Yon - For Merge

YONAS GETACHEW FINAL INTERN SHIP REPORT 2016
STUDENT DECLARATION
This report describe my four month internship duration in YOTEK CONSTRACTION
P.L.C and all described subjects compiled in this four month report get fully
acknowledged and I can approve this by my signature.
Yonas Getachew
Signature______________
Mentor instructor Tesfaye
Signature______________
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to God, Alpha and Omega, for his grace,
mercy, peace, love, kindness and gave me an everlasting (internal) life. And also thanks to St.
Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ.
Next, I would like to thanks Hawassa university institute of technology school of civil
engineering; for letting us to do our internship project, which enables to boost our practical
knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge by moving to different organizations.
I express my heart appreciation for my family and friend for their inspiration, encouraging
and material support. My best gratitude goes to Engineer Senay who is the office engineer.
And site Engineer Mesfen as well as my Mentor Tesfaye for their valuable assistances.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page II

EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is an outcome of the exercise I conducted on my own self during my

internship period at YOTEK CONSTRUCTION PLC. This was an opportunity for me to put
in practice the legal knowledge I had acquired during my three and half years of study at
Hawassa University. The internship started in and ended in this report from 11 April 2015 to
29 July 2015.
This internship program has a main objective which is to enable the intern to experience
the practical activity carried out on site and correlate it with the theoretical back ground
gaining through learning. This report is divided in to different parts to briefly describe the
back ground of our hosting company, including its history and objective. While the other part
of this report describes the overall internship experience we gained during the practical
periods, including how we get in to the company, the section of the company we have been
working in, the procedure we used while performing our task, my tasks and the procedures I
followed, the practical and theoretical knowledge I gained including the challenges I faced
while performing those tasks is described.
Finally this report includes the benefits we gained from our internship in terms of
improving my practical skills, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills,
leadership skills, upgrading our theoretical knowledge and work ethics which is followed by
conclusions and recommendation.
Generally, the internship taught me a great deal. Technically, I learnt about structural and
relevant site operations, drawings, specification and materials.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page III

LIST OF TABLES page

Table 1.1 Work performed as prime contractor on works..................................................2
Table 2.1 Format for concrete work and excavation..........................................................24
Table 2.2 format for reinforcement.....................................................................................25
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1 Bahir Dar university management office and Adewa TEVT college................. 4
Fig 1.2 project site set up..................................................................................................7
Fig 2.1 Debre Markose university Bure campus dormitory and class room..................9
Fig 2.2 project site set up.................................................................................................10
Fig 2.3 Hard core in student dormitory...........................................................................15
Fig 2.4 column construction…………………………………………….………………17
Fig 2.5 Top tie beam for class room and dormitory………………….…………………18
Fig 2.6 Staircase……………………………………………………….…………………20
Fig 2.7 Roof for dormitory and class room........................................................................22
Fig 2.8 Roof in cafeteria.....................................................................................................23
Fig 3.1 Aggregate in site....................................................................................................29
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page IV

TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

STUDENT DECLARATION..........................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................II
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................III
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................. 1
1. BACKGROUND OF YOTEK PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY..............................1
1.1 brief histories.............................................................................................................1
1.2 Main products of the company...................................................................................2
1.3End users of its products.............................................................................................5
1.4 Organizations of the company....................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................8
2. INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE......................................................................................8
2.1. How I get the company............................................................................................8
2.2. Position of work........................................................................................................8
2.3 Project description.....................................................................................................9
2.4 Work flow.................................................................................................................9
2.5 Work activities........................................................................................................12
2.5.1 Site work......................................................................................................12

2.5.1.1 on Foundation work...........................................................................12
2.5.1.2 Grade beam and hard core...............................................................14
2.5.1.3 Form works.......................................................................................15
2.5.1.4 Construction of columns....................................................................16
2.5.1.5 Beam…………………………………………………….…………17
2.5.1.6. Slab……………………………………………………………….18
2.5.1.7 Staircase…………………………………………………………..19
2.5.1.8 Wall……………………………………………………………….20
2.5.1.9 Plastering..........................................................................................21
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page V

2.5.1.10 roof………………………………………………………………22
2.5.1.11 Equipment’s use in construction site work....................................23
2.5.2 Office works................................................................................................24
2.5.2.1 Methodology of work.......................................................................24
2.5.2.2 Take off..............................................................................................24
2.5.2.3 Break down.........................................................................................26
2.6 Major challenges and discrepancies encountered.....................................................26
2.7 Measures to overcome the challenges.......................................................................27
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................28
3. INTERNSHIP BENEFITS............................................................................................28
3.1 Practical skill and theoretical knowledge.................................................................28
3.1.1 Reading drawings.............................................................................................28
3.1.2 Controlling quality of works.............................................................................29
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge.............................................................................31
3.3 upgrading interpersonal communication skill............................................................31
3.4 Improving team playing skill.....................................................................................32
3.5 improving leadership skill........................................................................................33
3.6 Work ethics related issues........................................................................................33
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill...............................................................................................34
CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................35
4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................35
4.1 Conclusion..............................................................................................................35
4.2 Recommendation...................................................................................................36
REFERANCE...................................................................................................................38
APENDEX........................................................................................................................39
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page VI

INTRODUCTION
Engineering is the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences,
gained by experience and practice, and applied the efficient use of the materials and forces of
nature. In one way or another way, human life is not far from different types of problems.
These problems must be solved by scientific way of engineering is among the solution of
these problems
. Engineering is central to understand the challenges and the solution facing in the world. To
respond, engineers require understanding the problems facing the society and build up on
existing resources and know how.
These problem solvers are trained personals with different engineering courses in universities
and colleges. The knowledge and ability of these engineers is more dependent on the
theoretical method of teaching in universities. But the responsibility of engineers is to solve
practical problems. So the new curriculum of Ethiopia for engineering and technology
students are developed to include sufficient practical knowledge together with theoretical
knowledge that learns in the classroom. Due to this the ministry of education program fourth
month internship program for engineering and technology students.
Based on the new curriculum, I was doing internship for one full semester at YOTEK
construction private limited company in DEBRE MARKOS university BURE CAMPUS
construction of student dormitory and student class room building. I have gained a lot of
understanding and experiences on practical application of construction in a well organized
and effective manner. In my stay, I have got several opportunities to visit project frequently
to observe the progress and to see the related activities. Besides this, with in a fourth month
stay in this organization, I have spent ample time with site engineers, office engineers,
Forman’s and quantity surveys with sufficient orientation and practical involvement on the
site and office work.
In this report, I have included insights that I have gained during the internship time both site
and office work knowledge. Off course it is difficult to report all what I have seen, though I
have tried to highlight the main points.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page VII

