1

Factor of Safety in Designing

Prefabricated System
• In prefabricated structures, the prefabricated components shall
be designed with proper structural integrity to avoid situations
where damage to small areas of a structure or failure of a
single element may lead to the collapse of major parts of the
structure.

• All buildings shall be capable of safely resisting the minimum

horizontal load of 1.5% of the characteristic dead load applied
at each floor level
1

CIV 367
Unit 2

Prefabricated Components
1

Shear Wall
• Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces,
i.e., parallel to the plane of the wall. In other words, Shear walls are
vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system.

• Shear wall is a structural member in a reinforced concrete framed

structure to resist lateral forces such as wind forces, earthquake
forces etc.

• It resists the loads due to Cantilever Action

• They should be ideally placed at the center of building, This is

rarely practical since it also utilizes the space a lot, so they are
positioned at the ends. It is better to use walls with no openings in
them. So, usually, the walls around lift shafts and stairwells are
used.
1
Deformation of Building without Shear Wall

Deformation of Building with and without Shear Wall

1

Shear wall
• Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven
settlement loads, in addition to the weight of structure and
occupants, create powerful twisting (torsional) forces. This leads
to the failure of the structures by shear.

• Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall inside it

maintains the shape of the frame and prevents rotation at the
joints
1

Functions of Shear Wall

The main functions of a Shear Wall can be described as follows :

•Providing Lateral Strength to building : Shear Wall must

provided lateral shear strength to the building to resist the
horizontal earthquake forces, wind forces and transfer these forces to
the foundation.

•Providing Lateral Stiffness to building : Shear Walls provide

large stiffness to building in the direction of their orientation, which
reduces lateral sway of the building and thus reduces damage to
structure.
1

Shear Wall

Diagram of Shear Wall in a Building

1

Functions of Shear Wall

The main functions of a Shear Wall can be described as follows :

• Resist Lateral loads, Seismic loads, Vertical Forces (gravity)

• Reduces lateral sway of the building
• Provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of
their orientation
• The rigid vertical diaphragm transfers the loads into Foundations
• Provide large strength and stiffness in the direction of orientation
• Significantly reduces lateral sway
• Well-distributed reinforcements
• Minimize damages to structural and Nonstructural elements
1

Location of Shear Wall in Building

The shape and plan position of the shear wall influences the
behavior of the structure considerably.

• Structurally, the best position for the shear walls is in the centre
of each half of the building. This is rarely practical, however,
since it dictates the utilization of the space, so they are
positioned at the ends.( as shown in Diagram below)
1

Location of Shear Wall in Building

Shows Shear wall

1

Location of Shear Wall in Building

• Thus it is best to locate the shear wall along with lifts or the stairs as the
lifts or stairs are located in the middle of the structure as much as possible
for better accessibility. Moreover, there will not be any opening needed for
the wall at stairs or elevators, so shear wall with no openings can be
constructed for better performance.
• But it is not always possible or economical to construct the shear wall a
middle, so the wall can be also formed at the corners or external faces of
the buildings.
1

Location of Shear Wall in Building

• The shear wall must be located in such a way that, there is a
maximum probability of lateral load is predicted to apply along
the plane of the shear wall.

• So the seismic behavior of the place is first well studied and the
movement of lateral forces that are most probable to be caused
in a certain direction are fixed out according to which the
location and direction of the plane of the shear wall are suitably
located.
1

Forces on Shear Walls

Shear Forces

Shear forces are generated in stationary buildings by accelerations

resulting from ground movement and by external forces like wind &
waves. This action creates shear forces throughout the height of the wall
between the top and bottom shear wall connections.

