1

;
+u7gsf] k|s[lt
]]]]]]]]] ;+u7gsf] cy{
 ;femf p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf abL AolQmx?
sf cfj4 ePsf] ;d'xnfO{ ;+u7g elgG5 . ;+u7gsf] ;femf p2]Zo
x'G5, To;} p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ag]sf] ;d'x g} ;+u7g xf]. h;df
ljleGg AolQmx?n] kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\.

chaster i branad ;+u7g b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L AolQm jf

zlQmsf] ;r]tgfk'0f{ ;dlGjt sfo{qmdsf] k|0fln xf] .

Robert R Keritner ;+u7g Pp6f ;xof]lu ;fdfhLs k|0ffln xf] ,

h;df b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf abL AolQmx?n] tf]lsPsf] p2]Zo k|
flKtsf nflu ;dGjo ub{5g\.
;+u7gsf ljz]iftfx?
 dflg;x?sf] ;d'x
 ;femf nIo
 sfo{ ljefhg
 ;dGjo
 clwsf/sf] >[+vnf
 lb3{ cl:tTj
 jftfj/0f
 k|ljlw
;+u7gsf k|sf/x?
 2

oJofj;flos ;+u7g
o;/sf/L ;+u7g
o;]jfd'lv ;+u7g
ok]zfut ;+u7g
ocGt/fli6«o ;+u7g
;+u7gfTds nIosf p2]Zx?
dfu{bz{g tyf Plss[t lgb]{zg
s'zn of]hgf
sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf] cfwf/
k|efjsf/L d'Nof+sg / lgoGq0fsf] cfwf/
km/s cl:tTj Pjd\ k|efj

;+u7gfTds nIosf k|sf/x?

!_ txsf] cfwf/df
a[xt\ nIo
/fhgLlts nIo
sfo{gLlts nIo
;+~rfng nIox?
@_ If]qsf] cfwf/df
pTkfbgsf nIo
ahf/zf:q nIo
ljlQo nIo
dfgj ;+;fwg nIo
#_ ;dosf] cfwf/df
lb3{sflng nIo
dWosflng nIo
cNksflng nIo
k|efjsf/L ;+u7gfTds nIosf ljz]iftfx?
 lglb{i6
 dfkgof]Uo
 l:jsf/of]Uo
 3

 jf:tljs
 ;dofjlw
nIo lgwf{/0f k|lqmof
 jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0f
 ;du| ;+u7gfTds nIo
 lglb{i6 nIo lgwf{/0f
nIo lgwf{/0fsf b[li6sf]0fx?
dfyLaf6 tn hfg] b[li6sf]0f
tnaf6 dfyL hfg] b[li6sf]0f
p2]Zox?4f/f Joj:yfkg b[li6sf]0f
nIo cg'qmdsf sf/0fx?
df}lns nIosf] k|flKt
df}lns nIo k|flKt gx'g'
jftfj/l0fo kl/jt{g
;+u7gfTds k|fyldstfdf kl/jt{g
nIo lj:yfkgsf sf/0fx?
 clws clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg gx'g'
 ;+u7gfTds nIonfO{ sd dxTj lbg'
 sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]j[Q
 c:ki6 nIo
 sd{rf/L Jojwfg
nIo lgwf{/0fsf ;d:ofx?
 cg'ko'Qm nIo
 bf]ifk'0f{ k'/:sf/ Joj:yf
 ultlzn Pjd\ hltn jftfj/0f
 nIo lgwf{/0fdf cfgfsfgL
 kl/jt{gsf] lj/f]w
 ;fwgsf] l;ldttf
;+u7gdf kl/jt{gzLn kl/kIo
 v'Nnf k|0ffln
 ;f:s[lts ?kdf ;+u7g
 4

 lj:jJoflks/0f
 l;sfO{ k|0fln
 c:yfoL /f]huf/L
 >dzlQmdf ljljwtf
 tf]ln z;lQms/0f
 nf]rk'0f{ sfo{;do
 ;xeflutf d'ns ;+:sf/
 k|ljlwsf] ljsf;

Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro

Joj:yfkgsf] ljz]iftfx?
 p2]Zod'ns -purposeful
 ;a{Joflk sfo{ -universal activity
 5

