced materials. Traditional construction materials, such as timber, steel, asphalt and
Portland cement concrete are often used in many construction projects. Modern materials,
such as polymers and composites are making headway into the construction industry.
Significant research on these materials has led to better understanding of these materials and
improved their strength and durability performance. The traditional materials used today are
far superior to those of the past, and new materials are being specially developed to satisfy the
needs of civil engineering applications.

To a civil engineer the performance of materials in structures and their ability to resist various
stresses are of prime importance. This laboratory experimental work is intended to help
students in civil engineering to understand the physical and structural properties of common
construction materials. This involves the study of Portland cement concrete and concrete
making materials (cement, aggregates, etc.), asphalt concrete, steel and timber, with minor
reference to other advanced materials.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

QNO2: Describe relationship between following properties of civil engineering materials:

(a) Density and compressive strength
This study aims to obtain the relationship between density and compressive strength of foamed
concrete. Foamed concrete is a preferred building material due to the low density of its
concrete. In foamed concrete, the compressive strength reduces with decreasing density.
Generally, a denser foamed concrete produces higher compressive strength and lower volume
of voids. In the present study, the tests were carried out in stages in order to investigate the
effect of sand-cement ratio, water to cement ratio, foam dosage, and dilution ratio on
workability, density, and compressive strength of the control foamed concrete specimen. Next,
the test obtained the optimum content of processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) as partial
cement replacement in the foamed concrete. Based on the experimental results, the use of
1:1.5 cement to sand ratio for the mortar mix specified the best performance for density,
workability, and 28-day compressive strength. Increasing the sand to cement ratio increased
the density and compressive strength of the mortar specimen. In addition, in the production of
control foamed concrete, increasing the foam dosage reduced the density and compressive
strength of the control specimen. Similarly with the dilution ratio, the compressive strength of
the control foamed concrete decreased with an increasing dilution ratio. The employment of
PSBE significantly influenced the density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete. An
increase in the percentage of PSBE reduced the density of the foamed concrete. The
compressive strength of the foamed concrete that incorporated PSBE increased with increasing
PSBE content up to 30% PSBE. In conclusion, the compressive strength of foamed concrete
depends on its density. It was revealed that the use of 30% PSBE as a replacement for cement
meets the desired density of 1600 kg/m3, with stability and consistency in workability, and it
increases the compressive strength dramatically from 10 to 23 MPa as compared to the control
specimen. Thus, it demonstrated that the positive effect of incorporation of PSBE in foamed
concrete is linked to the pozzolanic effect whereby more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH)
produces denser foamed concrete, which leads to higher strength, and it is less pore
connected. In addition, the regression analysis shows strong correlation between density and
compressive strength of the foamed concrete due to the R2 being closer to one. Thus,
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

production of foamed concrete incorporating 30% PSBE might have potential for sustainable
building materials.
(b) Water absorption and specific Gravity.

Specific gravity test of aggregates is done to measure the strength or quality of the material
while water absorption test determines the water holding capacity of the coarse and fine
aggregates. The main objective of these test is to, To measure the strength or quality of the
material.
(c) Insulation and specific weight.
The thermal and energy performance of buildings depends on the thermal characteristics of the
building envelope and particularly on the thermal resistance of the insulation material used.
The ability of a thermal insulation material to transmit heat in the presence of a temperature
gradient is determined by its thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity values of building
insulation materials are generally given at 24°C according to ASTM standards. Actually, such a
material when used in a building envelope is exposed to significant and continuous
temperature changes, essentially due to the changes in outdoor temperature and solar
radiation, especially in harsh climate. The main objective of this study is to investigate the
relationship between the temperature and the thermal conductivity of polystyrene, which is
widely employed as a building insulation material in Oman, at various densities, using the
developed experimental setup based on the guarded hot plate method. The results show that
higher temperatures lead to higher thermal conductivities and the lower is the material density,
the higher is the thermal conductivity. The envelope-induced cooling load for a simple building
is also calculated, and it is shown that a lesser cooling load is needed for a high-density
insulation.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

QNO3: What is difference between Rock, stone and aggregate? Explain Natural process of
formation of igneous rocks.

