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Introduction

This chapter covers the fundamentals of successful communication like knowing

your purpose, knowing your audience, organizing your ideas, and following basic
communication principles. Furthermore, communication is also emphasized as it serves
its purposes to inform, evoke, entertain, argue, and persuade. Lastly, the factors
comprising a rhetorical situation like author, audience, purpose, topic, and occasion are
also discussed.

At the end of this chapter, you are expected to:

✔ explain various communication fundamentals that compromise
successful communication;
✔ identify and describe the purposes of communication;
✔ create a speech to justify the purpose of communication; and
✔ exhibit understanding on the components of rhetorical situations.

Week 5 (6 hours)

DAY ACTIVITY

Monday ACTIVITY 1: “EXPLAIN IT”

Tuesday ACTIVITY 2: “PICTURE TALK”

Wednesday ACTIVITY 3: PROCESS QUESTION

Thursday ACTIVITY 4: “CONVINCE ME”

Friday ACTIVITY 4: “WHAT TO DO?”

Saturday ACTIVITY 5: REFLECTION

DAY 1

PREACTIVITY: Read the given readings below.

LESSON 1 Communication Fundamentals

According to Oliver Schinkte, communication is a critical part of our daily lives,

and it is something that we often overlook and fail to practice. There are times that we
also disregard the importance of speaking, listening, and other forms of
communication. Although communication is an innate skill that is subconsciously
learned and used, this skill needs to be enhanced in order to attain a strong
foundation of your communication ability.

What are basic communication principles?

In the aspect of communication, there are basic skills that help form the
foundations of our more advanced communication skills. If these basic skills are
missing, it is unlikely that more advanced communication can develop.

As a student, you can thrive whether in writing or speaking, if you understand

several foundations of successful communication. The following are considered as
communication fundamentals: know your purpose, know your audience, organize
your ideas, and follow basic communication principles.

1. Know your Purpose

Why are you speaking? You need to have a specific purpose in mind. A
purpose is an exact statement of what you want your audience to understand, to do,
or to believe. You may want to entertain, inform, or persuade your audience.

2. Know your Audience

To whom will you speak? As a communicator it is important that you need to
analyze, cater, and respect the needs of your audience.

3. Organize your ideas

How will you put your ideas together? Create an outline to diagram how your
communication will be organized. Your outline should help you ensure that you don't
omit any vital information.

4. Follow Basic Communication Principles

 How will you be an effective communicator? Master the principles of clarity in
presenting your ideas, use familiar words in communicating your thoughts, and be an
active participant in the entire communication process.

ACTIVITY 1: “EXPLAIN IT”

Instruction: Explain each item extensively.

Process Question (8 PTS.)

1. Based on the given readings, how are the following communication fundamentals
contribute to the success of communication? Explain each briefly.

It’s the consistency in complying or applying the fundamentals of communication while

we’re communicating. Like when I talk with my friends and peers, the tone and purpose
of our communication are always about having fun, we’re usually having successful
communication because we already know that we have the same purpose in
communicating, we have the same intentions with that type of conversation, and the
ideas are related to what we are looking for. I slowly build my confidence in
communicating with different types of persons, I gained ideas on how I can apply and
when I should apply those types of conversation when I communicate.

2. Do you believe that understanding the following communication principles is

crucial for effective communication? Why, Why not? Give examples that are
realistic based on your experience at work or in your interactions with others.

Because we can effectively execute manners and ideas that suit or are related to whom
we’re communicating with. Without applying those fundamentals and principles,
communication would be out of what the communicators need or it may be impossible to
achieve the desired conversation. The best example in that is when the time I
communicated with our Ward Leaders(Purok Leaders). By knowing the fundamentals, I
already have an idea of what actions and in what manner of communicating I will be
used in the said conversation. The conversation runs smoothly because we’re talking
about the ideas that each of us intended. I delivered my ideas fluently without any harm
of fail communication, and by applying some of the principles I learned in communicating
with my friends, my conversation with our leaders become more fun and interesting.
DAY 2 - DAY 3

PREACTIVITY: Read the given readings below.