 ;fdflhs k|lqmof -social process

 ;+of]hg k|lqmof -madifiable activities
 ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk -group activity
 k[ys k|lqmof - distinct process
 lj1fg tyf snf - both science and art
 Joj:yfkg Ps k]zf - a profession
 ax'ljwfut :j?k -multidiseiplinary discipline
Jo:yfkgsf l;4fGtx?
1.sfo{ ljefhg (division of work)
2.clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjm (authority and responsibility)
3.cg'zf;g (discipline)
4.cfb]zdf Pstf (unity of command)
5.lgb]{zgdf Pstf ( unity of deriction)

6.JolQmut lxteGbf ;femf lxtdf k|fyldstf (subordination of

individual interest to general interest)
7. sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds Remuneration of persons)
8. s]lGb|s/0f / ljs]Gb|s/0f ( centralization and
decentralization)
9. ;f]kfg z[+vnf scalar chain)
10. ;'Joj:yf (order)
11. ;dtf jf lgikIftf ( equity)
 6

12. hflu/sf] :yfloTj (stability of tenure)

13. kxn (imitative)
14. ;xof]usf] efjgf (expirit decorps)
Joj:yfkg k|lqmof -sfo{x?_
 of]hgf agfpg'
 ;+u7g ug'{
 sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{
 lgb]{zg ug'{
 lg/LIf0f
 pTk|]/0ff
 g]t[Tj
 ;+~rf/
 ;dGjo
lgb]{zg ug'{

Joj:yfklso tx >[f+vnf
 pRr :tl/o Joj:yfkg -;++rfns ;ldtL _
 dWod :tl/o Joj:yfkg -ljefluo k|d'v_
 lgDg :tl/o Joj:yfkg - lgl/Ifs , gfOs] / n]vf _

Joj:yfkssf k|sf/x?
!_ Joj:yfkgsf] txsf] cfwf/df
 pRr :tl/o Joj:yfksx?
 dWod :tl/o Joj:yfksx?
 lgDg :tl/o Joj:yfksx?
@_ sfdsf] k|s[lt jf sfo{If]qsf] cfwf/df
 ;fdfGo Joj:yfks
 sfof{Tds Joj:yfks
 ;Nnfxsf/ Jo:yfks
 7

Joj:yfklso l;k
!_k|fljlws l;k
 lgDg :tl/o Joj:yfkg
@_ dfgljo l;k
 dWod :tl/o Joj:yfkg
#_ wf/0ffTds l;k
 pRr :tl/o Joj:yfkg

Joj:yfklso e'ldsf
!_ cGt/j}olQms e'ldsf
 k|d'v JolQmsf] e'ldsf
 g]tfsf] e'ldsf
 ;Dks{ e'ldsf
@_ ;'rgfTds e'ldsf
 ;'rgf k|fKtstf{
 ;'rgf ljt/s
 k|jQmf
#_ lg0f{ofTds e'ldsf
 pBld
 cj/f]w af8Fkmf8Fstf{
 ;+;fwgsf] af8Fkmf8Fstf{
 aftf{nfk
Joj:yfkgsf gljg r'gf}ltx?
ljZjAoflks/0f
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
u'0f:t/ tyf pTkfbsTj
g}ltstf / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj
 >d zlQmdf ljljwtf
gjk|jt{g / kl/j{tg
sd{rf/L ;zlQms/0f
 8

1fg Joj:yfkg
k|fljlws ljsf;
ax';+:s[lts k|efj

Joj:yfkg ljrf/wf/fsf] ljsf;

Joj:yfkgs ljrf/wf/fsf] ljsf;

;+of]lus l;4fGt zfl:qo l';4fGt dfgljo ;DaGw l;4fGt

Joj:yfkg
k|0ffln l;4fGt Joj:yfkg lj1fg l;4fGt lg0f{o l;4fGt

j}1flgs Joj:yfkg
j}1flgs Joj:yfksf] wf/0ff kf}/fl0fs Joj:yfkg eg]sf] Joj:yfkg ljlw
x6fpg ljsf; ul/Psf] xf]. j}1flgs Joj:yfkg eg]sf] xfGg] / v]/ hfg]
cf}+7fsf] lgod ,k|of; ug]{ / ;'wf/b} hgf]
 9

ljwLnfO{ Joj:yfkg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ j}1flgs ljwLsf] ljsf; tyf

nfu' ug]{;+u ;DalGwt 5.
Rederisk Winslow Taylor sf cg';f/ æ j}1flgs Joj:yfkg s'g
sfdbf/n] s] sfd nufpg] / pQm sfd s;l/ ;:tf] / /fd|f] tl/sfn]
u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/] hfgsf/L /fVg ;DalGwt 5.

