Animal Diversity & Classification

Md.
Aminul Islam Chowdhury Lecturer (Biology)

M. Phil. (Researcher), M. Sc. (Thesis), B. Sc. (Hons.) Cantonment English School & College
Dept. of Botany, University of Chittagong. Hello: 01912-85 33 95 ; 01789-64 53 12 .
CHAPTER ONE [Revised: 2018] Subject code: 1 7 9

Animal Diversity and Classification
Topic - 1  Biodiversity (or Animal diversity); Types of Biodiversity.
Topic - 2  Basis of Animal Classification :

i) Body shape v) Symmetry ix) Planes
ii) Levels of organization vi) Segmentation / Metamerism x) Coelom
iii) Way of living vii) Tagmatization xi) Notochord
iv) Germ layers viii) Polarity xii) Alimentary canal.
Topic - 3  Principles of Animal Classification :

i) Taxonomic character, Identification, Categorization / Ranking, Nomenclature, Preservation
ii) Necessity of Animal Classification.
Topic - 4  Major Phyla of Animal kingdom :

i) Non-Chordata (Classification up to ‘Major phyla’)
ii) Chordata (Classification up to ‘Class’).
Topic - 5  Practical: Observation of the museum specimen of animals under different phyla of
Non-Chordata (any 5) and different classes of Vertebrata (any 5).
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Topic – 1  Biodiversity (or Animal diversity); Types of Biodiversity.
✓ So far, 2,70,000 vascular plant species and more than 15 lacs animal species have been identified by biologist.
Biodiversity (or Animal diversity) :

Biodiversity, a popular contraction of the term ‘Biological diversity’. The term biodiversity was first coined by Walter G.
Rosen in 1986. It is used generally to refer to the variety of life on earth.
 Biodiversity or Biological diversity is the sum of total all life forms on Earth.
 The genetic, species & ecosystem variation that is seen among all aquatic, terrestrial & aerial animals in the world, is
called ‘Animal diversity’.
Types of biodiversity :
Biodiversity can be divided into 3 (three) types – 1) Genetic diversity, 2) Species diversity & 3) Ecosystem diversity.
1) Genetic diversity: Diversity within species, is called ‘Genetic diversity’. It refers to the variation of genes within a species. e.g.
Hundreds of varieties of Rice.
2) Species diversity: Diversity between species, is called ‘Species diversity’. It refers to the variety of species within a region. e.g.
Species under the same genus show sufficient difference in chromosome number and physical structure.
Md. Aminul Islam Chowdhury Lecturer (Biology)
M. Phil. (Researcher), M. Sc. (Thesis), B. Sc. (Hons.) 2 Cantonment English School & College
3) Ecosystem diversity: Diversity in ecosystem or biome, is called ‘Ecosystem diversity’. An ecosystem consists of organisms
from many different species living together in a region that are connected by the flow of energy. A large and differentiable
ecosystem consisting of similar type of climate, soil, animal and plants having common characteristics, is called ‘Biome’. A large
ecosystem itself is a biome.
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Aminul Sir
Lecturer (Biology), CESC.
01789 -64 53 12 .
Topic – 2  Basis of Animal Classification :
i) Body shape :
2 (two) types – 1) Micro-animal & 2) Macro-animal.
1) Micro-animal: Animals cannot be seen without microscope, called ‘Micro-animal’. e.g. Trichodina anabasi, a Protistan
pathogen / germ lies on gills of fish.
2) Macro-animal: Animals can be seen by open eyes, called ‘Macro-animal’. e.g. Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig).
ii) Levels of organization :

3 (three) types – 1) Cellular level, 2) Tissue level & 3) Organ system level.
1) Cellular level of organization: Cells of the animal body do not form tissue rather arrange loosely to construct the body. e.g.
All animals under phylum: Porifera.
2) Tissue level of organization: Cells of the animal body originated from same place and perform a particular function
individually, construct different types of tissue. e.g. All animals under phylum: Cnidaria.
3) Organ system level of organization: A part of animal body formed by the combination of one or more than one type of
tissues, performing a particular function, is called an ‘Organ’. For performing various physiological functions, several organs
together form the ‘Organ system’. An animal body is formed by the combination of different types of organ systems. e.g. All
animals under phylum: Platyhelminthes to phylum: Chordata.
iii) Way of living :

2 (two) types – 1) Free living & 2) Parasite.
1) Free living: Animals live independently and move freely and do not depend on mutual cooperation of other animals. e.g.
Columba livia (Pigeon).
2) Parasite: Animals do not live independently & freely, take shelter on other animals and absorb nutrition from host’s body.
e.g. Fasciola hepatica (Flat worm / Liver fluke).
iv) Germ layers :