LESSON 2: Purposes of Communication

“To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way
we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our
communication with others."
Tony Robbins

Various information and meaning are conveyed when people communicate with
each other. People may use language, which is a system of symbols in
communicating. These symbols can either be written or spoken.

Communication is considered as one of the basic activities of human beings,

which may be used for varied purposes: Communication can be informative, active,
imaginative, persuasive, and ritualistic.

Informative communication pertains to the presentation of messages that are

objective, truthful, and unbiased. Affective communication takes place when people
express their positive and negative feelings about people, circumstances, or events
People who engage in imaginative communication are those who express their
appreciation on fictional messages from books, films, and conversation. Persuasive
communication on the other hand takes place when people attempt to influence the
beliefs or actions of others, while ritualistic communication is done when people are
able to meet social expectations.

Why do people communicate?

Communication is a part of everyone's life; people from every walks of life

communicate. They do so to express their feelings, opinion, aspirations, dreams,
fears, apprehensions or regrets in life. Humans are creative beings, and they know
how to communicate in various and creative ways through verbal, non-verbal,
linguistic, or non-linguistic cues.
Specifically, people communicate in order to inform, evoke, entertain, argue,
and persuade. These purposes are discussed briefly below:

1. To inform
 To inform is to impart knowledge, to clarify information, and to secure
understanding.

2. To Evoke

To evoke means to rely on passion and controversy to make a point.

Evocative communication centers on controversial topics that typically emotion to
make a point. Evocative communicators must show a lot of enthusiasm and concern
for the topics and must use personal experience draw the audience. Using
government research, statistics and data can a help make their topics more
believable and more engaging.

3. To Entertain

To entertain is to transmit a feeling of pleasure and goodwill to the audience.

The communicator is considered gracious, genial, good-natured relaxed, and
demonstrates to his or her listeners the pleasant job of speaking to them.

4. To Argue
To argue is to persuade, to assent to the plausibility of the communicator's side
of a debatable question. The speaker's purpose is to appeal to the intellect of his or
her listeners so that they will be convinced

5. To persuade
To persuade is to move the listeners to action. The communicator should
demolish the listener's objection, and prove the acceptability of his or her argument or
position

INFO CORNER

Kinds of Speech according to Purpose

1. Informative Speech
According to Osborn and Osborn (1988) an informative speech gives rather
than asks or takes. The demands on the audience are low, as the listeners are asked
to attend, to comprehend, to understand, to assimilate, but not to change their beliefs
and behaviors.

2. Persuasive Speech
 Gronbeck (1994) explains that persuasive speaking is the process of producing
oral messages that increase personal commitment, modify beliefs, attitudes, or
values.

3. Argumentative Speech
This is a speech that aims to persuade the audience to assent to the plausibility
of the speaker's side of a debatable question.

Kinds of Speech according to Delivery

1. Read Speech
Reading from a manuscript is a manner of speaking where a written speech is
read and delivered word for word.

2. Memorized Speech
This is a written speech which is mastered and delivered entirely from memory.
This kind of speech requires the speaker a considerable memory skill in order not to
forget his or her presentation.

3. Impromptu Speech
This is a speech where the speaker develops his or her ideas. thoughts, and
language at the moment of delivery. 4. Extemporaneous Speech This is a speech
where the topics or ideas are prepared beforehand; however, the speaker will
compose his or her views and language only at the moment of delivery
DAY 2
ACTIVITY 2: “PICTURE TALK”

Instruction: Examine the images below. Describe each, then identify the purpose of
communication demonstrated by each picture. (2pts. each)

Source
https://www.dailysun.com/assets/news_images/2018/06/07/Daily-sun-07-
06-2018-2.jpg
Source https://www.shutterstock.com/search/persuade

Source
https://teenfinancialfreedom.com/how-to-persuade-someone/

DAY 3
ACTIVITY 3
Instruction: After completing activity 2, answer the following process questions.