j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx?

 j}1flgs ljlw4f/f sfo{ lgwf{/0f
 sfdbfx?sf] j}1flgs 5gf}6 , tflnd tyf ljsf;
 Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx?sf] :ki6 sfo{ / pQ/nfloTj
 l;ldt pTkfbgsf] ;6\6f clws pTkfbg
 dfgl;stf kl/jt{g
j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf of]ubfgx?
j}1flgs Joj:yfkgn] pTkfbgsf cfw'lgs ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L
pTkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg ;xof]u ub5{.
o:tf] lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkg ckgfpbfF vr{ sd / gfkmfdf j[l4 Nofp5F .
j}1flgs Jojyfkgdf cfw'lgs ;fwgsf] k|of]un] sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{Ifdtfdf a[l4 u5{.
sfdbf/ / Joj:yfkgsf] dgf]j[Q kl/jt{g ub{5.
lhjg:t/df kl/j{tg NofpF5.
j}1flgs Joj:yfkgdf tflnd tyf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] ePsf]n] sRrf
kbfy{ sd kmflng] / pTkfbgdf j[l4 NofpF5.
j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf l;dfx?
o; Joj:yfkgn] dfgljo kIfnfO{ Wofg glbO{ sfdsf] k|fljlws
ljsf;nfO{ dfq hf]8 lbG5
o; Joj:yfkgn] ;fdfhLs cfj:ostfnfO{ eGbf cfyL{s kIfnfO{ dfq
hf]8 lbG5.
sd{rf/Ln] ;w} Pp6} sfd Pp6} ;dodf ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] sfdk|lt sd
?lr k}bf x'G5.
sfdbf/nfO{ kxn ug]{ cj;/ cfpb}g ;'k/efOh/n] sd{rf/Lx?n]
ug{kg{ sfd / ;a}n] ;f]xLcg';f/ sfd ug'{k5{.
 10

k|zf;lso Joj:yfkg l;4fGt

x]g/L kmf]onn] k|zf;lso Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ul/ pgL km|
fG;sf pBf]ulkt Pjd\ vlgh OlGhlgol/ª k]zf;+u ;Dj4 lyP. j}1flgs
Joj:yfkgn] s]jn sfo{bfrfF / sfdbf/x?sf] kf/L>lds h:tf] tNnf] txdf
hf]8 lbG5 t/ k|zf;lso Joj:yfkgn] ;+u7gsf] ;Dk'0f{ Joj:yfklso
sfo{df hf]8 lbG5. pgsf cg';f/ , Joj:yfkg cWoogsf] 5'6\6} If]q
xf] h;df k'jf{g'dfg ug]{ , lof]hgf agfpg] , ;+u7g ug]{ , cfb]z
lbg] , ;dGjo ug]{ tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{x? kb{5.
o;nfO{ cf}wf]lus ;+:yfsf] do{sf cfwf/df ^ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.
!_ k|fljlws lqmofsnfk
@_ jfl0fHo lqmofsnfk
#_ ;'/IffTs lqmfosnfk
$_ n]vf;DjlGw lqmofsnfk
%_ ljlQo lqofsnfk
^_ Jo:yfklso lqmofsnfk
 sfo{ ljefhg
 clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj
 cg';fzg
 Psn cfb]z
 lgb]{zgdf Pstf
 AolQmut lxteGbf ;femf lxtdf k|fyldstf
 sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds
 s]lGb«s/0f / ljs]lGb«s/0f
 ;f]kfg z[ª\vnf
 ;'Aoj:yf
 ;dtf jf lgikIftf
 hflu/sf] :yfloTj
 kxn
 ;xof]usf] efjgf
 11

k|zf;lso Joj:yfkgsf of]ubfgx?