Animals where sexual reproduction take place, ‘Zygote (2n)’ is formed first because of the fusion of sperm (n) & ovum (n).
then, Zygote divides through cleavage and formed ‘Blastomere’ named cells. After that, blastomere to solid ‘Morula’ and later
hollow ‘Blastula’ stages are formed. Finally, bi-layered ‘Gastrula’ stage is formed. In gastrula, different germ layers are seen. Based
on germ layers, animals are 2 (two) types – 1) Diploblastic animal & 2) Triploblastic animal.
[ P.T.O. ]
1) Diploblastic animal: When 2 (two) germ layers i.e. Ectoderm and Endoderm are seen in gastrula phase, then the animal is
called ‘Diploblastic animal’. ‘Mesogloea’ named acellular jelly-like sticky layer is lying in between ectoderm & endoderm. e.g. All
animals under phylum: Cnidaria, Hydra vulgaris (Hydra).
2) Triploblastic animal: When 3 (three) germ layers i.e. Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm (from outer to inner) are seen in
gastrula phase, then the animal is called ‘Triploblastic animal’. e.g. All animals under phylum: Platyhelminthes to phylum:
Chordata.
v) Symmetry :
Symmetry means the arrangement of morphological body parts with reference to some axis of the body. Most of the animals
have some kind of symmetry. Those that do not, such as - Sponge (Cliona celata), Snail (Pila globosa) etc. i.e. they are irregular in
morphological shape, are said to be ‘Asymmetrical’ or Asymmetry. Other types of symmetry are –
1) Spherical symmetry means that any plane passing through the centre divides the body into equivalent or mirror halves. It is
rare in animals and found chiefly among some of the unicellular Protistan, such as - Volvox, Radiolaria, Heliozoa etc.
2) Radial symmetry means where the animal can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the
central axis. e.g. Hydra (Hydra vulgaris), Jelly fish (Aurelia aurita), Sea anemone (Metridium) etc.
3) Bilateral symmetry involves the division of the animal through a sagittal plane, resulting in exact two mirror image, right and
left halves, such as those of a Butterfly (Pieris brassicae), Human (Homo sapiens), Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) etc.
4) Biradial symmetry (bilateral+radial) means the arrangement of the body of an animal such that similar parts are located to
either side of a central axis after cutting through right angle and each of the four sides of the body is identical to the opposite
side. e.g. Animals under phylum: Ctenophora (Ceoloplana).
Aminul Sir
01912 -85 33 95 .
vi) Segmentation / Metamerism :
If an animal body is made of serial repetition of similar kind of segments along the longitudinal axis of the body, that condition
is called ‘Segmentation or Metamerism’. Each segment or unit is called ‘Metamere’ or ‘Somite’. Based on Segmentation or
Metamerism, animals are following types –
1) Homonomous metamere: If metamere or somite of the body are similar or same types, then the animal is called
‘Homonomous metameric’. e.g. Earthworm (Metaphire posthuma).
2) Heteronomous metamere: If metamere or somite of the body are not similar or same types, then the animal is called
‘Heteronomous metameric’. e.g. Segmentation or metamerism of insects.
3) Asegmental: This type of animal has no segmentation or metamerism. e.g. Starfish (Asterias vulgaris), Mussel (Lamellidens
Head Thorax Abdomen
marginalis) etc.
vii) Tagmatization :
In phylum: Arthropoda, metamere or somite of the body are not conspicuous externally, rather the adjacent metameres make
a larger functional unit, called ‘Tagma’, responsible for performing specialized tasks. Class: Insecta has 3 tagmata – Head, Thorax
and Abdomen. But in class: Crustacea (e.g. Tiger shrimp – Penaeus monodon), Head & Thorax join together form Cephalothorax.
Therefore, Crustacean have 2 tagmata – Cephalothorax and Abdomen.
Dept. of Botany, University of Chittagong. Hello: 01912-85 33Aminul Sir 53 12 .
95 ; 01789-64
viii) Polarity : 01789 -64 53 12 .
Based on the position of head and mouth, the classifications of animals are made, called ‘Polarity’. The edge or end of animal
body where head lies, called ‘Anterior end’ and the opposite edge or end is called ‘Posterior end’. Again, the edge or end of animal
body where mouth lies, called ‘Oral end’ and the opposite edge or end is called ‘Aboral end’.
ix) Planes :
The region of animal body which can be divided into two parts, such as - left & right or length & breadth or anterior & posterior
etc., is called ‘Plane’. Usually, 3 (three) types of Planes are found in animals’ body –
1) Median or Sagittal plane: The plane where animal’s body can be divided into similar left & right halves through ventral &
dorsal axis, is called ‘Median or Sagittal plane’.
2) Frontal plane: The plane where animal’s body can be divided into two parts forms ventral & dorsal sides, is called ‘Frontal
plane’.
3) Transverse plane: The plane where animal’s body can be cut through right angle to median or sagittal plane and formed
front & back sides, is called ‘Transverse plane’.
x) Coelom :
During embryonic development of triploblastic animals, the cavity surrounded by ‘Peritonium’ named membrane, is called
‘Coelom’ or Body cavity or True coelom. Peritonium membranes are originated from mesoderm and are two in number – Parietal &
Visceral. Based on the presence, absence & nature of Coelom, animals are classified into 3 (three) groups –
1) A-coelomate: During embryonic development, body cavity (i.e. Blastocoel) is filled up by spongy parenchyma cells, that’s
why no body cavity as well as no coelom. e.g. All animals under phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria & Platyhelminthes are acoelomate.
2) Pseudo-coelomate: There is body cavity between the body wall and the alimentary canal or gut, but this is not surrounded
by mesodermal peritoneum. e.g. All animals under phylum: Nemathelminthes / Nematoda are pseudo-coelomate.
3) Eu-coelomate Animals having a true (‘Eu-’ means ‘true’) coelom. e.g. All animals under phylum: Mollusca to phylum:
Chordata are eucoelomate.
xi) Notochord :
An elastic, soft & porous tissue, lies dorso-mid line of the body, remains in all embryos and may be present or absent or
reduced in adults, is called ‘Notochord’. Based on Notochord, animals are classified into 2 (two) categories –
1) Nonchordate: Animals where notochord is never present, called ‘Nonchordate’. e.g. All animals under phylum: Porifera to
phylum: Echinodermata.
2) Chordate: Animals where notochord lies in only embryonic stage or throughout the whole life, called ‘Chordate’. e.g. All
animals under phylum: Chordata.
[ P.T.O. ]
xii) Alimentary canal :
Alimentary canal is a part of digestive system. Based on the presence or absence of alimentary canal, animals are classified
into 2 (two) categories –
1) Parazoa: Animals those who have no alimentary canal, called ‘Parazoa’. e.g. All animals under phylum: Porifera.
2) Enterozoa: Animals having alimentary canal, called ‘Enterozoa’. e.g. All animals under phylum: Cnidaria to phylum:
Chordata.
              Aminul Sir
01912 -85 33 95 .
Topic – 3  Principles of Animal Classification :
i) Taxonomic character, Identification, Categorization / Ranking,

Nomenclature, Preservation
ii) Necessity of Animal Classification .
i) Principles of Animal Classification :