Uplift Forces

Uplift forces exist on shear walls because the horizontal forces are applied
to the top of the wall. These uplift forces try to lift up one end of the wall
and push the other end down. In some cases the uplift force is large
enough to tip the wall over. Uplift forces are greater on tall short walls uplift
shear walls need hold down devices at each end when the gravity loads cannot
resist all of the uplift. The hold down device then provides the necessary
uplift resistance
1

Forces on Shear Walls

1

Forces on Shear Walls

1

Codal Provisions for Shear Wall (IS

13920: 2016)
• Minimum ratio of length of wall to its thickness shall be 4.
• Wall thickness is 200 mm or higher.
• Diameter of reinforced bar shall not exceed 1/10 th of thickness of
section
• If permissible shear stress exceeds 0.25* √fck or wall thickness
exceeds 200mm, then reinforcement is needed to be provided in
two layers or planes of the wall.
• Provide uniformly spaced minimum reinforcement 0.25% of
gross area in each direction.
• The larger the width, the larger will be resistance against the
lateral loads.
• The maximum spacing of the reinforcement bar should not exceed
450mm or 1/5th of wall horizontal length, or 3 times wall
thickness, whichever is less
1

Large panel Structures and their Behaviour

All the main part of a building, including exterior wall and interior
wall, floor slab, roofs, and staircase, may be made up from large panel
structure are used in two main design schemes, frame-panel and panel
building.
• In frame-panel building, all the base loads are borne by the building’s
frame, and as enclosure element.
• Frameless buildings are assembled from panels that perform the
load bearing and enclosing functions simultaneously
1

Behaviour of Large panel Structures

1. Large Panel Structure For exterior walls
• Large panel structure for exterior walls consist of panel one or two
stories in height and one or two rooms in width. The panel may be blind
(without openings) or with window or door opening.
• In terms of design the wall panel may be single layer solid and
multilayer solid (sandwitch). Solid panels are made from the materails
that have insulated properties and at the same time can perform
supporting functions. For example: Light weght concrete, Cellular
Concrete.
• Sandwich wall panels are made with two or tree layers : their thickness
depends on climatic conditions of the regions and physical , technical
properties of the materials used for insulating layer and for the
exterior layer.
• The surface of the exterior wall panel is covered with the decorative
mortar or is faced with the ceramic or other finishing tiles.
• After assembly, the joints between the panels are filled with mortar or
with lightweight or ordinary concrete and then sealed with packing and
special mastics
1

Behaviour of Large panel Structures

Large Panel Structure For exterior walls

1

Behaviour of Large panel Structures

2. Large Panel Structure For Interior walls

• The large panel structure of the interior wall may be non load bearing
or load bearing.

• In the First case, they are made from gypsum slag concrete or from
other materials that act as enclosures. In the case of load bearing
structure, the wall panels, which combine enclosing and load bearing
function, are made from heavy or lightweight, silicate or cellular
concrete, or vibration set brick or ceramic work.

• The dimensions of the panels are determined by the dimensions of the

rooms (in apartment houses), their height is equal to the height of a
story, the width is equal to width of a room, and the thickness of the
walls between rooms is usually 10-14 cm (between apartment 14-
18cm).
1

Behaviour of Large panel Structures

Large Panel Structure For Interior walls

1

Behaviour of Large panel Structures

3. Large Panel Structure For Floor Slabs

• The large panel structure of floor slabs are usually made from
reinforced concrete, the area of the floor slabs in apartment buildings
usually equals the area of one room

• Flagging panels have an area of 5-8 sq m. The large panel floor slabs
of housing public, and administrative building are of both the solid and
sandwich types in the latter, provision is made for a sound insulation
layer to reduce air and impact.

• Composite floor panels, consisting of a load-bearing reinforced

concrete panel combined with a floor or ceiling panel and
soundproofing, insulating, and other layer, are often used in housing
construction.
1

Behaviour of Large panel Structures

4. Large Panel Structure For Roof Elements

• Large Panel roof elements are used in housing and public buildings
and in industrial buildings the roof panels have a span of up to 12 m.

• The weight of the panel depends on the method of dividing the building
into prefabricated elements and is usually 1.5-1.7 tons.