!_ of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgsf] ;j{Joflk l;4fGtdf hf]8 lbG5.
@_ of] l;4fGtn] of]hgf , ;+u7g , sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg , lgb]{zg /
lgoGq0fh:tf sfo{x?nfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/:tDesf ?kdf lnPsf] 5.
#_ of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfklso k|lqmofx?sf] ljZn]if0fsf] vfsf lbG5.
$_ of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ 5'6\6} cWoogsf] ljifo dfg]sf] 5.

k|zf;lso Joj:yfkgsf l;dfx?

 of] l;4fGtn] dfgj ;DjGw / Jojfxf/fTds kIfnfO{ jf:tf ub}{g .
 of] l;4fGt ;dofg's'n 5}g o;n] afXo jftfj/0fLo kIffnfO{ Wofg
lbb}g .
 of] l;4fGt c:ki6 5 o;n] ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf / k|lqmofljr leGgtf
b]vfpFb}g.
 s'g l;4fGt sltj]nf nfu' ug]{ / s'g rflx alb dxTjk'0f{ 5
eg]/ :ki6 lgb]{zg o;n] ub}{g.
 of] l;4fGt JolQmut cg'ej / cjnf]sgdf cfwfl/t 5.
6]n/ / kmf]onljr t'ngf
6]n/ / kmf]onsf cg';Gwfgx? PscsfPdf kl/k'/s 5g\. plgx?n] ljj]s /
j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ljsf;df sf]l;; u/sf 5g\. kmf]on Joj:yfkgsf]
bz{gzf:q x'g\ To;sf/0f pgsf] ljrf/ dfgjtf / ;fdflhs
r]tgfsf] ;ld>0faf6 Joj;flos Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug'{;+u ;DjlGwt 5.
6]n/nfO{ Joj:yfkgsf OlGhlgo/ dflgG5. pgn] ;+u7gsf] tNnf]
txsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/df Wofg lbPsf 5g\. 6]n/ / kmf]onsf ljrf/sf]
leGgtfnO lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5.
6]n/n] Joj:yfkgnfO{ lgl/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0f / tNnf] txsf]
sfdbfx?sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug'{df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\. 6]n/n] ˆoflS6«
Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ / pgsf l;4fGtx? tNnf] txdf dfq nfu'
x'G5g . 6]n/sf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;fdflu|x? v]/ hfg glbg' / sfdbf/x?sf]
pTkfbsTj abfpg' xf], 6]n/sf] Joj:yfklso b{zgnfO{ j}1flgs
 12

Joj:yfkg elgG5. kmf]onn] Joj:yfkgnfO{ pRr txb]lv rNnf] tx;Dd

Wofg lbPsf ;fy} ;dGjodf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ pgn] 6]n/sf] eGbf
km/flsnf] ljrf/ tyf b[li6sf]0f k|Zt't u/]sf 5g\ . kmf]onn]
Joj:yfklso sfo{ Joj:yfkg ;j{Joflk l;4fGtx?df Wofg lbPsf 5g\.
pgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lj:jJoflks/0f Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
ug'{ xf] .

sd{rf/LtGq l;4fGt -DofS; e]j/_

DofS;j]a/ hdgL{ ;dfhzf/l:q lyP . pgn] !( cf}F ztflAbdf sd{rf/LtGq
l;4fGtsf] k|ltkbg u/] . pgn] lgDg ljz]iftf ePsf ;+u7gnfO
sd{rf/LtGq eg]sf 5g\ , pgsf] l;4fGtsf ljz]iftfx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
!_ sfo{ ljlzli6s/0fsf cfwf/df >d ljefhg x'G5.
@_ :ki6 kl/eflift clwsf/sf] >f[ªvnf / txut ;DjGw x'G5.
#_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu :ki6 gLlt lgod tyf sfo{ k|lqmofx? x'G5g\.
$_ sfg'gL zf;gn] ubf{ cj}olQms cGt/JolQm ;DjGe ;Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df x'g'k5{ .
%_ /f]huf/sf] cflhag ;'/Iff h/df sd{rf/LnfO{ hflu/af6 ;xh ?kdf
x6fpg ;lsb}g\ .