UNIT ONE
1. BACKGROUND OF YOTEK PRIVATE LIMITED
COMPANY
1.1 Brief history
Yotek construction PLC was established in 1991 EC. The owner of the company is Yohanis
Tekele. The name of the company is derived by taking the first two letters from the owner name,
YO from Johannes and taking three letters from his father name Tek from Tekele . The
combination of Yo and Tek gives the name Yotek. Before 1991, Yohanes Tekele was a project
manager of Satcon PLC. Yohanes Tekele was highly assisted by his brother to establish his own
company. During the first couple of starting years, the company was using equipments and
materials such as Form work panel, excavator, dozer, crane, etc from Sitcom PLC. But after
years, the company owned a full range of equipments, materials, skilled personnel and labourers.
Yotek has undertaken various projects in different parts of Ethiopia. It starts with rural schools in
Tigray regional state, particularity at Mekelle and Adawa, and health centre in Afar regional
state. From 1993-1995, the company had constructed Mekele University buildings. During the
starting time of establishment, the company also construct different kind of buildings throughout
the country. In addition to buildings, the company is now constructing bridge structures and
asphalt road.
Yotek PLC is currently a general class I contractor. Since its engagement in the construction
centre, the company has involved in a wide range of a civil engineering construction such as high
rise building, complex educational establishment, enter urban asphalt road, machine foundation
for factories and many other engineering construction. During this time it has own experienced
engineer, skilled labourers, different equipments and more organized.
The company strives to continually implement a systematic organizational development. In this

respect, it regularly silicates management advice from professionals, reviews its policies,
procedurals and systems and undertakes human resource development activities. Its fact growth
in the sector and ability to gain high reputation is an indication of its organization development
effort. Recently the company carried out a strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats analysis
to improve its operations. The outcome of the analysis is being used as input to the strategic
planning process. The company intends to start in the near future. The strategic plan will develop
for the coming five years and will indicate the direction of the company.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page 1

1.2 Main products of the company

Yotek PLC has been constructing different structures for the last seventeen years. The company
constructed buildings for educational purpose, institutional conference meeting hall, residential
purpose, multipurpose, etc. Recently it has constructed real state, roads in town and bridges.
Some of the executed projects by the company throughout Ethiopia are listed below.
1. In Tigray regional state:

Adwa high school, Adigrat TVET phase II projects,, many of Mekelle university projects,
Mekelle asphalt project,
1. In Amhara regional state:
Bahir Dar law faculty buildings
3. In Oromia regional state:
Jimma university Kittofurdissa campus dormitory, Ambo university college phase II
project, Ambo town road project
4. In Addis Ababa:
Expansion of Ethiopian civil service college, Sendafa police college expansion, Akaki
steel structure factory foundation.
5. In South Nation Nationality People regional state(SNNP):
Yirgalem police college, MianTepiSchool, Welkite Industrial Engineering College

and Mizanteferi TVET phase II project.
6. In Afar regional state:

Health centre and school
Some of the projects performed by Yotek PLC as a prime contractor on different projects works at a
similar nature and volume over listed in the following table. The tables contain a project name
description, name of clients, place of the project, types of work to be performed.

Table 1.1 Work performed as prime contractor on works
Project name and Name of client and Type of work

country contract person performed and year
of completion
Jimma university kitto jimma university Construction of 10 blocks of G + 4

furdissa campus Tel: 057 11 14 57 dormitory buildings, Launder and site
Dormitory and site work /59/ 60 work
jimma
Expansion of Ethiopian E.C.S.C. construction of two dormitories, one staff

civil service college P.O.BOX 5648 apartment, one guest house, and one
Addis Abeba office buildings, all are B + G + 4
building and site works.
completions time – March 2009
Yirgalem police college S.N.N.P.R. State construction of administration , Library,

Police Commission Lecture hall, Multipurpose hall , Students
Tel: 046 220 24 07 dormitory, students and staff cafeteria,
Awassa garage, work shop, Men’s prison ,
women’s prisons, toilet bath and laundry
, clinic, watch tower, guard house,
swimming pool, transformer, entrance
and internal asphalt works.
ambo university college Ambo University Construction of two G + 4 dormitories,

project Lot all college two G + 4 staff apartments, and oxidation
Tel: 011 236 20 17 pond.
Ambo
Project name and Name of client and type of work performed and year of
Country contract person completion
Cost efficient regional Government of Construction of 5 blocks of B + G + 4, B

office complex national state of + G + 3, G + 3, G + 3 and G + 3
Tigray UDC bureau buildings
completion time June, 2010
Construction of 4 stories, three

Sendfa police college Federal police apartment, Olympic standard swimming

Expansion commission pool, access road and other faculty

Tel: 251 11 551 47/ buildings.
67 completion time August, 2008
Addis Abeba
Ambo agricultural Construction of dormitory buildings , 2

Ambo agricultural college lecture hall and other faculty buildings
college Tel: 251 11 236 20 / completion time February, 2009
17
Mizanteferi TVET Ministry of Construction of dormitory , class room,

phase ll agriculture clinic, office cafeteria and site work
Project Addis Abeba
Adigrat TVET phase all Minstery of Construction of dormitory , class room,

project Education work shop and site work
Tel: 251 11 553 31 completion time July, 2006
Wolkite industrial SNNPRG Education Construction of class rooms and different
Engineering college 2 Bureau types of workshops.
Tel, O46 220 13 57 completion time June, 2008
Fig 1.1 Bahir Dar university management office and Adewa TEVT College

1.3End users of its products

Yotek Construction PLC has constructed different kinds of construction projects throughout the
country. These are like Universities, colleges, Schools, Health centres, Roads, etc. After
completion of these projects, they will give a variety of services for different bodies. The service
to be provided from completion of these projects is for people directly or indirectly the main
customers or end users of the products are all people of the country. Based on the direct service
the end users can be generalised as:
 institutions Governmental
 Universities
 Colleges
 High schools and elementary schools
 Health centres
 Ethiopian road association
 Individuals
 Residential building
 Investment like to construct industry factory
 Etc
When I see the services of governmental institutions like university and constructions of class
rooms very important for students to learn without crudeness. In addition increase construction
of dormitory, will increase by increasing number of students so the construction of educational
buildings will give importance services for the teaching learning process.
Also in health centre construction, the number of patience’s will be treated by getting service
from it. This plays a great role to people by increasing health centre facilities in their vicinity
instead suffering from a long distance walk to get medication access.
Construction of roads is very important for the country to facilitate over all economical
development. The main end users of the roads are:
 Drivers
 Passengers
 Pedestrian
 Cyclist
Now a day’s residential buildings are one of the problems of the country, particularly in Addis
Ababa. In this regards, the company involvement in real estate construction has importance in
alleviating the problem. Ultimately, the inhabitants can benefit from accessing residential houses.