‘Classification’ is an organized science. A lot of things need to be maintained to complete Classification. Main principles of
Classification are described below –
1) Taxonomic character: According to conventional idea, the characteristic that can separate one taxon member from another, is
called the ‘Taxonomic character’ of that taxon. While classifying, identifying characteristics of taxa under each category needs to be
mentioned.
2) Identification: Any taxon observed under taxonomical character can be known or unknown. If unknown, that doesn’t mean that
it is a new taxon. In this way, any sample collected to classify needs to be compared with the characteristics of other known
animals.
3) Categorization or Ranking: Animals which are included in different categories or rank in order to classify, they are called ‘Taxa’
(‘Taxon’ in singular). Mandatory categories or taxa of Classification are 7 in number. They are- Kingdom, Phylum / Division, Class,
Order, Family, Genus & Species.
4) Nomenclature: Identifying a specific animal or animal population by a definite name, is called ‘Nomenclature’. If an animal is
proved to be new after extensive research, that animal needs to be named under the rules of ICZN.
Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus first introduced a method of naming. It is known as - Binomial nomenclature. According to
this system, scientific name of each organism has two parts - the first one is ‘Genus name’ and second one is ‘Specific epithet’. In
this way, naming an animal with two Latin or transformed Latin words, is called ‘Binomial nomenclature’.
[ P.T.O. ]
Trinomial Nomenclature: In many times, some notable morphological differences are seen among the members of a same
species. Those members are called ‘Sub-species’ of that species. Then, the binomial name turns into ‘Trinomial’ with - genus,
species & sub-species name. This method of naming with sub-species, is called ‘Trinomial nomenclature’.
For example, scientific name of European Sparrow is Passer domesticus, but scientific name of Sparrow of Nile river region is
Passer domesticus niloticus. In 1844, German ornithologist Hermann Schlegel first used Trinomial nomenclature & it is
acknowledged by ICZN. More examples of Trinomial nomenclature are - Panthera leo leo (African Lion) and Panthera leo persica
(Indian Lion). Both the animals are sub-species of Panthera leo. Naja naja naja (Khaia Cobra) and Naja naja kaouthia (Padma
Cobra) both snakes are the sub-species of Naja Naja (Cobra).
5) Preservation: Classified sample needs to be preserved in details (collector's name, collection place, time, date etc.) so that
other samples can be easily identified. That is why, samples found in different countries are preserved in natural museum,
universities and departmental preservatory of colleges on the base of Governmental permission. So, sample preservation is an
important chapter of Classification.
ii) Necessity of Animal Classification :
Necessity or importance of Classification is great in both Theoretical biology & Applied biology.
Theoretical importance :
1) If knowledge about one animal of a species is found by Classification, then it is easy to get idea other members of that
species.
2) Within less time & less labour, many members of the animal kingdom can be known.
3) Different information on interaction between animals & their phylogeny can be known.
4) Classification helps in determining evolutionary series of animals.
5) Classification is essential to identify new species.
Applied importance :
1) Classification gives correct identity of a specific species required in public health or restraining harmful animals in
agriculture & forest. Animals with economic importance can easily be identified.
2) Helps in preservation of wild animals.
3) It is easier to get hybrid animals by artificial reproduction.
Aminul Sir
              Lecturer (Biology), CESC.
01789 -64 53 12 .
Dept. of Botany, University of Chittagong. Hello: 01912-85 33 95 ; 01789-64
Aminul Sir 53 12 .
Topic – 4  Major Phyla of Animal kingdom : 01912 -85 33 95 .
i) Non-Chordata (Classification up to ‘Major phyla’)
[ According to the classification of Hickman et al. (2017) ]
Phylum – 1 : Porifera
Osculum
Ostia
✓ L. porus = pore & fer = to bear; means - Pore bearing animals.
Spongocoel
✓ In 1836, Robert Grant first named this phylum.
✓ Number of species = 8,659 [Zhang (2013)] , Canal system
✓ In Bangladesh = 29 [Ahmed (2008-2009)].

✓ Commonly known as - Sponge.
✓ Habitat: Most of the animals are marine (i.e. oceanic).
Only, animals under ‘Family: Spongilidae’ are fresh water inhabitant.
General Characteristics :
1) Diameter of the body is 1.00 mm – 2.00 m (approximately). They are red, orange, blue, violet etc. in colour.
2) No definite symmetry i.e. asymmetrical.
3) Simplest multi-cellular animals, having no tissue system i.e. cellular grade animals.
4) Body wall has numerous pores, called ‘Ostia’ (sing. Ostium).
5) They have characterized ‘Canal system’ instead of Circulatory system. Food, O2 & sperms enters the body along with water
through Ostia of Canal system.
6) CaCO3 made spiny ‘Spicule’ or ‘Spongin’ named organic fibres construct the framework or endoskeleton of the body.
7) Internally, body has chambers, which are enclosed by flagellated ‘Choanocyte’ cells. These chambers open at Canal
system.
8) All small canals are open into ‘Spongocoel’ named wider canal. Spongocoel opens at ‘Osculum’ named large pore, at the
top.
9) Mature animals are ‘Sessile’ and attached permanently with the substratum.
10) Bisexual and in the life cycle, free swimming ‘Amphiblastula’ or ‘Parenchymula’ larva is present.
Examples: 1) Spongilla lacustris (Fresh water sponge)

2) Euspongia officinalis (Bath sponge)
3) Cliona celata (Red sponge)
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Dept. of Botany, University of Chittagong. Aminul
Hello: 01912-85 33 Sir
95 ; 01789-64 53 12 .
Phylum – 2 : Cnidaria 01789 -64 53 12 .
✓ Grk. knide = nettle (means - sting) & L. aria = connected with.