l;dfx?
 o;n] JolQmx?ljrsf] cgf}krf/Ls ;DjGwnfO{ ljrf/ ub{5.
 o;sf lgoGq0f / clwsf/ k|0fln w]/} k'/fgf 6g\.
 sfo{ut ;d'xx?ljr 4Gb ;fdfwfgsf nflu pko'Qm ;fwgx? k|:t't
ub}{g .
 o;df ;+~rf/ k|lqmof w]/} lwnf] xG5 / ;Gb]z afªuLg klg ;S5.

dfgj;DjGw ljrf/wf/f
 13

dfgj ;DjGw ljrf/wf/fn] Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx? ljrsf]

cGt/dgnfO{ a'emfpF5. ;g\ !(@) !(#) sf] dlGbkl5 dfq ;+u7gdf
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] dxTj a'lemof] o;n] Joj:yfkg lj1 Pjd\ Joj:yfksx?
nfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] cfj:ostf / dgf]j[lQsf af/]df ljrf/ ug]{ k|of;sf]
yfngL ul/Psf] 5. ;+u7gdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]j[lQ / cfj:ostfsf]
cg'e'let a'em\g h?/L 5. On6g dfof]sf cg';f/ $ cWofox? o;k|sf/
5g\.
!_ k|sfz kl/If0f
@_ l/n] ;+of]hg sIf cWoog
#_ a[xt\ cGt{jftf{
$_ j}ªs jfOl/ª cGh/e];g ?d PS;k]l/d]G6

dfgj ;DjGw ljtf/wf/fsf of]ubfgx?

 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k};fn] dfq pTk|l/t ug{ ;Sb}g\.
AolQmut / ;fdflhs tTjx? klg sd{rf/Lx? pTk|]/0ffdf d2t ub{5g\.
 cgf}krfl/s g]t[Tjn] ;fd'lxs d'No dfGotf lgdf0f{ ug{ tyf
sfof{Gjog ug{ d4Q ub{5.
 ;fdflhs dfgj wf/0f dfGotfx?nfO{ x6fpg ;Sb}g .
 Joj:yfksn] cGt/j}olQms / ;fd'lxs dgf]an / pTkfbsTj abfpg
d4Q ub{5.
 k|efjsf/L lgl/If0fn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] pRr dgf]an / pTkfbsTj
abfpg d4Q ub{5.
dfgj;DjGw ljrf/wf/fsf l;dfx?
 dfgj;DjGw ljrf/wf/fn] sfdnfO{ eGbf dfgj ;DjGwnfO{ a9L
hf]8 lbPsf] 5.
 of] ljrf/wf/fn] sd{rf/L ;Gt'li6sf] cfly{s tTjnfO{ jf:tf ub}{g .
 of] l;4fGtdf cf}krfl/s g]t[TjnfO{ eGbf cgf}krfl/s ;d'xsf]
dfgotfnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] 5.
 14

dfgj Jojxf/ l;4fGt

;+u7gdf dfgj Jofjxf/sf] j}1flgs cWoog , ljZn]if0f / a'emfO;+u
Jofjxf/fTds l;4fGt;DjlGwt 5. dfgj ;DaGe l;4fGtn] ;
+u7gsf ;d''xx?sf] Jofjxf/nfO{ jf:tf u/]sf] 5}g. Jofjxf/fTds
lj1fgnfO{ dgf]lj1fg , ;dfhzf:q , dfgjzf:q u/L ltg efudf aflbG5.
dgf]lj1fg JolQmut cEoog ,;dfhzf:q ,;fdflhs Jofjxf/ , dfgjzf:q
ef}lts , h}ljs / ;f+:s[lts s'/fx?sf] dfgj Jofjxf/df kg]{ k|efjsf]
cWoog xf]. ljleGg JolQmx?n] dfgj cfj:ostf l;4fGtsf] af/]df
n]v]sf 5g\ .
h;dWo] cjx|fd df:nf]
!=)! dfgj cfj:ostf ;l4fGt cj|xfd df:nf]
ca|fxfd df:nf] Ps dfgj dgf]j}1flgs x'g. cfwf/e't cfj:ostf k'/f gePsf
JolQmn] dflyNnf] txdf cfj:ostf k'/f ug]{ sf]l;; ub}{g\ . dfgj
cfj:ostfsf] z[ªvnf txsf] lrqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.