1.4 Organizations of the company
The organizations of the company fulfils class I contractor rules. According to its organization, it
enjoys a remarkable reputation in the construction industry. Having started with regular staff
members, it has now been able to create job opportunity for many permanent skilled personals
and daily labourers.
The general manager has chief power among different employment. He controls all activities in
the company and makes decision in consultant with management and technical advisors. The
deputy general manager works under the general manager. Together with the secretary and Legal
advisors, the deputy general manager supervisors the work of the following departments:
1. Engineering department
2. Finance department
3. Transport and Mechanical department
4. Procurement department
5. Administration department
In each department, there are also organizational subdivisions which have their own
responsibility. The overall organizational set up of the organization is shown below:

General Manager
Manager advisor Technical advisor
Deputy General Manager
Secretary Legal advisor
1.
Engineering Finance Transport & Procurement Administration

Department Department mechanical Department Department
Department
Human resource
Contract Budget & Dispatch & Local purchase & General
administration Disbursement Monitoring Service section
section Section
General Property
Maintenance insurance
Planning & Manager
Accounts Section
controlling
section
section
Project
Transportation
Projects & mech. section
follow up
Projects
Fig 1.2 organizational set up of Yotek Company

CHAPTER TWO
2. INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE
2.1. How I get the company

Only few universities have a time for internship program for their technology students in
Ethiopia now. Among those Hawassa university institute of technology is one of them.
Since 2011 Hawassa University has been implementing the new curriculum by which civil
engineering students take a holistic exam on fourth year of their regular program. According to
the program, on passing of this qualification exam the students are expected to go out for
practice as internship for a period of four months. I, being one of fourth year student, have taken
holistic exam and being justified for my pass. There upon we were ordered to find the hoisting
company on which we would fill comfort and an ideal for us to relate the theoretical lessons
which we grasped in past three years to the practical ones which have been performed on site.
The other choice was to be assigned in to the company which the university finds appropriate
with its industrial linkage.
Then I intended to work in contracting company in which site works are present. Then I tried to
ask Yirgalem construction PLC, Yotek construction PLC and Sunshine construction PLC in
Hawassa city ,but the companies Saied that you are let comer other students fulfil them. Due to
this I ask Yotek construction PLC in Bure town .Then they accept me.
2.2. Position of work
Upon my arrival at the site I was assigned to observe and carry out tasks that were the
responsibility of an office engineer and site engineer from the contractor side. I must admit the
tasks I was handed at first were somewhat not related to the responsibility of the site engineer for
they were drawing floor plan and reinforcement bars for slab. But as time went by I started to
carryout tasks that were office and site engineer do.

2.3 Project description
YOTEK construction PLC is currently working one project in DEBRE MARKOS universities
Bure campus lot 1 project. These are DEBRE MARKOS university male and female dormitory,
class room, and student cafeteria in BURE campus.
The project consists of basement + G + 4 dormitory, class room and cafeteria building. The
building is designed by Construction Design Share Company and consulting by C.D.s.co.
Fig 2.1 Debre Markose university Bure campus dormitory and class room
2.4 Work flow
Work is very important for the project management of any site project. A good project
management will maximize efficient resource utilization, development of effective
communication and mechanization for resolving conflicts among participants and proper
coordination and control the entire process. The organization set up of Yotek company is shown
in the background of the company, but when it comes to the work flow at site i.e. project
management and administration it can be narrowed down to the following chart

Project manager
Secretary Coordinator
Office Engineer Construction Supply & Adm.&

Engineers purchase head Finance Sec.
Head
Chief Quantity Construction Purchasers & Accountants

Store Keepers & cashers
Surveyor Surveyor Foremen and
site Engineers
Carpentry& Steel Structure& Electrical Sanitary

Masonry &
Joinery Work Rebar preparation installation installations
finishing works
Leader Work Leader work leader work lead
team leader
Fig 2.2 project site set up
As presented from the figure engineering department is grouped in to office and construction. As
being part both departments it’s better to discuss each of their work flow separately.

Project manager
The project manager, in the broadest sense of the term, is the most important person for the
failure and success of the project. The project manager is responsible for planning, organizing
and controlling the project. In turn, the project manager receives authority from the management
of the organizational to mobilize the necessary resources to complete the project. The project
manager must be able to exert interpersonal influence in order to lead the project team. He must
possess leadership quality and the ability to handle intricate interpersonal relationships effective
within an organization.
Office engineer
The main responsibility of the office engineers are:-
1. Prepare material lists for the project and ensuring deployment

2. Preparing payment certificates for sub contract works based on actual quantity executed.
Keeps records of payments certificates related to the sub contract works.
3. documentation
 keeping contract documents and drawing
 keeping proper documents of corresponding variables order
4. Under taking other responsibilities assigned by the project manager.
Working under the office engineer, the quantity surveyor has similar duties. But the quantity
surveyors work is approved by the office engineer. The data collectors assemble different reports
and compile them into weekly and monthly reports.
Construction engineer
A construction engineers that works together with the site engineers to supervise the construction
work. The construction engineers give solutions to practical problems that might occur during
the process of the work.
Site engineer
The site engineer has the foreman under him and he details of the work. In addition he advises
the foreman on the course of action. The site engineer also makes sure that the works done
according to the design. During the course of construction, foreman and site engineer will make
decisions about work to be undertaken at particular times of the day based up on the availability
of the necessary resource of labourers, materials and equipment’s. Without coordination among
these necessary inputs, the construction process will be inefficient.

Forman
The main aims of the Forman is manages and supervise manual works. In this particular site
there are different foramens having their own skills. Each foreman has responsibility to done any
work according to the site engineer order. Their work always checked by the site engineer.
2.5 Work activities
To simplify work and to allocate responsibilities the works are grouped into two. These are site
and office work. This division of work is used to facilitate and to share responsibilities.
In this report we would like to write the experience I gained both from the site and office
activities. Hereafter I have presented them subsequently for different kind of site work as I have
seen during the internship time.
2.5.1 Site work

Site work is a work which is the overall construction mainly managed by site engineer. The
Forman and gang chief are used to have direct contact with labours. They assigned different kind
of works to be done by each labour. In addition they control the speed of their works.
Site is a place where materials are integrated by skilled labours and equipment’s to construct
the intended structure, i.e., building or others.
2.5.1.1 on Foundation work
Construction under this heading, I have included both earth work and concrete work for the site
of both footing pad and foundation column.
Excavation
First of all, the site for construction will be surveyed, the boundaries’ for construction will be
marked and the site will be cleared. The clearance includes working areas (areas beyond
construction but necessary to construct construction works). The main aim of site clearance is to
facilitate excavation work and to avoid damages and injuries to equipment’s and labourers.
After clearing the construction site, the next work is to excavate the soil. Soil excavation
involves removal of unwanted soil layer, excavates of pits, excavations of trench for footing and