✓ In 1888, Hatschek first named this phylum.
✓ Number of species = 10,203 [Zhang (2013)] ,
✓ Commonly known as - Flower of the sea / Rain forest of the sea.
✓ Habitat: Majority species are marine (i.e. oceanic) except 20 spp. These 20 spp. live in fresh water.
1) Radial symmetric.
2) Multi-cellular animals, having slight ‘Cell-tissue grade’ in their body.
3) Diploblastic, outer layer of body is known as - Epidermis and the inner layer is - Endodermis / Gastrodermis. ‘Mesogloea’
named acellular jelly-like sticky layer is lying in between these two layers.
4) Incomplete gut called ‘Gastrovascular cavity’ or ‘Coelenteron’ with a single opening, works as both mouth & anus.
5) Special stinging organelle, called ‘Nematocyst’ remains inside the specialized ‘Cnidocyte’ cell, used in - self protection, food
capturing & locomotion. They are more abundant at tentacles.
6) ‘Extra-cellular’ & ‘Intra-cellular’ both types of digestions take place.
7) Many species show polymorphism. Basic unit of polymorphic members are - Polyp & Medusa. Polyp is fixed (stationary)
and reproduces asexually, while Medusa is free swimming and reproduces sexually.
Examples: 1) Hydra vulgaris (Hydra)

2) H. viridis / Chlorohydra viridissima (Green Hydra)
3) Aurelia aurita (Jelly fish)
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Phylum – 3 : Platyhelminthes
✓ Grk. platys = flat & helminth = worm.

✓ In 1876, Minot first named this phylum.
✓ Commonly known as - Flat worm.
✓ Habitat: Most of the worms are endoparasite. Some worms live independently in water or wet soil.
Dept. of Botany, University of Chittagong. Hello: 01912-85 33
Aminul Sir
95 ; 01789-64 53 12 .
General Characteristics : 01912 -85 33 95 .
1) Microscopic to 30.0 m in length. Body soft, elongated, bilateral symmetric, dorsoventrally flat.
2) Body skin is covered by ciliated epidermis or cuticle.
3) First triploblastic animals and first ‘Tissue-organ grade’ animals.
4) Acoelomate, having no internal cavity except alimentary canal. Body cavity is filled up by ‘Parenchyma’ or ‘Mesenchyme’
named tissue.
5) Digestive system is incomplete since no anus. Many cases, ‘Sucker’ or ‘Hook’ or both are present.
6) Blood circulatory system & Respiratory system are absent; Excretory system consists of ‘Flame cell’.
7) Bisexual, fertilization internal. In the life cycle, many types of larva stages present.
Examples: 1) Fasciola hepatica (Flat worm / Liver fluke)

2) Taenia solium (Tape worm)
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Phylum – 4 : Nemathelminthes / Nematoda
✓ Grk. nematos = thread, eidos = shape & helminth = worm.

✓ In 1859, Gogenbaur first named this phylum.
✓ Commonly known as - Thread worm or Round worm.
✓ Habitat: Most of the worms are endoparasite. Some worms live independently on land / terrestrial or aquatic surface and
take bacteria, algae, fungi, Yeast etc. as food.
1) Microscopic to 1.0 m in length. Body tubular, soft, elongated, both ends are gradually tapering/pointed, bilateral symmetric.
2) Body skin is covered by ‘Elastin’ made acellular thick cuticle.
3) ‘Organ-system grade’ animals.
4) Pseudo-coelomate.
5) Digestive system is complete since alimentary canal has mouth and anus. That’s why, animals are called ‘Tube within tube’.
Mouth aperture is surrounded by characterized ‘Lips’.
6) Blood circulatory system & Respiratory system are absent.
7) Majority animals are unisexual; sexual dimorphism (i.e. male & female separate) is seen.
Examples: 1) Ascaris lumbricoides (Round worm)
2) Wuchereria bancrofti (Filaria worm)
3) Loa loa (Eye worm)
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Aminul Sir
01789 -64 53 12 .
Phylum – 5 : Mollusca
Eye
✓ L. molluscus = soft (Actually, soft body). Shell
Head
✓ In 1758, Linnaeus first named this phylum.
✓ Second largest phylum (Largest phylum = Arthropoda; Total species = 12,57,040).
Muscular foot Tentacle
✓ Habitat: Most of the animals are marine (i.e. oceanic).
Some members live in fresh water, land / terrestrial and inside the hole. Fig.: Pila globosa (Apple snail)
1) Having an unsegmented, soft, fleshy body with conspicuous head.
2) They are triploblastic and eu-coelomate animals.
3) Most of the animals are bilateral symmetric, except class: Gastropoda (e.g. Snail).
4) Body is covered by ‘Mantle’ named thin membrane. Mantle secreted substance makes the ‘Shell’. Usually, animal lives
inside the shell.
5) Body cavity or coelom is too concise and transformed into ‘Haemocoel’.
6) Ventral body wall is specialized as ‘Muscular foot’ used for locomotion.
7) Alimentary canal is coiled or ‘U’-shaped.
8) Chitin made rasping organ (tongue-like) ‘Radula’ is located at buccal cavity, except class: Bivalvia (e.g. Mussel).
9) Respiration is done by - Gill (Ctenidia) or Lung or Mantle.
10) ‘Haemocyanin’ & ‘Amoebocyte’ named blood corpuscles are present in blood.
11) Dorsal heart, blood vessels and haemocoel both are present; that means - ‘Semi-open circulatory system’ is present.
12) Unisexual and lay eggs.
Examples: 1) Pila globosa (Apple snail)

2) Lamellidens marginalis (Mussel)
3) Octopus vulgaris (Devil fish)

Dept. of Botany, University of Chittagong. Hello: 01912-85 33
Aminul Sir
95 ; 01789-64 53 12 .
Phylum – 6 : Annelida 01912 -85 33 95 .
✓ L. annulus = little ring & eidos = shape.

✓ In 1809, Lamarck first named this phylum.
✓ Habitat: Fresh water, saline water, terrestrial. Some are parasites (e.g. Leech).
1) Body tubular, elongated, bilateral symmetric, eu-coelomate.
2) Body is covered by thin cuticle, secreted by epithelium.
3) Body is metameric i.e. serial repetition of similar ring-like body segments along the longitudinal axis of the body (i.e. true
segmentation).
4) Chitinous appendage ‘Setae’ or fleshy appendage ‘Parapodia’ is used for locomotion.
5) Excretory organ typically a pair of ‘Nephridia’ for each segment or metamere.
6) Blood circulatory system is ‘Closed type’; red coloured blood with haemoglobin & haemoerythrin dissolved in plasma.
7) Alimentary canal of digestive system is tubular and complete, with mouth & anus.
8) During development, free swimming ‘Trochophore’ named larva is seen.
Examples: 1) Metaphire posthuma (Earthworm)

2) Hirudinaria manillensis (Medicinal Leech)
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Phylum – 7 : Arthropoda
✓ Grk. arthron = joint & podos = foot.