Process Questions (12 POINTS)

1. As a student, what is/are your purpose/s of communicating to your teacher?

As a student, we should know that we have to set limitations to whom we going to interact
with. And there are various speech styles we can consider on using. In communicating to
my teachers, I use formal communication, meaning all my words should be very careful,
words and actions are respectful , no slang terminologies, or profanities as I am
communicating to an educator. Meanwhile, for my peers, I use casual communication.
Because they are my peers, I can be whoever I want and we have something background
to share on. I use terminologies that we know and in trend. For my parents, I use intimate
 type of communication because this type of communication is for people whom we know
longer and are very close to us, and I can share problems with.

2. When communicating with others, what situations and times do we need to be

entertaining?

3. Do you consider arguing with others an effective way to present your point? Why
or Why not?

Yes. I already tried to present my argument and it was successful

because I convinced my reader to believe in my sound reasoning and
persuading evidences. I made a very appealing argument . I used
reasons and ethics in presenting my argument.

DAY 4
Activity 4 “CONVINCE ME”
Instruction: As an Assumptionist, you are socially aware of the issue of VACCINATION
and its benefits and drawbacks. What are your thoughts on this? Create or make a
persuasive speech and convince me of your point. (10pts)

DAY 5
PREACTIVITY: Read the given readings below.
LESSON 3: Rhetorical Situation

"Take advantage of every opportunity to practice your communication skills, so that

when important occasions arise, you will have the gift, the style, the sharpness, the
clarity, and the emotions to affect other people.”

Jim Rohn

According to Sprout, Driscoll and Brizee (2012) there is no one singular rhetorical
situation that applies to all instances of communication. Rather, all human efforts to
communicate occur within innumerable, individual, rhetorical stations that are particular to
those specific moments of communication.

Likewise, Johnson-Sheehan and Paine, in their textbook Writing Today, state that
an awareness of rhetorical situations can help in both composition and analysis. Once you
know how to identify and analyze the elements of rhetorical situations, you will be able to
produce writing that meets your audience's needs, its the specific setting you write in, and
conveys your intended message and purpose.

What are the Five Rhetorical Situations?

As social beings, we communicate on a daily basis. In a broader sense,

communication is not only about using explicit language like speaking and writing words
but also about using implicit messages like tone or eye contact. For an individual to
become a successful communicator, he or she needs to learn how to explicitly and
implicitly communicate in various situations. Miller and Webb. (1995) identified additional
components to consider in communication called the rhetorical situation which includes:
author, audience, purpose, topic, and occasion.

1. Author
a. Consider your needs as an author:
- work habits
- style
- environment
b. Knowing your style and being able to edit and adjust to a particular situation is
essential to effective communication.

2. Audience
a. The level of formality and intimacy are determined by the recipients of
communication, your audience.
b. Different audiences:
- friend/classmates (personal, informal, jargon, slang)
- professionals (professional tone, formal language)
3. Purpose
a. Identify the purpose why you communicate, is it to:
 - Inform
- Persuade
- Convince
- Entertain
4. Topic
a. This is a specific area of a particular subject that you choose to communicate.
b. This should be clearly revealed to your audience.
5. Occasion
a. This is one of the circumstances prompting a communication.
b. There should be formality, purpose, and tone in an occasion.

INFO CORNER

Rhetorical situation

In the classical tradition, the art of public speaking is called rhetoric. the circumstances
in which you give your speech or presentation are the rhetorical situation.

By understanding the rhetorical situation, you can gauge the best ways to reach your
listeners and get your points across. In so doing, you'll make the transition from your
viewpoint to that of your audience members.