walls. Based on the purpose of excavation it may be classified as bulk excavation, pit excavation
and trench excavation.
Actually, site clearance and excavation of the main project was completed before my arrival to
site work. However there was small laundry around dormitory which gave as an opportunity to
learn foundational works.
Bulk excavation is the disposal of unwanted soil layer in order to create level surface for
construction purpose. The depth of excavation depends on the smoothness of natural ground
surface and the final elevations of either ground or basement floor.
Pit excavation involves excavation below level service and is mainly helps for the construction
of footing pads. The width and depth of pit excavation depends on the sites of the footing to be
constructed. The dimensions of footings are governed by soil type, i.e., bearing capacity. This
mean the depth of pit is indirectly a function of soil strength. The dimensions of pit to be
excavated is also includes working areas beyond footings.
In our construction sites we observe isolated type of footings. The designer uses isolated footing
because of due to large distance between pads and small load exist.
After having excavated pits, the next step is to construct footing pads. Footings are reinforced
concrete structures that are used to spread the load from super structure to the underplaying soil
strata safely. The steps to construct footings are spread lean concrete, form work construction,
reinforcement provision and concrete work. Lean concrete is a layer of concrete spread under the
pad. The depth of the lean concrete is mostly 50 mm. This is used to protect the concrete of pad
from mixing with the soil. The ratio of cement, sand and aggregate in lean concrete is 1:5:7
respectively. The unit for cement is bag and sand and aggregate is box. The class of lean
concrete cement is C5.
After setting the mixture, the form work pad will be constructed. This structure is composed of
panels which are used to construct pad with the required dimension. The Forman mark corners
points for pad construction and carpenters construct the form works. Next, reinforcing bars will
be provided as per the drawing which is designed by the structural engineer. For isolated
footing, bottom reinforcements are provided in both directions. Now the pad is ready for casting.
Then after the concrete is added to the pad, the liberator is used to cast the concrete by compact
the concrete to avoid air voids in the concrete. The depth of the pad will be maintained by
making the points to which the concrete is to be casted.

Foundation column for laundry
Alternatively it is called sub grade column to be differentiate it from elevation column.

Foundation column is a type of column which is totally underground and it is anchored to the
pad/ footing. The reinforcement bars for foundations columns are bended at their bottom end
they are anchoring to the footing.
The construction of foundation column wills proceeds after casting of the pad. The formwork
will be constructed to construct foundation column having the required depth and height. The
only difference of columns from other RCC structures is that the formwork for columns will be
constructed after the bars are in their positions, but other structures like beam, stair case, slab,
etc. the formwork will be constructed first and bares are placed over them.
After having constructed the form work, column is ready for the next work which is concrete
work or casting. The concrete type for foundation column in the site is C-30.
After construction of the pad the foundation column, the pit excavated will be filled by selected
material. The type of soil is selected soil. The soil will be compacted every 20 cm thick until it
attains a minimum of 95% proctor density. The importance of compacting and soil selection is to
avoid settlement.
2.5.1.2 Grade beam and hard core
Grade beam is a type of beam which lied over the ground and supported through its length.
Grade beam has two functions. These are:-
Used to support partition wall, but this is not always true when partition wall is not provided on
the floor.
 To brace columns, by bracing column, it used to avoid slenderness of the foundation

column. This is done by reducing its effective length.
 Grade beams may be constructed either trench wall when at the edge of the building or on
lean concrete when it is internal grade beams.
Hard core is a crushed stone layer underground floor slab or basement slab. Also it is used to
carry load imposed by concrete slab. Mostly the thickness of hard core in many building site is
25 cm. The same is true for Yotek PLC construction for the student dormitory.
It is added from compacted selected soil because it will maximize the bearing capacity of the
soil. From hard core it added mesh reinforcement.

Fig 2.3 Hard core in student dormitory
2.5.1.3 Form works
Form work is a structure which construct prior to carry fresh concrete and casting purpose. It
used to support both self-weight of concrete and live load during construction. It also consists of
wooden and steel members to support the load. The plane horizontal surface called panel is used
to give the required shape of concert
The form work that is used to cast concrete will not be removed before 21 days. But side form
work which is used to give shape for concrete cast can be removed after 16 days. This is because
they are not load bearing structures. Bar is used to shape the newly casting concrete. Based on
the type of material used to make a form work may be a steel or wooden. Both posts and panels
can be wooden or steel, but steel form works are expensive compared to wooden. The fore steel
materials are not commonly used for form work. In construction of Debre Markose University
Bure campus lot 1 project male and female dormitory, student class room and cafeteria both steel
panels and wooden posts are used. For staircase and other variable shape structures, only wooden
form works are used. The height of vertical post is a function of building height and the heads of
posts will be clear room height minus diameter of horizontal bracing at the top. Functions of
form work can be generalized as follows.
 To support the reinforced concrete structure till gives its strength.

 To give the shape required for the concrete, for this purpose there are rectangular and
circular panels for casting concrete.
 To avoid loss of concrete file casting. The steel panels are used to retain concrete and
avoid wastage of concrete.
Requirements of good form work

A good form work should satisfy the following requirements.
1. The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse
2. It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete
3. It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads (dead load of concrete
and live load during pouring etc…)
4. It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimize
5. It should be as light as possible
6. The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy stripping
Fixing form work
I observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should be properly fixed to avoid
loss of concrete material and unwanted shape on the structure. Proper fixing also minimizes
great chiselling to remove the unwanted shapes. The foreman’s check that the form works
fixed for elevation columns are vertical enough by using plumbing bobs.
Before the column, beam or slab is cast the carpenter foreman check the necessary thing
like
 Vertical and horizontal alignment for column

 The level of the panel for the slabs
 Any defects on the panel
Scaffolding
It is a structure constructed for free movement of labours like site engineers, Forman, day
labours, etc. in the construction site. It may be a wooden or steel structure. They are constructed
for plastering and painting works. Scaffolding is also constructed to have circulation between
parts of structure.
In our site, they use wooden and steel type of scaffolding that is eucalyptus tree, because
eucalyptus tree is easily available. It is low cost.
2.5.1.4 Construction of columns
Columns are the members that take axial compressive load and bending moments. The bending
effect may be due to the lateral loads, end moments, and/or due to eccentricity of the axial loads.
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that
transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist
lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed columns because of the similar

stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams on which the upper parts of
walls.
In our site construction, the following steps used to cast a column.
1. Reinforcement bars are placed.

2. Spacers are used with bars.
3. Form works surrounding the bars are constructed.
4. The perpendicularity of the column checked by vertical balance keeper
called plumb bob.
5. Concrete will filled.
Finally after 24 hrs. Later form works are removed to form the required column.
Fig 2.4 column construction
2.5.1.5 Beam
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by

resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment. Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry
horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are
transferred to columns, walls, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural part.
Reinforcing bars are placed at a critical place in RCS structures so that it will carry the tension
stress in the RCS member. Based on the position of bars, they are called as negative bars if
placed at the top and positive when they are placed at the bottom.
Based on the way in which the bar is provided, the reinforcing bars can also be classified as
stirrups or main reinforcements. Longitudinal reinforcements are provided to resist bending or
flexure in most structures but they may also be provided to resist compression in double

reinforced members. On the other side stirrups are used to resist shear stress and for the purpose
of teeing main bars.
The shape of beam that used in our site was rectangular and T-shape. They used T-shape beam
for laundry top tie beam to support the rafter for roof.
Fig 2.5 Top tie beam for class room and dormitory
2.5.1.6 Slabs
Slabs are structural part of a building having plate shape and used to firm floors and roofs of the
building. Their aim is to provide a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of a
building, equipment, furniture’s and sometimes internal partitions. Walls can support slabs.
There was solid slab in our site.
There are also two types of solid slabs, one way and two way slab. When the ratio of the longer
to the shorter spans of a floor panel rises above 2, it is defined as one way slab and flexural
reinforcement is designed for only one direction. While the ratio of the longer to the shorter
spans of a floor panel drops below 2, the contribution of the longer span in carrying the floor
load becomes substantial. Since the floor transmits loads in two directions, it is defined as a two-
way slab, and flexural reinforcement is designed for both directions. In my site the solid slab was
constructed as working drawing indicts. The slab is casted by concrete grade C20. Reinforcement
bar is arranged bar in small direction before long direction because it minimizes deflection.