df tN
ly nf
N ]
nf cfTdf;Gt'li6 cfj:ostf tx
] sf]
tx cxd cfj:ostf cfj
sf] ;fdflhs cfj:ostf :o
cfj ;'/Iffsf] cfj:ostf stf
:o
stf zfl/l/s cfj:ostf
 15

!=)! X / Y l;4fGt 8'Un; DofUu|]u/

8'Un; DofUu|]u/ Joj:yfkg ljifosf k|Wofks lyP . pgn]
dfgljo :jfefjnfO{ ;s/fTds / gs/fTds b'O{ ;d'xdf ljefhg ul/ cWoog
u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] X l;4fGtnfO{ ;s/fTds / Y l;4fGtnfO{ gs/fTds
u/]sf 5g\ . X sfdbfx?sf] lg/fzfaflb l;4fGtx? / Y l;4fGt cf;faflb

l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5g\. X l;4fGtsf dfGotfx?

 dflg;x? :jfefljs ?kdf sfd ug{ ?rfpFb}gg\.
 nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ plgx?nfO{ s/sfk , s8f lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f
ug'{k5{.
 sd{rf/Lx? pQ/bfloTj axg ug{ vf]Hb}gg\ / cgf}krfl/s lgb]{zg
klv{/xG5g\ .

Y l;4fGtsf dfGotfx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

 vf]Ng' / cf/fd ug'{h:t} sfd klg Pp6f k|fs[lts sfo{ Pjd\ lhjgsf]
cleGg cªu xf].
 sd{rf/Lx?nfOO{ k'/:s[t u/]/ ;+u7gfTds nIo k|fKt ug{ ;d{lkt
u/fpg ;lsG5.
 cf}iftdf w]/} dflg/x?n] pQ/bfloTj l:jsf/ ub{5g\.
 w]/} dfgL;x?n] ;d:of ;fdfwfg ug]{ gjk|jt{lgo Ifdtf tyf l;h{glzn
xG5.

Joj:yfksn] ;fxos sd{rf/Lx?af6 sfd u/fpg'kg]{ x'gfn] plgx?sf]

AolQmut / ;fd'lxs Aofjfxf/ yfxf kfpg'k5{. plgx?sf] Aofjfx/ yfxf
kfpg ;s]df /fd|f] sfo{jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5.
!=)# b'O{ tTj l;4fGt M km|]8l/s xh{ju{
 16

km]8l/s xh{ju{ k|yd Jojxf/fTds j}1flgs lyP pgn] cfkm' / cfˆgf

cg'oflox?n] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{k|lt /fd|f] / g/fd|f] u/fpg]
sfo{ cg'ejsf] af/]df j0f{g u/]sf lyP.
!_ cf/f]Uo tTj
@_ pTk|]/s tTj
Jojxf/fTds l;4fGtsf of]ubgx?
 of] l;4fGtn] Joj:yfklso ;kmntfsf] nflu g]t[Tjsf] e'ldsf
cf}NofFPsf] 5.
 of] l;4fGtn] ;+u7gdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] dxTjnfO{ plrt Wofg
lbPsf] 5.
 o;n] ;s/fTds ;kmntfsf] nflu Aojxf/sf] dxTjnfO{ cf}NofFPsf]
5.
 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ of]hgf / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflu u/fO{ :jlgb]
{zg / :jlgoGq0fsf] jftfj/0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5.
Jojxf/fTds l;4fGtsf l;dfx?
of] l;4fGtn] cfly{s tTjnfO{ sd dxTj lbPsf] 5.
jftfj/0fLo tTjsf] c;/nfO{ Wofg lbPsf] 5}g\ .
Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jojxfl/s lj1fgsf] ?kdf dfq lnPsf] 5 .
of] l;4fGtdf j}1flgs dfGotfsf] sdL 5.
lg0f{o l;4fGt ( decision theory )
1."Developed many techniques such as game
theory, simulation, decision on tree,
matrices, sampling , linear programming,
probability "
2.Decision support system , management science ,
computer programmers
 17

ljj]ulzn lg0f{osf
r/0fx?
;d:of klxrfg ug]{
pko'Qm lasNksf] 5gf]6 ug]{
ljsNkx?sf] d'Nofªsg ug]{
pQd ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug]{
5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljsNksf] nfu' ug]{ /
kl/df0fsf] d'Nofªsg ug]{

lg0f{o l;4fGtsf of]ubfgx?