✓ In 1848, Von Siebold first named this phylum.
✓ Number of species = 12,57,040 [Zhang (2013)] ,
✓ In Bangladesh = 2,483 [Ahmed (2008-2009)].
✓ Largest phylum i.e. ¾ of total animals of the world (or almost 80%).
✓ Habitat: Omnipresent.
1) Body is jointed appendages, bilateral symmetric.
2) Segmented body is divided into functional groups, called ‘Tagmata’ (sing. Tagma) - head, thorax & abdomen.
3) 1 or 2 pairs of Antenna and usually 1 pair of compound eye are located at the head.
4) Exoskeleton is made by chitin and it is molted at regular intervals (Ecdysis or Molting).
5) Body cavity or coelom is concise and is transformed into blood filled ‘Haemocoel’.
[ P.T.O. ]
6) Alimentary canal of Digestive system is complete. Appendages are transformed into ‘Mouth parts’ which are adapted to take
different types of food.
7) Blood circulatory system is open type, which bears dorsal contractile heart, artery and haemocoel.
8) Excretory organ is ‘Malpighian tubules’. Besides, Coxal-, antennal- & maxillary glands also take part in excretion.
9) Usually, fertilization is internal type and in most of the cases, ‘Metamorphosis’ happens.
Examples: 1) Penaeus monodon (Tiger shrimp)

2) Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (Freshwater prawn / Monsoon water prawn)
3) Poekilocerus pictus (Grasshopper)
4) Periplaneta americana (Cockroach) Aminul Sir
5) Musca domestica (House Fly) 01789 -64 53 12 .
6) Pieris brassicae (Butterfly)
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Phylum – 8 : Echinodermata
✓ L. echinatus = spinous, Grk. derma = skin & ata = to bear.

✓ In 1734, Jacob Klein first named this phylum.
✓ Commonly known as - Spiny skin (skin with spine) animals.
✓ Habitat: All the animals are marine (i.e. oceanic) & free swimming. No fresh water or terrestrial (land-based) or parasitic
representatives.
1) They are triploblastic, eu-coelomate and unsegmented animals.
2) Mature animal is penta-radial symmetric but larval stage is bilateral symmetric.
3) Body skin is spiny. These spines are originated from ‘Calcareous endoskeletal plate’ lies in just below the skin.
Aminul Sir
4) Exoskeleton is made up of ‘Spine’ & ‘Pedicellariae’. Lecturer (Biology), CESC.
01912 -85 33 95 .
5) Body has ‘Oral’ & ‘Aboral’ planes; five ambulacral grooves are present at oral plane.
6) A very unique ‘Water vascular system’ of coelomic origin is lying inside the body. ‘Tube feet or Podia’ are originated from it
which are not only the locomotive organ, also used for respiration and feeding.
7) Blood circulatory system and Excretory system are absent. Haemal- & Perihaemal systems perform the function of blood
circulatory system.
8) Respiration is carried out by - gills or tube feet / podia or respiratory tree.
9) Unisexual; fertilization is external type and free swimming larva stage remains in the life cycle.
Examples: 1) Asterias vulgaris (Starfish)

2) Echinus esculentus (Sea urchin)
3) Holothuria impatiens (Sea cucumber)
Asterias vulgaris (Starfish)

Hello: 01912-85 33 Sir
95 ; 01789-64 53 12 .
Topic – 4  Major Phyla of Animal kingdom : 01789 -64 53 12 .
ii) Chordata (Classification up to ‘Class’)
[ According to the classification of Hickman et al. (2017) ]
Phylum – 9 : Chordata
✓ L. chorda = cord & Grk. ata = to bear.

✓ In 1885, William Bateson first named this phylum. [ He also proposed the term ‘Genetics’ ]
✓ In Bangladesh = 1,611 [Ahmed (2008-2009)].
✓ Phyla which are closely related to Chordata are - Echinodermata & Hemichordata.
Definition of Chordata :
A phylum of the Kingdom: Animalia comprising all the animals that have, at any stage in their life, a ‘Notochord’ and a hollow
dorsal ‘Nerve cord’, pharyngeal slits / gill slits and ventral heart, is called ‘Chordata’.
1) Notochord: In embryonic stage or whole through the life, a rod-shaped, elastic, solid NOTOCHORD (Grk. noton = back &
L. chorda = cord) is present along the dorsal-median line of the body. In mature stage of advanced Chordates, notochord is
replaced by ‘Vertebral column’. Then, they are called ‘Vertebrates’. This is the structure for which the phylum has named.
2) Nerve cord: A dorsal, hollow, ectodermal NERVE CORD is located dorsal (i.e. above) to the notochord. In Vertebrates,
anterior end of Nerve cord usually enlarged to form brain and posterior end forms spinal cord.
3) Pharyngeal slits / Gill slits: At any stage of life or whole life, several pairs of GILL SLITS are positioned on both sides of
the Pharynx ( = region just posterior to mouth). They become disappear at advanced Chordates.
4) Endostyle: ENDOSTYLE named organ is positioned under the Pharynx, which later transformed into Thyroid gland.
5) Blood circulatory system: It is closed type i.e. blood always travels through inside the heart & blood vessels and never
comes into body cavity or coelom. RBC of blood contains haemoglobin (Hb4). ‘Portal system’ is present in their circulatory
system. Heart lies at ventral side of the body.
6) Post-anal tail: A POST-ANAL TAIL is a posterior elongation of the body, extending beyond the anus. It acts as organ for
locomotion in aquatic species. In human, it is present during embryonic development, becomes vestigial in adult.
7) Segmentation: Segmentation in Chordates remains limited in body wall, brain & tail; do not reach to coelom.
[ Vestigial: Degenerate, rudimentary, having become functionless in course of evolution. ]

Aminul Sir 53 12 .
Classification : 01912 -85 33 95 .
According to Hickman et al. (2017), Phylum - 9 : Chordata has 3 Sub-phyla –
Sub-phylum – 1 : Urochordata  3 classes –

