MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT

Question 1.
What were the crucial questions asked by the people about India?
Answer:
The crucial questions were: What is this country of India and whom is it meant for?

Question 10.
In which year congress split took place?
Answer:
In 1907.

Question 1.
Describe the event of Gandhiji’s arrival to India from South Africa.
Answer:
Gandhiji, at the age of 46, arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. He led Indians in South
Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. He was already a respected leader
known internationally. His South African campaign brought him in contact with various types
of Indians.

Question 6.
Define the terms sovereign, Publicists and Repeal.
Answer:

1. Sovereign: The capacity to act independently without outside

interference.
2. Publicist: Someone who publicizes an idea by circulating information,
writing reports, speaking at meetings.
3. Repeal: to undo law to officially end the validity without outside
interference.

Question 1.
How did the Non-cooperation Movement gain momentum through 1921-22? Explain.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement gained momentum through 1921 – 22. Thousands
of students left the schools and colleges that were controlled by the government.
Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C.Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave
up their practices. British titles that were awarded to several of the Indians were
surrendered.
Legislatures were boycotted. People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth. The import of
foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920 and 1922. But all this was seen as merely
the tip of the iceberg. The large parts of the country were on the brink of a formidable
revolt.

Question 3.
Explain the Rowlatt Satyagraha in brief.
Answer:
In 1919, Gandhiji gave call for a satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act that the British
had just passed.

1. The Act curbed fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and

strengthened police powers.
2. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others felt that the
government had no right to restrict people’s basic freedoms. The Act
was criticized as ‘Devilish’ and tyrannical.
3. Gandhiji asked the Indian people to observe 6th April 1919 as a day of
“humiliation and prayer” and hartal (strike).
4. Satyagraha Sabhas were set up to launch the movement.
5. Rowlatt Satyagraha turned out to be the first all India struggle against
the British. It was largely restricted to the cities.
6. In April 1919 there were a number of demonstrations and hartals in the
country and the government used brutal measures to suppress them.
7. The Jallianwala Bagh atrocities, inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar on
Baisakhi Day (13th April) were a part of repression.
8. On learning about the massacre, R.N. Tagore expressed pain and anger
of the country by renouncing his knighthood.
9. During Rowlatt Satyagraha, the participants tried to ensure that Hindus
and Muslims were united to fight against British rule. This was also the
call of Mahatma Gandhi who always saw India as a land of all the people
who lived in the country.
10. Gandhiji was keen that Hindus and Muslims support each other in any
just cause.

JUDICIARY

Question 1.
What is the present location of Supreme Court of India?
Answer:
Supreme Court of India is presently located at Tilak Marg, New Delhi.
Question 2.
When did the Supreme Court devise the mechanism of PIL?
Answer:
The Supreme Court devised the mechanism of Public Interest Litigation in 1980.

Question 1.
State the basic difference b/w criminal law and civil law.
Answer:
The basic difference is:
Criminal law: Deals with conduct or acts that the law defines as offences. For
example, theft, harassing a woman to bring more dowry, murder.
Civil law: Deals with any harm or injury to rights of individuals. For example, disputes
relating to sale of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce cases.

Question 2.
How does the Supreme Court ensure the protection of Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Independence of judiciary allows the court to ensure the proper functioning of
executive and legislature. It also plays a crucial role in protecting the Fundamental
Rights of citizens because anyone can approach the courts if they believe that their
rights have been violated.

Question 3.
What role does separation of power play in making independence of judiciary
successful? Answer:
One of the aspect of this independence is the separation of power which is the key
feature of the Constitution and this means that other branches of the state like the
legislature and the executive – cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The
courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf.

Question 4.
What happened in the case ‘Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity vs State of West
Bengal’
(1996)?
Hakim Sheikh, an agricultural labourer, who fell from a running train and injured
himself and whose condition got worse because several hospitals refused to admit
him.

On this Supreme Court directed the West Bengal government to pay him
compensation for the loss suffered as well as to come up with a blueprint for
primary health care with particular reference to treatment of patients during an
emergency.
Question 1.
What type of issues are handled by the courts of India. Describe work of judiciary in
brief.
Answer:
Courts in India take decisions on a very large number of issues. They can decide
whether teacher can beat a student, or about the sharing of river water between
states, or they can punish people for particular crimes. The work of the judiciary can
be divided into the following:

1. Dispute Resolution: The judicial system provides a mechanism for

resolving disputes between citizens, between citizens and the
government, between two state governments and between the centre
and state governments.
2. Judicial Review: As final interpreter of the Constitution, the judiciary also
has the power to strike down particular laws passed by the Parliament if
it believes that these laws are a violation of the basic structure of the
Constitution. This is called the Judicial Review.
3. Upholding the law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights: Every citizen of
India can approach the Supreme Court or High Court if they believe that
their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

UNDERSTANDING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Question 2.
What is there in the Fundamental Rights guaranteed in Article 22 of the Constitution.
Answer:
Article 22 of the Constitution and criminal law guarantee to every arrested person the
following Fundamental Rights:

1. The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which
the person is being arrested.
2. The Right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hrs of arrest.
3. The Right not to be ill-treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.
4. Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence
against the accused.
5. A boy under 15 yrs of age and women cannot be called to the police
station only for questioning.
 6. Question 4.
Who is the Public Prosecutor and what is the role of the public prosecutor?
Answer:
In the court, it is the Public Prosecutor who represents the interests of the
State. The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the
investigation and filed the chargesheet in the court. He/she has no role to play
in the investigation.
7. The Prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the State. As an
officer of the court, it is his/her duty to act impartially and present the full and
material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to
decide the case.

INDUSTRIES

Question 6.
How does an industrial region emerge?
Answer:
Industrial region emerges when a number of industries are located close to each
other and share the benefits of their closeness.

Question 7.
What is meant by industrial disaster?
Answer:
In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or
irresponsible handling of hazardous material. This is known as industrial disaster.

Question 3.
How is the steel used by other industries as raw materials?
Answer:
Steel is used by other industries as raw material in many ways.

1. Steel is tough and it can be easily shaped, cut, or made into wire.
2. Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amount of other
metals such as aluminium, nickel and copper.
3. Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness or ability to resist rust.
4. Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.

Question 4.
Define the concept of industrial system briefly.
Answer:
An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the
raw materials, labour and cost of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The
processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into
finished products. The outputs are the end products and the income earned from it.

In case of textile industry the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and
transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and
printing. The output is the shirt you wear.

Question 5.
What does the concept of information technology industry deals in and which are the
major hubs of the IT industry?
Answer:
The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution
of information. Today, this industry has become global. This is due to a series of
technological, political and socio-eco¬nomic events.

The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability,
cost and infrastructure. The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley,
California and Bengaluru, India.