o of] l;4fGt ;d:of ;fdfwfg ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ , ljleGg ul0flto tyf
tYofªsLo ljlwx? ljsf; ug'{
o lg0f{ostfx?df cy{zf:qsf] 1fg ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbg'
o of] l;4fGtn] ;'tgf Joj:yfdf hf]8 lbG5.
lg0f{o l;4fGtsf l;dfx?
1. if is mustly related to economic relationale
2. the consideration of this theory are still very
limited and narrow.
3. focus only on some component of decision
making.
4. it does not examine and explain the total
origanizational phenornenan.

Joj:yfkg lj1fg l;4fGt

Joj:yfkg lj1fg l;4fGtnfO{ ul0ft zfl:qo
kl/df0fTds / cg';Gwfg b[li6sf]0f klg elgG5. of]
 18

l;4fGtn] lg0f{o lng] / Joj:yfklso ;d:ofx? ;fdfwfg

ug{ ul0ft tyf tYofªs zf:qsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbG5.
of] linear programme, game theoty gd'gf
l;4fGt ;DefJotf l;4fGt cfbL cf}hf/x?df ;fwg
jf8Fkmf8Fsf] ;d:of ;fdfwfg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5.
Joj:yfkg lj1fg l;4fGtsf of]ubgx?
I. it opened now frontier for managers
II.it has provided managers with plenty of decisions
making tools and techniques
III. it has enhanced managerial understanding of
overall organizational process
IV. major contribution on production and operation.

weaknesses or limitations
oit only emphasizes organization aspects which
computed in number
oit gives development of managerial skill
othe quantitative models are not suitable for not
routine or unprecticatable managerial decision
 19

k|0fln l;4fGt
k|0fln ljleGg cGt/;DalGwt Pjd\ cGt/lge{/ tTjx?sf] ;+of]hg xf]
. h;n] sfo{ k'0f{tf k|bfg ub{5. tTjx?sf] ;+sng dfq k|0fln
x'g ;Sb}gg\. ha;Dd lolgx?nfO{ ;+of]hg ul/b}g k|0fln ljlwGg
tTj Pjd\ dfux?sf] ;+of]hg xf] h;df sfo{sf] k'0f{tf x'G5. k|0fln
l;4fGtnfO{ ;fdflu| / ?kfGt/0f pkh ul/ ljefhg ul/G5.
?kfGt/0fnfO{ klg ljleGg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.
afXo jftfj/0f
;fdfu|L ?kfGt/0f pkh

dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf gfkmf jf gf]S;fg

k'“lh lg0f{o j:t' jf ;]jf
ef}lts g]t[Tj sd{rf/L :jfefj
tyf ;'rgfsf ;fwg lgofGq0f

k[i7kf]if0f
 20

k|0ffln l;4fGtsf tTjx?

 nIo d'lv
 pkk|0ffln
 l;ghL{
 k|0fflnsf l;dfx?
 k[i7fkf]if0f
 v'nf jf aGb k|0ffln

k|0ffln l;4fGtsf of]ubfgx?

I. o;n] ;+u7g Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cy{k'0f{ wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u5{ .
II.o;n] ;+u7gsf ljleGg ljefu / tTjx? tyf jftfj/0f;+u
cGt{;DaGw :yflkt ug{ hf]8 lbG5.
III. o;n] ;+u7gsf ;a} ;b:ox?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf ;b:ox?larsf]
cGt/;DaGw ljZn]if0f ug{ hf]8 lbG5.
IV. o;n] ef}lts Jofjfxfl/s / jftfj/l0fo tTjx?df hf]8 lb+b}
Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg l;4fGtx?nfO{ ;dfof]hg ub{5.
k|0ffnL l;4fGtsf ;Ldfx?
 of] l;4fGt cToGt} c:ki6 5 .
 o;n] ;+of]hg s'g} cf}hf/ k|:t't ub}{g / jftfj/0f Pjd\ ;+u7g
larsf] cGt/lge{/tfsf] k|s[lt klg k|:t't ub}{g .
 o;n] s'g} Plss[t 1fg k|:t't ub}{g .
 21