Bar cutting and lap strength
Bars are produced from factories industry with 12 m berga length. This 12 m length bar is also
curtailed into different pieces of required length. The length of bar for each structures is
calculated and the bars cutter will be used for other structure. This is bar cutting but the required
length of the bar is greater than the available bar length (12 m) then bars will be lapped them
each other. The length of lapping is a function of diameter of bars to be lapped. Lapping in
column and beam is mandatory. In beams positive bars will lap each other at the support or near
to the support. But negative bars will lap at the middle span at the beam. In column beams,
lapping will be at each floor level and in all cases the length lapping is equal to 4* diameters
(four times the diameter of the bar).
On the other side bars which are not in use will be curtailed and used for other structural
member. In beams and slabs negative bars are curtailed at one third distance from the support.
But beams bars will be curtailed if the number of bars is greater than two. Positive bars for slabs
will be cuts at supports. But in columns the bars will not be curtailed in its entire length or
height. But all columns bars will have length equal to column height plus lapping length.
Stirrups will be curtailed for length equal to perimeter of main reinforcements and extra 50mm
both ends. Perimeter of main reinforcements is equal with depth or width of structural member
minus two times clear covers each side. Then perimeter equal to the sum of four sides.
Important works in the reinforcements are bar cutting and bar bending. Cutting of bars will be
by bar cutter also stirrups and bars in stairs will bended by bar benders. Also bars at the end of
the beams and sometimes bears in slabs will be blended.
2.5.1.7 Staircase
Stairs must be providing in almost all buildings, either low rise, even if numbers of elevators are
provided.
Stairs consists of rises, runs (or treads), and landings. The total steps and landings are called a
staircase .The rise is defined as the vertical distance between two steps, and the run is the depth
of step. The landing is the horizontal part of the staircase without rises. The landing may be
circular or rectangular. In basement to ground staircase rectangular landing was designed. In my
site of building stairs was constructed half turned stair type.

Treads (Runs) Rises landing
Fig 2.6 staircase
Generally the following six steps are used for the construction of the project in our site.
a. The form work that is soffit is placed

b. Reinforcement bars are placed
c. Spacers are used with bars
d. Form work along the length of the riser constructed
e. Verticality of the riser checked by plumb bob
f. Concrete shall be casted
After 24 hours form work should remove to get the required riser but the soffit form work was
remove in 21 days.
2.5.1.8 WALL
The most essential part of superstructure which used to enclose or divide space of the building to
make it more functional and useful is called wall. Wall provides privacy, afford security and give
protection from heat, cold, sun and rain. It may build from different materials. In considering the
project the constructed wall is masonry wall which built from trackside stone, block and mortar.
External walls - the vertical structures, extending from substructure to roof, that enclose the building.
Exterior walls used for the purpose of envelope of the building and were constructed with hollow
blocks of size of 40X20X20cm thickness.
Partition Walls (Internal walls) - vertical structures that permanently divide internal spaces into
separate rooms or enclose duct and other non-usable areas.
Interior walls used for the purpose of subdividing the floor area were made of hollow block. The
type of wall selected will depend upon the fire resistance required, flexibility of rearrangement,

ease with which electrical conduits, plumbing, etc., can be accommodated, and architectural
requirements. The thickness of partition was 40X20X15cm and 40X20X10cm.
2.5.1.9 Plastering
Plastering is the processing of covering surfaces of structures with a plastic material such as
cement mortar. This is used to obtain an even smooth, regular, clear and durable surface.
Plastering conceals inferior quality materials and defective workers. Also provides a protective
coat against atmospheric effects and base for receiving other decorative finishes such as painting
and white washing.
The major materials used for plastering are binder and sand. The binder can be hydrated lime,
gypsum, cement, etc. the only aggregate used for plastering is sand. The sand particle should be
so graded that the binder can act as an adhesive. The sand also used to reduce the shrinkage of
the binders. It is also free from organic matter or other harmful impurities. The durability of
plastering depends on:-
 Properties of the mixture

 Adhesion with the back ground
To increase the adhesion between mortar and background the surface will be chiselled.
Plastering consists of three coats. These are: - first coat plastering, second coat plastering and 3rd
coat. In our site I have seen two coat namely first and second coats. Let as to describe this two
coat.
First coat (primary coat) ‘makoshesh’;
 Mix proportion, 1:2.5 (cement: sand by volume)
 Spread by trowel and allowed to cure for 24 hours before applying second coat.
 Has minimum thickness of 5mm.

Second coat ‘mullet’;
 Mix proportion, 1:3 (cement: sand by volume)
 Has maximum thickness of 12mm.
 Dried for 21days, before third coat applied.

2.5.1.10 ROOF
Roof is the structurally sound and watertight covering over the top of the building structure.
Roofing shall be constructed with sufficient slope or camber to ensure adequate drainage
including the avoidance of possible pending of water due to deflection. It shall be fixed to fully
resist up-lifting and overturning.
Access to fiber reinforced tile roofs such as roof-boards shall be provided and at no times shall a
person be allowed on the roof without the use of such walkways, roof-boards, and cut-ladder or
crawling boards.
In our site the type of roof is sloped type of roof. From sloped type of roof that they used is gable
type of roof. Roof coverage was galvanized corrugated steel sheet that is G28. Purlin and rafter
was used wooden and steel.
2.7 Roof for dormitory and class room