Class - 1 : Ascidiacea
Class - 2 : Thaliacea
Class - 3 : Larvacea
Sub-phylum – 2 : Cephalochordata (No classes)
Sub-phylum – 3 : Vertebrata / Craniata  9 classes under 2 Super-classes –

Super-class – 1 : Agnatha / Cyclostomata  2 classes –
Class - 1 : Myxini (Hagfish)
Class - 2 : Cephalaspidomorphi / Petromyzontida (Lamprey)
Super-class – 2 : Gnathostomata  7 classes –

Class - 1 : Chondrichthyes Class - 4 : Amphibia
Class - 2 : Actinopterygii Class - 5 : Reptilia
Class - 3 : Sarcopterygii Class - 6 : Aves
[ Osteichthyes = Actinopterygii + Sarcopterygii ] Class - 7 : Mammalia
Sub-phylum – 1 : Urochordata
✓ Grk. oura = tail & L. chorda = cord.

✓ Number of species = Around 3,000.
✓ Other name - Sea squirt (can release water very fast through siphon).
✓ Habitat: Shallow water of coast of all seas of the world i.e. marine (oceanic). Solitary or colonial.
1) Notochord is confined only at tail of larval stage; in mature animals, notochord is absent.
2) Larva can swim freely, but mature animals are stationary i.e. they attached themselves to the substratum and lead a stable
life.
3) Animal’s body is covered by cellulose made ‘Tunic / Test’ named non-living coat.
Sub-phylum – 1: Urochordata has 3 classes –
Class - 1: Ascidiacea Class - 2: Thaliacea Class - 3: Larvacea

1) Body is sac-like or tubular. 1) Body is lemon- or gallon-like. 1) Body is tadpole-like.
2) Body covering is persistent, thick & 2) Body covering is persistent, thin & 2) Body covering is temporary, thin &
semi-transparent. transparent. transparent like gelatin.
3) Mature animals are devoid of tail. 3) Mature animals are devoid of tail. 3) Mature animals have tail.
e.g. Ascidia mentula. e.g. Salpa maxima. e.g. Oikopleura albicans.
Aminul Sir 53 12 .
Sub-phylum – 2 : Cephalochordata 01789 -64 53 12 .
✓ Grk. kephale = head, L. chorda = cord & ata = to bear.

✓ Number of species = 33.
✓ Other name - Lanceolets (since, body looks like the tip of spear).
✓ Habitat: Sandy beneath of all coastal regions of the world i.e. marine (oceanic).
1) Primitive and simple forms of all characteristics of Chordates are seen in these animals.
2) Notochord and Nerve cord are extended from head to tail (anterior to posterior). These are present in both larva & adult
stage and persist throughout the life.
3) Body tall, thin, transparent, laterally compressed and two edges of the body is tapering / sharp / pointed.
4) Oral hood (with tentacles) is present at the anterior end of the body; ‘Oral Cirri’ present in the oral hood. The water is first
filtered by the oral cirri.
5) Almost 60 pairs ‘>’-shaped ‘Myotome muscles’ are arranged one after another at both sides of the body.
6) Numerous pharyngeal slits or gill slits are present in the pharynx. Gills are open into atrium.
7) ‘Protonephridia’ is the main excretory organ.
8) Fertilization is external type.
Example: Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Amphioxus, means - sharp at both ends).
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Sub-phylum – 3 : Vertebrata / Craniata
✓ L. vertebratus = Vertebral column.

✓ Number of species = 65,789.
✓ Other name - Craniata (since, brain lies inside the bony or cartilaginous cavity called ‘Cranium’).
1) Notochord is replaced by either bone or cartilage made Vertebral column.
2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord constitutes Brain and Spinal cord. Cranium and vertebral column covered them, respectively.
3) 5 – 15 pairs of gill slits present at both sides of the pharynx. In advanced Vertebrates, they remain present only at
embryonic stage.
4) Other features are – lateral paired appendages (wings or legs), 2 to 4 chambered muscular heart etc.
Sub-phylum – 3: Vertebrata has 2 Super-classes –
Super-class – 1: Agnatha / Cyclostomata Super-class – 2: Gnathostomata

(Grk. a = without & gnathos = jaw) / (Grk. gnathos = jaw & stoma = mouth) :
(Grk. cyclos = round & stoma = mouth) :
1) Round mouth without true jaws. 1) With true jaws.

2) Paired appendages absent. 2) Paired appendages present.
3) Cartilaginous skeleton. 3) Skeleton is made by bones and cartilage.
4) Vertebral column is reduced or absent in mature animals. 4) Vertebral column is prominent in mature animals.
Super-class – 1: Agnatha / Cyclostomata has 2 Classes –
Class - 1: Myxini (Hagfish) Class - 2: Cephalaspidomorphi / Petromyzontida (Lamprey)

Number of species = 70 (approx.) Number of species = 41 (approx.)
1) Members are commonly known as - Hagfish. 1) Members are commonly known as - Lamprey.
2) Looks like ‘Eel fish’. 2) Looks like ‘Eel fish’.
3) Fishes are independent; all are marine (oceanic). 3) Some fishes are parasite; all are marine (oceanic) but
come in fresh water during the time of spawning.
4) Body is without scales as well as dorsal fin. 4) Body is without scales but dorsal fin is present.
5) Mouth is enclosed by 4 pairs of tentacles. 5) ‘Oral disc’ acts as sucker. Keratinized (fibrous protein)
teeth surround the oral disc.
6) 5 – 15 pairs of gill slits are present at both sides of the 6) 7 pairs of gill slits are present at both sides of the
pharynx. pharynx.
7) No larval stage is present. 7) Long larval stage (Ammocoete larva) is present.
e.g. Myxine glutinosa. e.g. Petromyzon marinus.
[ Ammocoete larva: Larva that lives in mud and feeds on microorganisms. After metamorphosis, moves towards the sea. ]
Super-class – 2: Gnathostomata has 7 Classes –

Aminul Sir
Class - 1 : Chondrichthyes Class - 4 : Amphibia Lecturer (Biology), CESC.
01912 -85 33 95 .
Class - 2 : Actinopterygii Class - 5 : Reptilia
Class - 3 : Sarcopterygii Class - 6 : Aves
[ Osteichthyes = Actinopterygii + Sarcopterygii ] Class - 7 : Mammalia
[ P.T.O. ]
Class – 1 : Chondrichthyes
✓ Grk. chondros = cartilage & ichthys = fish.