• Large panel structure of a high rise apartment building consist of

foundation slab, exterior wall panel, interior wall, floor slab, deck and
exterior panel in the process of installation.

• At the joints, the panels to which steel pieces are welded, link together
all the panels and provide general stability of the building.

• Large panel structures are used in the construction of high rise

buildings.
1

Behavior of various Elements

1

Behavior of Roof and Floor Slabs

• The roofing/ flooring system consist of RC planks and Joists.
• The planks are casted to standard size and they are connected to
the RCC joists which are provided at regular interval
• The loads from the planks are transmitted to the RCC joists and
then to the main Beams
• The main beam are provided with the channel sections 10 cm
projections on the necessary side with spacing of joist.
• The joists are seated in the channel and bolted together.
• The loads from the slabs to the main beam will come as point loads.
• The roofing/ Flooring slab system consist of planks which are
supported over the RCC Joists.
1

Behaviour of Roof and Floor Slabs (Diagram for Explanation)

1

Behavior of Roof and Floor Slabs

Details of Plank Used
• The size of the plank is governed by the manual handling of the plank ,
the weight is normally 50 kg , which is lifted easily by two persons.
• Plank is tapered from the top partially 1 inch at the edges and partly 2
inches by providing haunch (increased thickness) at the central coss-
section (usually 4 inch wide) of the plank to resist stresses during handling
and installation.
• Plank uses the nominal MS reinforcement, typically 6 mm bars and
concrete of grade not less than M20
1

Behavior of Roof and Floor Slabs

Details of RC Joist Used

• These are partially precast beams which form a T-beam formed together
with the planks on both edges and filling of in-situ concrete in the
middle.
• The width of the joist must be able to accommodate adequate bearing
of planks on both sides and the depth is governed by the span.
• Typically for medium spans upto 13 feet, a 6 inch x 6 inch cross section
of the joist is optimum.
1

Behavior of Roof and Floor Slabs

Placement of Joists and Planks

1

Behavior of Roof and Floor Slabs

1

Behavior of Joists

• Joists are designed as a small beam loaded from planks

• Joists transmit the loads to the main beam through channels
provided in the main beams.
• In joists , a triangular shaped stirrup are provided to get the proper
bonding connection with the plank.
• Joists are casted partially in a factory.
• In this triangular projecting a connecting rod will be inserted and
additional bars from the planks are also inserted.
1
Behavior of Joists

Joist Joist placed at site

Joist tied with plank (Connecting Rod) In situ partial Concreting

1

Behavior of Beams
• All the main and Secondary beams are of the same size 300 x 300 mm and
varied reinforcement are provided at various conditions according to the
moments.
• Beams are cast for a clear distance between the columns.
• A square of 10 x 10 cm hole for a depth of 10 cm are provided on either
sides to achieve the connection with other beam reinforcement or
column reinforcement by proper welding.
• After welding the concrete has to be done at the column and beams, it is
necessary to put the side concreting.
• For the purpose top ends of the beam are tapered so that it will give
access to the site concrete and for needle vibrators to give proper
compaction.
1

Behavior of Beams
1

Behavior of Beams
1

Behavior of Wall panels

• Wall panels are casted with all fixing like doors, ventilators and
window frames.
• In the view of thermal effects and safety, minimum 150 mm is provided
as wall thickness.
• This wall is sandwich type that is cellular concrete block of 75 mm thick
is sandwiched by RCC.
• M25 grade concrete to a thickness of 37.5 mm on either side with
minimum reinforcement.
• Since the walls are in steel moulds there will be no need for plastering on
either side face of all. This is one of the advantages of precast wall
panels.
1

Behavior of Wall panels

1

Behavior of Columns
• Many types of columns are available in prefabricated systems.
• Grooves are provided on the required faces to keep the walls In
position.
• The groove will act as a part of column and since the area has been
increased due to tibs, will give additional moment as well as load
carrying capacity of columns.
• At the same time groves will give a mild ornamental look to our
building.
1

Behavior of Columns