SOLVED EXAMPLE I

Given that the density of Water is 1000 Kg/mz, calculate the mass and
weight of a barrel full of water, assuming that the barrel has a
diameter of 1.0 m and height of 1.5 m. (ignore the barrel weight)

p=m/v = m/(tT 12 h) O i.i

h
1000 = ffi /(3.14x0.52x1.5)

Solve for fft = L1-77.5K9

l// = m g = 1177.5 x 9.8L =11551.3 N

 SOLVED EXAMPLE 2
. A body weighs 1000 /brwhen exposed to a standard earth
gravitY g = 32.17 4 ft/s2.

a) What is its mass in kg?

b) What will the weight of this body be in N if it is exposed to the
moon's standard acceleration gmoon = L.62 m/s2?
c) How fast will the body accelerate if a net force of 400 /b. isJ
applied to it on the moon or on the earth?
Solution
Part (o)
W=m.O )lbf=slug.ft/s2
1-000 = m . 32.174 ) m = 31.08 slug
Convert it to kg from tables
m = 31-.08 slugs = (31.08 slugs)(14.5939 kg/slug) = 454 kg Ans. (o)
 SOLVED EXAMPLE 2 ...
Port (bl
The mass of the body remoins 454 kg regordless of its location

Wroor= ffi.gmoon = 454 kg x 1.62 m/s2 = 735 N Ans. (b)

Port (c)
This port does not involve weight or gravity or locotion. lt
simply is
on opplicotion of Newton's law with o known moss and known
force
F = 40O lbf = m.a = 31.08 slug x o ft/s2

a = 400/31-.08 = L2.87 ft/s2 = 3.92 m/s2 Ans. (c)

Comment (c):This occelerotion would be the some on the eorth or

moon or anywhere.
 FLUID PROPERTIES CONTO' O

' Pressure, P, is simply force per unit area. Pressure is often

measured in pounds per square inch (psi), atmospheres
(atm), or torr (which is a millimeter of mercury).

P-F/A
. Where F is the force in newton (N) and A, is the area of contact in
square meter or m2. The S.l. unit for pressure is the Pascal, which
is a Newton persquare meter: L Po = 7 N / m2.
. Atmospheric pressure is at sea Ievel is normally

7 otm = 1.0L x7d Pa = 750 torr = 74.7 psi.

At the deepest ocean trench the pressure is about 110 million Pascals.
 PRESSURE EXAMPLE
A Cookbook weighs 20 N is placed on the table in different
orientation as shown in the figure below. Calculates the pressure on
the table in each orientation.
Note the pressures are very small compared to atmospheric pressure.

P - 20 / (.20 x 0.06) \.\'\}s

- L666.7 Po
o
o
P - 20 N/ (.20 m x 0.30 m) o t.'
7f /4.
rl
=333.3N/m2 ct V
o
o
nr
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION
o Vapor Pressure Puis defined as the
pressure exerted by its vopor in
equilibrium phose with its liquid ot
o given temperoture
o lf P d rops below P, liq u id is loca lly
vaporized, creating cavities of
va por.
. Vapor cavities collapse when local
P rises a bove Pr.
Collapse of cavities is a violent
process which can damage
mach ine ry.
Cavitation is noisy, and can cause
structu ra I vi brations.
 VISCOSITY
o Viscosity is a property that
re p rese nts th e i nte rn a
"........}.
Lr[agG resistance of a fl uid to
furce
motion.
;.':: t'.

"ttlp o The force a flowing fl uid

,

-
-TTi:t exerts on a body in the flow
'4
:.itidd-*tb direction is called the drag
force, ond the magnitude of
,, ': :
this force depends, in part,
.'

Click me!
on viscosity.
 To obtain a relation for viscosity,
VISCOSITY AND consider a fluid layer between
SHEAR STRESS two very large parallel plates
separated by a dista nce A
Defin ition of shea r stress is
Frt-l Area A
T - F/A.
t/ N' Force F
trrr*=rll>

Velocity Using the no-slip condition,

Shear stress for Newtonian fluid:
f = p du/dy
ttis the dynomic viscosity and
Velocity profile has units of /V. s/m2, Po.s, or
u(r')
'( - ')' y Poise
Kinemotic viscosity, r/ : tt /p
a nd has u n its of m2/s
r = lt du/dy
 VISCOSITY: N EWTONIAN VS. NON -N EWTONIAN
Toothpaste
Latex
Paint
t-
ui
rn
<t)
Shear thinning
<r1
bo
C
'= Newtonia
tIT
q)
-C
a

Corn
Starch

Rate of shearing stra rn,

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Newtonian Fluids are Linear Relationships between stress and strain:
Most common fluids including water are Nevutonian.
Non-Newtonian FIuids are Non-Linear between stress and strain.
 VISCOMETER
o How is viscosity measured? A
Stationary rotating viscometer.
cylinder . Two concentric cylinders with a
flu id in the sma I I ga p A.
. Inner cylinder is rotating, outer
one is fixed.
. Use definition of shear force

r - rA- 'dy
uAgY

Torque f = FR, and tangentia

velocityV= atR
Wetted surface area A = 2 r R L.
MeasureT and atto compute pt
 Liquid droplets behave like small
spherical balloons filled with
SURFACE TENSION liquid, and the surface of the
A molecule Iiquid acts Iike a stretched elastic
on the surface membrane under tension.
The pulling force that causes this
is due to the attractive forces
between molecu les ca lled
A molecule surface tension o (sigma)
inside the
liquid o Attractive force on surface
molecule is not symmetric.
Repulsive forces from interior
molecules causes the liquid to
Surface tension is measured in newton m in im ize its su rface a rea a nd
per meter (N/m), and is defined as the attain a spherical shape.
force acting along a line of unit length
perpendicular to the surface.
 SURFACE TENSION: LIQUID DROP
The pressure inside a drop of fluid can be calculated using a free-body diagram:

Real Fluid Drops Mathematical Mode!

R is the radius of the droplet, o is the surface tension, Ap is the pressure

difference between the inside and outside pressure.
The force developed around the edge due to surface tension along the line:

Fr,,r1or" - ZnRo 2o
This force is balanced by the pressure difference A p: A^n=-
,R
 CAPILLARY EFFECT
Meniscus o Capillary effect is the rise or fall
of a Iiquid in a small-diameter
tu be.

11
Meniscus The cu rved f ree su rface in the
tu be is ca ll the meniscus.
Water meniscus curves up
because water is a wetting fluid.
Mercury meniscus curves down
because mercury is a non-
wetting fluid.
o Force ba Ia nce ca n describe
.h. magnitude of capillary rise.
> Homework:
2R
Derive qn expression for the liquid
rise, h, in the tube shown.