2.8 Roof in cafeteria
2.5.1.11 Equipment’s use in construction site works
1. Mixer
Mixer is used to have uniform mix concrete. The mixer has a part on which the components
have to add. Then they adding to rotating drum and the rotating drum mix the concrete. The
quality of mix depends on the numbers of revolutions which the drum rotates to the mix
concrete. For the purpose of operating the mixer, there will be a mixer operator. The operator
control operations of the mixer, workability of concrete by controlling volume of water to check
the workability of concrete .I observe also this concrete test when concrete mix out from The
mixer.
2. Vibrator
Vibrator is used to compact concrete mix and to avoid air voids in the concrete mix. The
presence of air voids in the concrete reduces the strength of concrete and when dry it will create

cracks. In this regard, vibrators are the essential equipment for every concrete casting. But over
vibreter creates segregation for structural parts.
3. Dumper
Dumper is used to transport building materials like cement, concrete, sand and others at the
construction site.
4. Loader
It is multi-functional equipment which is used to avoid unwanted materials, to execute and

transport materials in the site.
5. Plate compactor
It is like roller but very small and used to compact small areas like ground and basement
floor selected fill, foundation pad selected fill, etc.
2.5.2 Office works
I have got knowledge and experience above some of office works like break down, take off,
methodology of work. And I have involved in some works like break down and take off.
Hereafter I have tried to list some of them.
2.5.2.1 Methodology of work
Engineers have schedule or plan of work to be executed by the time they want. The contractor
has signed to complete the work with a given period of time and every construction works at site
are to complete before the time they agreed to complete. The contractor will not precede all
works as he want but if the quality of work and methodology is not approved he will not precede
the construction. But the contractor will report to the amount of materials, number of
equipment’s and skill labours used to complete. A certain work over a certain period of time.
This report is called methodology of work. The report has its own form and office engineers will
report to the consultant office.
By the time at which the work is to be done the supervisor will visit all the materials
and equipment’s if they are as per the methodology. This is called inspection. By the time of
inspection if there is any fault he will ordered them to correct any faults. After that they proceed
to construct.
2.5.2.2 Take off
Take off means calculation of the amount of work volumes which executed in construction
site. For this purpose there is take off sheet which has its own forms. In my hosting company the
talk of sheet has four columns. The first column is for serial number, the second for dimension,

the third for volume of work payment will be based on this report and fourth description. Take
off can be prepared for earth work, masonry work, concrete work, form work, steel work, etc.
Serial dimension squaring description Serial no dimension squaring description

no
Table 2.1 Format for concrete work and excavation
Take off is prepared by office engineers and submitted to the supervisor from the consultant side.
It is always common in construction sites. Because every construction work must be talk take off
activities. The quantities of the work also measured in unit forms.
Reinforcement take off sheet have its own format that describe diameter, shape, length, mass of
reinforcement.
Table 2.2 bar schedule
Location Total length in meters (m)

Dia No of No of Total
Shape
(mm) Bar elem no of
Length Φ6 Φ8 Φ10 Φ12 Φ14 Φ16
bar
(m)
Total length
(m)
Unit weight
`(kg/m) .222 .395 .617 .888 1.20 1.578
8
Total wt (kg)

2.5.2.3Break down
Break down is used to calculate the profit gained or the amount lost to complete a certain work.
The costs for materials, equipment’s and man power to accomplish a certain work are summed
up. This will be expense and the volume of work will be multiplied by rate to calculate income.
Then the different of the two (income and expense) will be profit/loss.
In Yotek construction plc, the cost is calculated by taking equipment as rental, and 30%
overhead costs. The amount of cost for skilled labourers, materials and equipments will be added
and is called direct cost. 30% of direct cost is taken to be overhead cost to account employees at
head office and other engineers. Finally direct cost and overhead cost are summed to give total
cost. The profit is calculated by subtracting total cost from income.
Unlike the take-off break down is prepared by the contractor company and uses for it only, this
is because one of the aim of the breakdown is to know the loss and profit of the company. Due to
this, the company will not submit it to the supervisor simply they will file it.
2.6 Major challenges and discrepancies encountered
There is no any success without challenge. Challenges are good to some extent because they
have the chance to give an experience, but not in excess way. It is common to face challenge in
most day activities. But the required thing is passing those challenges in a systematic way and
reaching at the expected position and they eradicate these challenges with different tackling
systems
There were many challenges I faced during my internship experience in the past four months.
Most of the challenges are at the work place. The challenges I faced during my tasks are:
 Language problem as it was my first work; this is because the kind languages they use were
different from the construction languages that we use in the class.
 Communication problem with the staff as the environment new to me. As it was my first
time I tried, it was really had to blend in.
 Some challenges to the real work because so some courses and software’s were not given
prior to the period such as quantity survey, building construction and AutoCAD.

 The discrepancy of theoretical learning and practical one

 Financial shortage
 Luck of transportation to the site.
 Climatic condition
2.7 Measures to overcome the challenges

The measurement I have taken in order to overcome these challenges:-
 Ask my supervisor about the new words.
 I was trying to introduce to another person to help me in the office work.
 I studied the soft copy about the quantity surveying in order to smooth my work.
 I have tried to refer the building that construct in another place from internet.
 Make smooth the relationships with the employers.
 I tried to refer some materials like books and handouts,

 Ask my supervisor and other concerned ones about courses that were not given by
the University and learn some software’s individually like structural software (SAP).
 I convince myself that I can adopt all site conditions such as the discrepancy of
theoretical learning and practical work
For the financial affair, I decided to search a fund from my family

CHAPTER THREE
3. INTERNSHIP BENEFITS
The internship time has been the most educating and challengeable time we believe that every
intern had their own expectation about working in actual construction site. We all understand
how well we have understood the literatures, theories and formulas but when it comes to the
actual construction, it was hard to for tell how competent we can be. It very understandable that
parallel to the writings, experience is very important in construction. Being familiar with the
work flow is a key to understand ones role properly and be able to make competent decisions.
Generally the benefit of the internship can be deal with from different perspectives. This are in
improving practical and theoretical skills, interpersonal communicating skills, team playing skills
and work ethics.
3.1 Practical skill and theoretical knowledge
The noticeable thing on site is the engineers, Forman and other workers do not worry much
about the theories and principles behind the work that they perform. They are so used to the
repeated work that they know exactly what to do when faced with a setback. Working with such
kind of peoples is constructive in improving practical skills. There are short and long term
solutions to most construction problems that have been developed through experience. Being
civil engineer students it is almost very high interest to explain and relate each action with
theories. This advances not only practical skills but also theoretical skills.
During the four month of the internship, we have learned a lot about the process of construction.
Basically we have more benefited on the following theoretical and practical experiences.
3.1.1 Reading drawings

I have experience to understand drawings of different type construction drawings are the main
ways of communication. The architect produce architectural drawings, the structural engineer
also provide reinforcement detailing of different structural members electrical installation for
buildings.
 In our site I have seen different kinds of drawings. Some of our elevation, cross
section, foundation, and beam reinforcements, roof drawings, slaps reinforcement,
etc.
Engineers at construction site will read the drawings and contract the building as per
the provided drawings. This way they are used as a means of communication
between engineers.