ANS : is that stone is (uncountable) a hard earthen substance that can form large rocks and
boulders while aggregate is a mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; something consisting of
elements but considered as a whole(uncountable) A hard earthen substance that can form
large A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; something consisting of elements but
considered as a whole.rocks. A small piece of stone, a pebble. A gemstone, a jewel, especially a
diamond. A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; – in distinction from a
compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles. A set collection of objects. A
monument to the dead; a gravestone or tombstone. A stand or table with a smooth, flat top of
stone, commonly marble, on which to arrange the pages of a book, newspaper, etc. before
printing; also called imposing stone. Consisting or formed of smaller objects or parts.
NATURAL PROCESS OF FORMAION OF IGNEOUS ROCK.
Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on
the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. All magma develops
underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat there.

Igneous rocks can have many different compositions, depending on the magma they cool from.
They can also look different based on their cooling conditions. For example, two rocks from
identical magma can become either rhyolite or granite, depending on whether they cool quickly
or slowly.

The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive rocks are
formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from
underground. Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust
of the planet.

When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, also called
volcanic, the rock cools very quickly. Crystals inside solid volcanic rocks are small because they
do not have much time to form until the rock cools all the way, which stops the crystal growth.
These fine-grained rocks are known as aphanitic—from a Greek word meaning “invisible.” They
are given this name because the crystals that form within them are so small that they can be
seen only with a microscope. If lava cools almost instantly, the rocks that form are glassy with
no individual crystals, like obsidian. There are many other kinds of extrusive igneous rocks. For
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

example, Pele’s hair is long, extremely thin strands of volcanic glass, while pahoehoe is smooth
lava that forms shiny, rounded piles.

Intrusive rocks, also called plutonic rocks, cool slowly without ever reaching the surface. They
have large crystals that are usually visible without a microscope. This surface is known as a
phaneritic texture. Perhaps the best-known phaneritic rock is granite. One extreme type of
phaneritic rock is called pegmatite, found often in the U.S. state of Maine. Pegmatite can have a
huge variety of crystal shapes and sizes, including some larger than a human hand.

QNO4: Why sedimentary rocks are called stratified rocks? Explain physical classification of
rocks.

ANS: During the formation of sedimentary rocks the sediments are deposited in waterbodies
and get sorted out according to their size. The sediments accumulate in different layers or
strata arranged one above the other. Each layer or stratum has particles of given size. In
sedimentary rocks each layer or stratum has particles of a given size. Therefore sedimentary
rocks are also called stratified rocks.
Physical Classification of Rocks.
So you are actually looking for details on physical classification of rocks and are unable to find
some resourceful and in-depth guide. Don’t worry here I am with another useful guide
exploring different types of rocks based on its physical appearances and its classification based
on how it looks.

There are actually three common classifications of rocks

Physical classification

Geological classification

Chemical classification

In today’s post our concern is only about the physical classification of rocks, which is also
sometimes referred as the structural classification of rocks. As it is based on the physical
structure of the rock or in other words we classify the rock based on the physical structure we
can observe with our eyes.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Unstratified Rocks

As the name suggests this class of rocks never shows distinct layers in their structure beside
have a compact massive crystalline structure; that’s why un-stratified rocks are usually called as
massive rocks. As they are intact in massive units they can’t be separated easily in layers or
slabs.

Unstratified rocks are commonly found along with stratified rocks and are abundantly found in
nature. The structure of the unstratified rocks are same along their depth and area.

The most common examples of these types of rocks include granite, trap etc.

Granite

Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided
eye. It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth’s surface. Granite is composed
mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and other minerals.