✓ Number of species = 1,000 (approximately).
✓ Habitat: All species are marine (i.e. oceanic) & predators (means - hunter).
1) Body is covered by numerous small ‘Placoid scales’ (spiny).
2) Mouth & nostril positioned ventral side of head.
3) Jaws are with teeth.
4) Endoskeleton is entirely cartilaginous.
5) 5 – 7 pairs of gill slits are separately open outside the body.
6) Operculum and Air bladder / Swim bladder absent.
7) Caudal fin - Heterocercal (i.e. Asymmetrical).
Examples: 1) Scoliodon laticaudus (Dog shark)

2) Eusphyra blochii (Hammer-head shark)
3) Pristis pectinata (Saw fish)
Aminul Sir
01789 -64 53 12 .
Class – 2 : Actinopterygii
✓ Grk. actis = rays & pteryx = fin.

✓ Number of species = 31,045 (96% of all alive fishes).
✓ Commonly known as - ‘Ray-finned fishes’.
✓ Habitat: River, pond, canal, haor, lake, glacier & deep sea.
1) Body is covered by ‘Cycloid scales’ (round) or ‘Ptenoid scales’ (spiny). In some fishes, scale is absent.
2) Skin has mucous glands.
3) Endoskeleton is bone made.
4) Only 1 pair gill slit on each side of the head which is covered by ‘Operculum’.
5) Air bladder / Swim bladder is usually present which helps them to float in water.
6) Caudal fin - Homocercal (i.e. Symmetrical).
Examples: 1) Tenualosa ilisha (Hilsha fish)

2) Labeo rohita (Rui fish)
3) Channa punctatus (Taki fish)
Hello: 01912-85 33 Sir
95 ; 01789-64 53 12 .
Class – 3 : Sarcopterygii 01912 -85 33 95 .
✓ Grk. sarkos = flesh & pteryx = fin.

✓ Number of species = 8 only.
✓ Commonly known as - ‘Lobe-finned fishes’.
✓ Evolutionist believed, amphibians as four-footed and terrestrial animals have emerged from any one fish of this class.
✓ Habitat: Marine (i.e. oceanic).
1) Body is covered by ‘Ganoid scales’.
2) Endoskeleton is bone made.
3) One pair gill slit on each side of the head which is covered by ‘Operculum’.
4) Caudal fin is ‘Diphycercal’ i.e. two parts converge gradually and form a single soft caudal fin surrounding the tail.
5) ‘Swim bladder’ with blood capillaries helps in respiration & in buoyancy (i.e. float in water).
Examples: 1) Latimeria chalumnae (Coelacanth fish) available in Indian Ocean & coast of Indonesia;
2) Neoceratodus forsteri (Lung fish) available in Africa, South America & Australia.
Class – 4 : Amphibia
✓ Grk. amphi = both & bios = life. Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Toad)

✓ Number of species = 7,700 (with tail = 715, without legs = 200 and with 2 pairs legs = 6836).
✓ Commonly known as - ‘Tetrapod’ (because, first started their journey to conquer the land with 4 legs).
✓ Habitat: Usually terrestrial (means - land based) but have to come in water for laying eggs.
That’s why, terraqueous (terrestrial+aquatic).
During larva stage, they live in aquatic environment; but at maturity, live in aquatic or terrestrial environment.
1) Body skin is glandular, smooth & wet. Always live in moist place to keep the skin wet. Wet skin helps in respiration.
2) Ectothermic i.e. body temperature depends upon environmental temperature and not modulated by metabolically generated
heat.
3) Each fore limb has 4 and hind limb has 5 nail-less toes or fingers.
4) Three chambered heart having 2 atria and 1 ventricle. ‘Sinus venosus’ is present in the heart.
5) Respiration occurred by gills during larval stage (tadpole); but at maturity, it is done by - lungs, skin, mucous membrane of
mouth.
Examples: 1) Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Toad)

2) Haplobatrachus tigerinus (Bull frog)
3) Salamandra salamandra (Salamander)
Aminul Sir 53 12 .
Class – 5 : Reptilia
01789 -64 53 12 .
✓ L. reptilis = creeping.
✓ Number of species = 10,450. Extinct Dinosaurs were reptiles.
✓ Habitat: First complete developed terrestrial animals.
1) Body skin is dried and is covered by epidermal scales or sometimes hard dermal plate.
2) Two pairs of limbs and each limb has 5 toes or fingers with nail.
3) Incomplete four chambered heart. Atria are divided completely but ventricles are incompletely divided (exception: Crocodile,
complete 4 chambered).
4) Lungs are the only respiratory organ.
5) Eggs of reptile are covered by skin-like membrane or calcified (with lime) shell.
6) External embryonic membrane is formed during embryonic development. That’s why, no larval stage.
Examples: 1) Crocodylus porosus (Crocodile)

2) Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial / Gavial)
3) Hemidactylus frenatus (Wall lizard)
4) Naja naja (Cobra snake)
Class – 6 : Aves
✓ L. avis = bird.
✓ Number of species = more than 10,000.
✓ They are considered ‘The first warm blooded (i.e. Endothermic) animals’.
1) Body is covered by ‘Feather’. Neck is elongated and looks like ‘S’-shaped.
2) Two fore limbs have transformed into ‘Wings’ as their flying organ.
3) Jaws are modified into toothless ‘Beak’.
4) Bones of skeletal system are light, hollow and air-filled.
5) Thin ‘Air sacs’ are attached to lungs.
6) Effective digestive system is present to digest food quickly as they can get metabolic energy
as early as possible from taken food. Sac-like ‘Crop’ & muscular ‘Gizzard’ are found in digestive system.
7) Four chambered heart having 2 atria and 2 ventricles.
Examples: 1) Copsychus saularis (Magpie-robin)

