Mobile and Cellular

Communications;
Introduction
Dr. Osama Fares
 Introduction
• Wireless Communication is defined as
transferring of information between two or
more points without having conductor channel.
– Electromagnetic waves.
– Distances ranging from few meters (bluetooth) to
millions of kilometers (deep space radio
communications).
– Includes fixed, mobile, and portable applications.
 Wireless Communications
• Benefits
– Mobility: Ability to communicate anywhere
– Easier configuration, set up and lower installation cost

• Difficulties
– Communication medium: Free space
• Noisy and unpredictable channel
• Broadcast channel, more user; less BW per user.
• Less secure.
– Higher equipment cost
– Usually regulated spectrum and limited BW
• Techno-politic
– Need backbone systems in order to function properly
 Types of Wireless Applications
• AM Radio Broadcasting.
• FM Radio Broadcasting.
• TV Broadcasting (VHF, UHF).
• Cordless Phones.
• Cellular Phones.
• Satellite Transmission.
• Microwave Transmission.
• Infrared.
• Cordless Systems;
– Small distances.
– Very limited mobility.
– Very low handset power.
– Low complexity.
• Cellular Systems;
– Large coverage area.
– Higher handset power.
– High Complexity.
 Wireless Cellular Communications
Networks
• Include coverage area divided into sub-areas
called cells with fixed location transceivers.
• Improves;
– Service Capabilities.
– Service Performance.
– Bandwidth utilization.
 Examples of Wireless Communication
Systems

Satellite

Outdoor Fixed

Indoor (WLAN)

Outdoor Mobile
Growth of mobile telephony as compared with other
popular inventions of the 20th century.
Since 2000, the number of mobile phones in the
developing world has increased 1700%
 Wireless Systems Examples
• Paging Systems; Needs large
transmission. Sends brief messages,
News headlines, faxes….
• Cordless Communication systems; Full
duplex. Indoor and outdoor applications.
• Cellular Telephone Systems; Covers large
geographical area with large number of
users.
Paging system
Cordless phone system
Cellular system
 Wireless systems
• Consist basically of;
– Base station (BS)
– Mobile Station (MS)
– Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• BS connects between MS and MSC.
• The MSC works as a bridge between the
cellular system and the PSTN.
• PSTN; Public Switch Telephone Network.
Frequency Division Duplex
• (FDD) is a technique where different
frequency bands are used for send and receive
operations.
• the sending and receiving data signals don't
interfere with each other. This makes FDD a
better choice than Time Division Duplex
(TDD) for symmetric traffic such as voice
applications in broadband wireless networks
• FDMA; Freq. Division Multiple Access.
– Channel access method used in multiple-
access protocols as a channelization protocol.
to coordinates access between multiple users.
– Gives users an individual allocation of one or
several frequency bands.
– Usually used in satellite communications.
– Drawbacks;
• Very limited capacity.
• Limited flexibility
 CDMA; Code Division Multiple
Access
• All users share the same allocated
spectrum.
• Uses unique digital code for each
subscriber.
 TDMA; Time Division Multiple
Access.
• Each user is allocated a different time slot.
• Can only be used with digital systems.
• Provides better capacity and more
flexibility than FDMA.
• Difficult synchronization
Early Mobile Telephone Systems;
MTS
• Mobile Telephone service
• Introduced in the early 1940s
• Based on FM technology.
• Each voice channel of 3 KHz used a
bandwidth of120 KHz.
• Only half duplex service was available.
• Improved Mobile Telephone Service
(IMTS)
– Invented in the mid 1960s
– Full duplex
– Channel bandwidth of about 30 KHz.
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
– First generation analog mobile system.
– Invented by AT&T in the late 1970s.
– Bandwidth similar to (IMTS)
– Uses Forward link of (870 – 890 MHz) and
Reverse link of (825 – 845 MHz).
• BPSK ;Binary Phase Shift Keying.
• QPSK; Quadrature PSK.
DQPSK; Differential QPSK
• Compatible with noncoherent receivers.
• Encodes data by producing a certain
phase shift relative to the preceding
symbol.
• The demodulation circuitry analyzes the
phase of a symbol using a reference that
is common to the receiver and the
transmitter.
OQPSK; Offset QPSK
• Taking four values of the phase (two bits) at a time to
construct a QPSK symbol can allow the phase of the
signal to jump by as much as 180° at a time.
• This produces large amplitude fluctuations in the
signal; an undesirable quality in communication
systems.
• By offsetting the timing of the odd and even bits by
one bit-period, or half a symbol-period, the in-phase
and quadrature components will never change at the
same time.
• This will limit the phase-shift to no more than 90° at
a time. This yields much lower amplitude fluctuations
than non-offset QPSK and is often preferred in
practice.
OQPSK; Offset QPSK
• MSK; Minimum Shift Keying
– Continuous PSK
– Encodes each bit as a half sinusoid.
– This results in a constant-envelop signal.
– Reduced problems caused by non-linear
distortion.
• GMSK; Gaussian MSK
– Filters the data pulses with a Gaussian filter to
make the transitions smoother.
– Reduced sideband power
– Reducing interference with neighboring
channels.
– Increasing intersymbol interference.
802.11 Family
• 802.11 — applies to wireless LANs and provides
1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band
using either frequency hopping spread spectrum
(FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum
(DSSS).
• 802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or
Wi-Fi) — an extension to 802.11 that applies to
wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps
transmission in the 2.4 GHz band.
• FHSS and DSSS; Transmission technologies.