Trap

Trap rock is a name used in the construction industry for any dark-colored igneous rock that is
used to produce crushed stone. Basalt, gabbro, diabase, and peridotite are the most common
rock types referred to as trap rock.

Quarzite

Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed when quartz-rich sandstone or chert has been exposed
to high temperatures and pressures.

Basalat

Basalt is a common gray to black volcanic rock. It is usually fine-grained due to rapid cooling of
lava on the Earth’s surface.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Stratified Rocks

Stratified rocks are opposite of unstratified physical class of rocks. Stratified rocks are
composed of layered structures that are connected as a result of stratification and possess
plane of cleavage or cleavage planes or bedding planes. These layers and stratum can be easily
detached from one another along that plane. The layers of the stratified rocks can be as thin as
1 cm and can be as thick as 1 meter or above. The color, size and composition of the layers can
be similar or different in nature.

Most common example for this class of rocks include:-

Sand stone

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of quartz sand, but it can also contain
significant amounts of feldspar, and sometimes silt and clay.

Lime stones

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of the mineral calcite and comprising about
15% of the Earth’s sedimentary crust. It is a basic building.

Slate.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Foliated Rocks

This classification of rocks is very common in case of metamorphic grout of rocks. Foliated rocks
are formed in a layered structure that has been induced under lateral pressure. These rocks
have a tendency of splitting along a plane of definite direction only which is not necessarily be
in parallel direction to each other, which was the case of stratified rocks.

The best examples of the foliated rocks include

Slate

Gneisses

QNO5: What is tertiary Rock?Explain its formation .Also discuss the rock cycle.

ANS: Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock, in
a process called metamorphism. ... They may be formed simply by being deeply buried beneath
the Earth's surface, where they are subject to high temperatures and the great pressure of the
rock layers above The term “metamorphosis” is most often used in reference to the process of
a caterpillar changing into a butterfly. However, the word “metamorphosis” is a broad term
that indicates a change from one thing to another. Even rocks, a seemingly constant substance,
can change into a new type of rock. Rocks that undergo a change to form a new rock are
referred to as metamorphic rocks.

In the rock cycle, there are three different types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic. Sedimentary and igneous rocks began as something other than rock.
Sedimentary rocks were originally sediments, which were compacted under high pressure.
Igneous rocks formed when liquid magma or lava—magma that has emerged onto the surface
of the Earth—cooled and hardened. A metamorphic rock, on the other hand, began as a rock—
either a sedimentary, igneous, or even a different sort of metamorphic rock. Then, due to
various conditions within the Earth, the existing rock was changed into a new kind of
metamorphic rock.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

The conditions required to form a metamorphic rock are very specific. The existing rock must be
exposed to high heat, high pressure, or to a hot, mineral-rich fluid. Usually, all three of these
circumstances are met. These conditions are most often found either deep in Earth’s crust or at
plate boundaries where tectonic plates collide. In order to create metamorphic rock, it is vital
that the existing rock remain solid and not melt. If there is too much heat or pressure, the rock
will melt and become magma. This will result in the formation of an igneous rock, not a
metamorphic rock.

Consider how granite changes form. Granite is an igneous rock that forms when magma cools
relatively slowly underground. It is usually composed primarily of the minerals quartz, feldspar,
and mica. When granite is subjected to intense heat and pressure, it changes into a
metamorphic rock called gneiss.

Slate is another common metamorphic rock that forms from shale. Limestone, a sedimentary
rock, will change into the metamorphic rock marble if the right conditions are met.

Although metamorphic rocks typically form deep in the planet’s crust, they are often exposed
on the surface of the Earth. This happens due to geologic uplift and the erosion of the rock and
soil above them. At the surface, metamorphic rocks will be exposed to weathering processes
and may break down into sediment. These sediments could then be compressed to form
sedimentary rocks, which would start the entire cycle anew.
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Rock cycle
The rock cycle is a concept used to explain how the three basic rock types are
related and how Earth processes, over geologic time, change a rock from one type
into another.

THE END