2) Passer domesticus (House sparrow)
3) Columba livia (Pigeon)
4) Corvus splendens (Crow)
Aminul Sir 53 12 .
Class – 7 : Mammalia 01912 -85 33 95 .
✓ L. mamma = breast.
✓ Number of species = 6,000 (approximately).
✓ They are considered ‘Maximum advanced animals’.
✓ Habitat: Distributed all types of habitat, such as –
terrestrial, aquatic, aerial i.e. capable of fly (e.g. Bat: Pteropus giganteus).
1) Body skin or integument has glands, such as - sweat gland, sebaceous gland etc. and is covered by hair (except Whale).
2) Effective mammary glands are found in female and offsprings are nourished by milk from mammary gland of their mother.
3) External ear is ‘Pinna’ and in the middle ear, 3 ossicles (very small bones) – Malleus, Incus & Stapes are present.
4) Jaws are with diphyodont i.e. two successive sets of teeth – Milk or Deciduous, which are replaced by Permanent teeth.
5) Muscular diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.
6) Mature RBC is devoid of nucleus and they are warm blooded (i.e. endothermic) animals.
7) Complete four chambered heart like bird (Aves) is present.
Examples: 1) Homo sapiens (Human)

2) Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig)
3) Pteropus giganteus (Bat)
4) Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Platypus)
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All Vertebrates are Chordates, but all Chordates are not Vertebrates.
The main characteristic of Phylum: Chordata is presence of Notochord. Phylum: Chordata has 3 Sub-phyla – Urochordata,
Cephalochordata & Vertebrata.
Sub-phylum Urochordata & Cephalochordata are called ‘Protochordata’, because their Notochord is never replaced by
Vertebral column.
But in Phylum: Vertebrata, Notochord is replaced by either bone or cartilage made Vertebral column.
Therefore, not all animals under Phylum: Chordata have vertebral column, only the animals under Sub-phylum: Vertebrata
have vertebral column. So, all Vertebrates are Chordates, but all Chordates are not Vertebrates. On the other hand, Protochordata
are Invertebrates. So, all Vertebrates are Chordates, but all Chordates are not Vertebrates.


Animal Diversity &amp; Classification

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Animal Diversity &amp; Classification

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Md.

Aminul Islam Chowdhury Lecturer (Biology)

CHAPTER ONE [Revised: 2018] Subject code: 1 7 9

Topic - 1  Biodiversity (or Animal diversity); Types of Biodiversity.

Topic - 2  Basis of Animal Classification :

Topic - 3  Principles of Animal Classification :

Topic - 4  Major Phyla of Animal kingdom :

Topic – 1  Biodiversity (or Animal diversity); Types of Biodiversity.

Biodiversity (or Animal diversity) :

ii) Levels of organization :

iii) Way of living :

iv) Germ layers :

Topic – 3  Principles of Animal Classification :

i) Taxonomic character, Identification, Categorization / Ranking,

ii) Necessity of Animal Classification .

i) Principles of Animal Classification :

Cobra) both snakes are the sub-species of Naja Naja (Cobra).

important chapter of Classification.

ii) Necessity of Animal Classification :

4) Classification helps in determining evolutionary series of animals.

5) Classification is essential to identify new species.

2) Helps in preservation of wild animals.

3) It is easier to get hybrid animals by artificial reproduction.

[ According to the classification of Hickman et al. (2017) ]

✓ In Bangladesh = 29 [Ahmed (2008-2009)].

Examples: 1) Spongilla lacustris (Fresh water sponge)

✓ Grk. knide = nettle (means - sting) & L. aria = connected with.

Examples: 1) Hydra vulgaris (Hydra)

✓ Grk. platys = flat & helminth = worm.

Examples: 1) Fasciola hepatica (Flat worm / Liver fluke)

Phylum – 4 : Nemathelminthes / Nematoda

✓ Grk. nematos = thread, eidos = shape & helminth = worm.

Examples: 1) Pila globosa (Apple snail)

✓ L. annulus = little ring & eidos = shape.

Examples: 1) Metaphire posthuma (Earthworm)

✓ Grk. arthron = joint & podos = foot.

Examples: 1) Penaeus monodon (Tiger shrimp)

✓ L. echinatus = spinous, Grk. derma = skin & ata = to bear.

1) They are triploblastic, eu-coelomate and unsegmented animals.

2) Mature animal is penta-radial symmetric but larval stage is bilateral symmetric.

8) Respiration is carried out by - gills or tube feet / podia or respiratory tree.

Examples: 1) Asterias vulgaris (Starfish)

Asterias vulgaris (Starfish)

[ According to the classification of Hickman et al. (2017) ]

✓ L. chorda = cord & Grk. ata = to bear.

[ Vestigial: Degenerate, rudimentary, having become functionless in course of evolution. ]

Sub-phylum – 1 : Urochordata  3 classes –

Sub-phylum – 2 : Cephalochordata (No classes)

Sub-phylum – 3 : Vertebrata / Craniata  9 classes under 2 Super-classes –

Super-class – 2 : Gnathostomata  7 classes –

✓ Grk. oura = tail & L. chorda = cord.

Sub-phylum – 1: Urochordata has 3 classes –

Class - 1: Ascidiacea Class - 2: Thaliacea Class - 3: Larvacea

✓ Grk. kephale = head, L. chorda = cord & ata = to bear.

Example: Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Amphioxus, means - sharp at both ends).

Sub-phylum – 3 : Vertebrata / Craniata

✓ L. vertebratus = Vertebral column.

Super-class – 1: Agnatha / Cyclostomata Super-class – 2: Gnathostomata

1) Round mouth without true jaws. 1) With true jaws.

Super-class – 1: Agnatha / Cyclostomata has 2 Classes –

Class - 1: Myxini (Hagfish) Class - 2: Cephalaspidomorphi / Petromyzontida (Lamprey)

Super-class – 2: Gnathostomata has 7 Classes –

✓ Grk. chondros = cartilage & ichthys = fish.

Animal Diversity & Classification

Animal Diversity & Classification