 In our internship I understood how drawings read and how to change engineering
drawings to practical works.
3.1.2 Controlling quality of works
The main responsibility of engineers is to check the work progress, quality of works and manage
labourers. The work progress will be conducted in a scientific way. Any possible problem must
be measure to avoid the probability problem to occur. The engineers also responsible to check
the quality of works that constructed. The works include like form work, reinforcements,
concrete, mix and material quality and quantity to accomplish the work. During our internship
period we have observe how the above works quality checked and list some of them.
Formwork
 Size, shape, location of opening for pouring concrete

 Rigidity, bracing detail, method of fixing, detail at joint
 Cleanness of starter bar from any cement phase
 Spacer type, shape and dimension
 Alignment of columns along the axis
 Cleanness and smoothness for surface of forms to be used
 Dismantling of form work
Concrete
 Workability of concrete by inspection
 Expansion joint
 Provision of PVC pipes
Reinforcement
 Diameter, number, location, spacing, length and shape of bar

 Overlap location and length
 Cleanness of reinforcement
Aggregate
 Sufficient for different size of aggregate

 Sufficient of aggregate protected from contamination
 Provision for adequate drainage for the piled aggregate

Fig 3.1 Aggregate in site
Cement
 Type of cement
 Stored separately from other items
 Protected from dampness, due to weather or ground condition
 Stored in a safe place
 Age of cement
Water
 Contaminated /protected from/
Mix
 Size of gauging box

 Capacity of mixer
 Availability of number of mixer
 Cleanness of mixer
 Availability of aggregate, cement and equipments for mix
 Maximum size of aggregate allowed in the mixer
 Moisture content of the mix
 Water cement ratio
 Workability
 Care during heavy rain and hot weather

3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge
It is obvious that theoretical lessons have a considerable difference from practical ones when
they are seen from different perspectives. Of course it is very essential that one should know the
theoretical aspects prior to going for practice on site, as one should have something to relate with
what he is seeing on the site. As such we found the internship very important in upgrading
theoretical knowledge that we grasped during our past stay in the university. One can not hesitate
in attesting how much he has related and upgraded his theoretical knowledge with the relevant
things that are conducted on the site. There were brand new ideas that we never got the chance
to know about when attending regular classes. The internship experience didn’t totally bring
brand new ideas to the table or in theory; instead it helped in improving the already available
ways and ideas of problem solving skills to a great level.
Generally an internship program is the system by which the students can observe the practical
real world and relate it with the theoretical lessons. Being attended this program effectively, we
made clear on issues that were remaining unclear and we were vague of. I can also assure
internship’s paramount important in providing a brand new ideas that we were not familiar with
before and ideas that are proven quite helpful when it comes to solving practical problems. But
what worth mentioning is some of the courses have a premier position in contributing for the
success of the internship program and ease in understanding the tasks conducted on the site. Of
such courses include:-construction material, structural courses and foundation courses.
3.3 upgrading interpersonal communication skill
Participants in the process of planning, designing, financing, constructing and operating physical
facilities has a different perspective on project management for construction. Specialized
knowledge can be very beneficial, particularly in large and complicated projects, since experts in
various specialities can provide valuable services. However it is advantageous to understand how
the different parts of the process fit together. Effective cost and delays can result from poor
coordination and communication among specialists.
Asking is a vital part of understanding. Regard to this communicating with every staff member is
unavoidable. We had to ask and work with different people who had different levels of skills and
expectations.
When working in a large and complex project coming across associates that have different
duties and expectations is unavoidable. So in order to perform any activities one should
communicate wisely and effectively. Development of effective communications and
mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants will be handy. Even within a
single profession such a civil engineering, there are quite distinct groups of specialities in

planning, design management, construction and other sub-specialties. Good communication and
coordination among these participants is essential to accomplish the overall goals of the project.
Interpersonal communication has the following advantages is:-
 To handle information
 To persuade people
 To improve relationships with others
Generally improving communication skills helps out to understand people point of view or
others school of though
3.3.1 Terms used at construction site
At construction site we were contact to the labourers and we understand that the use of italic
names for most of the works. Knowing these terms is basic to communicate at the site workers.
Some of terms that used in construction site are cristi,ponti,ponda,sponda,tumbi,stafa,
3.4 Improving team playing skill
While working for the company, it is obvious that I work and collaborate with other
professionals. But in order to ease the working relationship with other employees I had to learn
to play the team card throughout the program. In the beginning, I had difficulties in integrating
myself within the team but through time and with the constant supervision from my supervisor, I
was able to easily interact and communicate with the entire stuff. Specially the one who has
developed interpersonal communication skill will not find difficult to play on areas where team
playing is in need. Some of the works such as assignment, preparation of bill of quantities and
others were solved by group and during this an ideas would be raised and opinions shared and so
we were developing our team playing skill.
The following are major benefits of team playing role
 Demonstrates reliability Communicates constructively

 Listens actively Functions as an active participant
 Shares openly & willingly Cooperate and helps others
 Exhibits flexibility Shows commitment to the team
Works as a problem solver treats others in a respectful & supportive manner

3.5 improving leadership skill
The skill of leadership is the ability to guide, control and monitor peers and colleagues that are
taking part in a given activity may it be in the office or at construction sites. Honestly speaking,
getting into the internship program, I never expected to order or boss around anyone who
obviously has a greater working experience than me. Instead I hope to witness a quality of
leadership skill from my supervisors and that was what I observed. I could say I learned how to
handle tricky situations that may escalate into an unwanted stage. I was through all the ways
whenever the consultant engineer, my supervisor, handles the problems and directs and controls
the quality of all works conducted on the site.
Of course it is not always that such situations arise but since the work is done by professionals
who after all are human beings, it is expected to see some altercations. And as a leader, one
needs to learn how to handle and resolve such cases without too many negative consequences.
Plus controlling the overall activities taking place on a construction site by itself is a big
leadership quality that needs to be encouraged. Thanks to my supervisor and employers, I was
able to observe and witness a great leadership quality and was able to take some points on how to
develop my own leadership qualities after all and in the near future.
Although I was hosted by the consulting company, the leadership skill I was been developing is
not solely from my supervisor but I had been observing the leading ways from the contractor
side. The site engineers who controls and executes the overall work shall have a good leadership
skill and it has been also an area for me where I was able to see what the leadership is and how it
should be. And accordingly, good leadership greatly contributes for the overall healthy
construction environment and for retaining the workers and employees on their working position
and thus for success of the project while meeting both its quality and completion period.
3.6 Work ethics related issues

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one’s behaviour towards
appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on the job so that this work
flow will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my internship program, I could say that I
have managed to do my side of the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so that there
was a smooth flow of activities both in the office and on construction site. Work ethics involve
such characteristics as honesty and accountability.
Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about work ethics and on
my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to my working station in time so that there will not
be any delay on the activities planned for that day. The behaviour that one shows towards his
peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of the concept of work ethics. Personally, I always
respected and gave priority the employers of the company. Elements of work ethics that worth
mentioning are:-punctuality, honesty, reliability, office discipline, corporation and responsibility.