Remember that without an audience to listen and respond to you, it's really not much
of a speech. The audience gives you the space and time as a speaker to fulfill your role
and, hopefully, their expectations. Just as a group makes a leader, an audience makes a
speaker. By looking to your audience, you shift your attention from an internal focus (you)
to an external (them/others) emphasis. This "other-orientation" is key to your success as an
effective speaker.

Source:http://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/12-1rhetorical situation/

ACTIVITY 5: “WHAT TO DO?” (8 Points)

Instruction: Read the situations below and answer the questions.

SITUATION:
You’ve been assigned on the task of organizing a meeting for your class to discuss on an
important project in one of your major subjects.

PROCESS QUESTIONS:
1. Based on the given components of rhetorical situation, how are you going to organize
the said meeting for your class?

My decision must not only understandable by myself only, I should always consider my
audience in my decisions, tell them the purpose, and execute the context of my message.
To be clear, those fundamentals will refrain me from executing the decisions that will be
acceptable from my perspective only because the goal is to convince them and inform
them of the meeting. Thus, the intimacy and my way of communicating are important for
the success of the meeting, my decision is only for organizing and the way of how would be
the meeting will be. In addition, students usually disregard the feeling of the author or the
speaker who is informing. Therefore, I must execute to my audience their ideal way of
execution of words to achieve what is the goal, to make them attend and listen.

3. What are the benefits of knowing the components of rhetorical situation in

organizing a meeting or conference?

For the upcoming meeting with my fellow students, and as the organizer of the meeting,
it’s an important thing for us to have a proper venue or a place where we’ll going to held the
meeting. The place must be in a clear scenery and silent area or room for us to clearly
understand the topic because it’s one of our core subjects, and we highly appreciate it if the
institution will allow us to extend the duration time of the meeting, for the clarifications and
questions about the topics, to give proper answers for the unclear information during the
presentation.

DAY 6

ACTIVITY 6: REFLECTION FIGURE (12 PTS.)

Instruction: Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure. Determine what
you have learned (the knowledge that serve as your foundation to stand and keep), the
things you realized and appreciated (attitudes toward learning) and the things that you
have discussed (skills that you will cherish in life).

Fill in each part of the reflection figure.

Things I have learned (Knowledge) Things I have realized and appreciated (Attitudes)
Things I have discovered

Assessment Tool

(Process Questions: Criteria)

4 POINTS 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT 0 POINT

 The The The The answer is There is no attempt to
explanation is explanation is explanation is provided with explain the given
correct with a correct with a correct but an problem.
complete and complete the explanation
accurate reason. construction but totally
reason. is incomplete. irrelevant.

(Describing: Criteria)
2 The descriptions are appropriate with correct answer.

1 The descriptions are correct but the answer is not

(Persuasive Speech: Criteria)

4 POINTS 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT 0 POINT

Uses effective Uses effective Uses No use of There is no
organizational organizational organizational organizational attempt to
pattern for pattern for pattern for pattern for answer the
speech speech speech speech question.
purpose. Main purpose. Main purpose. Main purpose. No
points are points are points are not points are
clearly clearly clearly distinguished
distinguished distinguished distinguished from
from from from supporting
supporting supporting supporting details.
details with details. details.
accurate
grammar.

(Reflection: Criteria)
4 POINTS 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT 0 POINT
The The The The There is no
explanation is explanation is explanation is explanation is attempt to
clear and correct and the correct but the incorrect and answer the
correct. The ideas are ideas are not the ideas are question.
ideas are organized. organized and not
organized and The examples the examples organized and
the examples are complete. are lacking. no examples
are complete. given.

"Communication is a systematic process of dissemination of

information which will serve its purpose for inquiry, information,
reservation, and entertainment.”
 Martinez, 2002

References (APA format) 6 th edition

Book

Magan, R., Nano, MC., & Turano, C. (2018). Purposive communication in the 21st
century. Mindshapers Co., INC
Mariano M. Ariola, (2018). Purposive Communication. Unlimited Books Library Services
& Publishing INC.

Journal Article

Source:http://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/12-1rhetorical situation/