Generally we us a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or office. It is a
pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are responsible for any given tasks.
Since the aim of internship is to let students know the outside environment pertinent to their
field, which includes of such the above dealt qualities, I was with the great interest that I tried to
meet my responsibilities and work ethics that I supposed to be based on my wisdom.
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill

This entrepreneurship has tended to start ventures hat on a specific skill have already developed
and knowledge that already acquired in certain occupation industry. Entrepreneurial skills helps
to success in today’s competitive market’s must possess basic skills necessary to enable to start
develop finance and market our own business enterprise.
I. Self-motivation skills: to succeed in work, one must be self-start with cleared desired
goals in a mind’s must have confidence in myself and in our idea
II. Time management skills; ability to plan our day and manage time is particularly
important for our job.
III. Administration skills: these includes, self-worth, ability to control one’s life, self-
awareness, self-management/personality responsibility, transfer of learning, motivation,
team work, interpersonal communication, problem solving and creativity are some for the
important aspects.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 CONCLUSION
In this internship period I got many things that could not be grasping in the last seven
semesters of theoretical based courses. It has strengthened my technical base and enabled me
to integrate theory with engineering practice. Working both in office and site made me to
know different things concerning constructions the main objective of the internship program is
to enable the intern to experience the practical activity carried out on site and correlate it with
the theoretical back ground gaining through learning. The field practice has played a
tremendous role in equipping, students with the practical knowledge of understanding and
implementing field exercises in civil engineering. It helped me develop self-confidence and
introduced me to the world of construction. It helps the student to practically understand the
theory they learned in the class. It also acquainted me with the knowledge required to monitor
construction sites.
On the site I worked I have tried to see the form work for beam, column, slab construction,
plastering and other construction stages stated above. I have taken good lessons out of what I
used to see on site while the site engineers were doing their job following up and controlling
the construction.
The internship program is launched for the benefit of the student in order to familiarize the
students with the real working situation and giving them some experiences and skills about the
atmosphere that will face immediately after graduation.
As per the internship program I have been conducted my practical studying and work for the
last four months in YOTEK CONSTRUCTION PLC. Over the internship period I have gained,
worked, passed and understand different things related to my profession (civil engineering) and
things which are unrelated but supportive one.
Since I was working with the side of this construction company, I have understand

 The overall organization of the company and the work flow

 The tasks of the engineers and other employees.
 The challenges of the works that will face the engineers and their solutions.
 Management of human resource and the overall site and project activity.
More over working with skilled and experienced engineers and Forman’s gives me great quality
and made confidential.
Over the four month internship period I have been understand and executed different tasks
The most interesting part of my internship program is that the atmosphere I was doing is suitable.
In general the internship was important in getting many experiences, knowledge and skills from
concerned professionals. Some of the benefits that I gain due to intern ship program are:
 Practical skills
 Upgrading of theoretical knowledge and able to use it for practical work.
 Developing of communication skill.
 Developing skill of team work.
 Improving personal ethics and knowing work ethics.
 Being able to do different tasks.
4.2 Recommendations
This internship actually made me as confident in my future life and helpful to produce practically
professionally skilled man power both in theoretically and practically. So it has to be continued
for the future. But I would like to recommend some points in which I thought they might be get
solution:-
Recommendation to the hosting company
 The responsible individual should provide safety in site by having safety helmets and
shoes.
 They should organize their material management before used as construction
purpose. For example sometimes they place formworks in open areas.

 In the time of concrete mixing, they are not consider water content they add water up to
the Sims to workable but they should be care for water content.
 There is no field test in the site, they should provide field test like slump test and others
 They should place reinforcement bars in convenient area for protection from
corrosion, and they should work for minimum waste during cutting and bending
reinforcements.
 In office they should store documents with reliable arrangement and they shall
provide enough hard copy and soft copy for drawing of the building.
 They should be volunteer to answer questions when some questions raised from the
interns.
 In time of mix, they should be use quality water.
 They would be minimizing segregation in beam, slab and column because it will
create structural crack.
Recommendation to the university

 The money given for the internship is not enough.
 Department must give a holistic exam in a given time because it will give a good
opportunity to practical knowledge.
 The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical, for
that to make the students full confidential and good professional in the field of
study
 The practical internship should be carried somewhat earlier to develop theoretical
knowledge before practical based courses were given

REFERANCE
 EBCS 1995
 Structural engineering I and II hand out 2007 E.C by Surafel and Chandra
 Building construction and construction material hand out 2006 E.C by Zeleke
 Yotek construction PLC profile
 Quantity surveying hand out 2008 E.C
 Foundation engineering I hand out by ins Bantayehu

APPENDEX
 berga → full length of reinforcement bar

 crisiti→ supports a form work
 C5→ characteristic compressive strength is 5 Mpa
 staffa→ stirrup of beam and ties of column
 sponda→ vertical form work for beam
 ponda→ bottom form work for beam
 tumbi→ palm bob used to cheek wall, column and plastering strait
vertical

Yon - For Merge

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Yon - For Merge

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Yon - For Merge

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

YONAS GETACHEW FINAL INTERN SHIP REPORT 2016

Mentor instructor Tesfaye

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page I

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page II

This report is an outcome of the exercise I conducted on my own self during my

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page III

LIST OF TABLES page

Table 2.1 Format for concrete work and excavation..........................................................24

Table 2.2 format for reinforcement.....................................................................................25

Fig 1.2 project site set up..................................................................................................7

Fig 2.2 project site set up.................................................................................................10

Fig 2.3 Hard core in student dormitory...........................................................................15

Fig 2.4 column construction…………………………………………….………………17

Fig 2.6 Staircase……………………………………………………….…………………20

Fig 2.7 Roof for dormitory and class room........................................................................22

Fig 2.8 Roof in cafeteria.....................................................................................................23

Fig 3.1 Aggregate in site....................................................................................................29

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page IV

TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

1. BACKGROUND OF YOTEK PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY..............................1

1.1 brief histories.............................................................................................................1

1.2 Main products of the company...................................................................................2

1.3End users of its products.............................................................................................5

1.4 Organizations of the company....................................................................................6

2.1. How I get the company............................................................................................8

2.2. Position of work........................................................................................................8

2.3 Project description.....................................................................................................9

2.4 Work flow.................................................................................................................9

2.5 Work activities........................................................................................................12

2.5.1 Site work......................................................................................................12

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page V

2.5.1.11 Equipment’s use in construction site work....................................23

2.5.2 Office works................................................................................................24

2.5.2.1 Methodology of work.......................................................................24

2.5.2.2 Take off..............................................................................................24

2.5.2.3 Break down.........................................................................................26

2.6 Major challenges and discrepancies encountered.....................................................26

2.7 Measures to overcome the challenges.......................................................................27

3.1 Practical skill and theoretical knowledge.................................................................28

3.1.1 Reading drawings.............................................................................................28

3.1.2 Controlling quality of works.............................................................................29

3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge.............................................................................31

3.3 upgrading interpersonal communication skill............................................................31

3.4 Improving team playing skill.....................................................................................32

3.5 improving leadership skill........................................................................................33

3.6 Work ethics related issues........................................................................................33

3.7 Entrepreneurship skill...............................................................................................34

4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................35

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page VI

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page VII

1.1 Brief history

The company strives to continually implement a systematic organizational development. In this

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page 1

1.2 Main products of the company

1. In Tigray regional state:

Yirgalem police college, MianTepiSchool, Welkite Industrial Engineering College

6. In Afar regional state:

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY Page 2