;+of]hg k|0ffnL
lgDglnlvt rf/ ;+of]lus tTjx?n] Joj:yfklso cEof; lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ .
;+u7gsf] cfsf/
sfd / k|ljlwsf] k|sf/
jftfj/l0fo clglZrttf
JolQut leGgtf
ljz]iftfx?
 v'nf k|0ffln / jftfj/0f;+u cGt/;DaGw
 af}lbs sfo{df nfu' x'G5 hxf“ aflg / k/Dk/fn]
sfo{ ub}{g .
 o;sf nflu ljleGg cj:yfx? / ljsNkx?sf] hfgsf/L
x'g'k5{ .
 of] jf:tljs c';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t 5 .
;+of]lus l;4fGtsf of]ubfgx?
 hl6n ;d:ofsf] ;fdfwfgsf] nflu
Joj:yfkgsf] gofF / /fd|f] b[li6sf]0f k|
fKt ub{5.
 Joj:yfksx?nfO{ km/s km/s
lsl;dn] ;f]Rg] / ljZn]if0f ug]
{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/fpF5.
 o;n] Joj:yfksx?nfO{ alb :jtGqtf
lbG5.
 Joj:yfksx? alb ;+j]bglzn / ;hs x'G5g
.
 22

;+of]lus l;4fGtsf
l;dfx?
 Joj:yfkgsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ OGsf/ ub{5.
 o;n] ;a} ;+oflus tTjx?sf]] ;'lr tof/ kb}{g .
 o;n] dfgljo Jofjxf/fTds kIfnfO{ jf:tf ub}{g .
 s]jn kl/li7tLnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

Joj:yfkgsf] jftfj/l0fo kl/j]z

Joj;flos jftfj/0fsf] cjwf/0ff
;a} Jofj;flos ;+u7gx? ;dfhdf hGdG5g\ / x's{G5g\ / cfˆgf]
lqofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub{5g\ . ;dfh ljleGg jftfj/0fn] 3]l/Psf]
x'G5 . Jofj;flos k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ jf c;/ kfg{;Sg] tTjx?
nfO{ Jofj;flos ;+u7g elgG5 . o;df ljleGg JolQmx?n] cf cfˆgf
kl/efiffx? lbPsf 5g\ .
h;dWo] Keith Davis sf cg';f/ Jofj;fonfO{ xg]{ / c;/ kfg]{ ;a}
cj:yf 36gf / k|efjx?nfO{ Jofj;flos jftfj/0f elgG5 .
 23

Arthur M wiener sf cg';f/ Jofj;flos jftfj/0f cGt{ut

Jofj;fo ;~rfngdf c;/ ug]{ cfly{s , ;fdflhs / /fhlglts jftfj/0f jf ;
+:yfx? kb{5g\ .
Joj;flos ;+:yfx? jftfj/0faf6 cnu /xg ;Sb}gg\ h;nfO{ cfj:os kg]
{ ;a} tTjx? jftfj/0faf6 kfKt x'G5 . jftfj/0fnfO{ Jofj;fodf
b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ cfGt/Ls jftfj/0f Jofj;fosf] cfGtl/s jftfj/0f cGt{ut ;+u7gsf] ;
+:s[lt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;+u7g ;+/rgf kb{5g\ . Joj;fo leq x'g]
lqofsnfknfO{ cfGtl/s jftfj/0f elgG5 .
@_ afXo jftfj/0f
Jofj;fosf] afXo jftfj/0f cGt{ut /fhlglts ;fdflhs cfly{s ;f+:s[lts / k|
fljlws kb{5g\ . afXo jftfj/l0fo tTjx? ;+:yfsf] lgoGq0f eGbf
aflx/ /xG5g\ . Joj;fonfO{ ;kmn kg{sf] nflu cfGtl/s tyf afXo
jftfj/0f b'a} cfjZos kb{5g\ .
;+u7gnfO{ jftfj/0fn] s;l/ k|efj kfb{5<
Jofj;fonfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf] nflu jftfj/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf /xG5 .
Jofj;fonfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? cGt{ut cfGtl/s / afXo jftfj/0fdf
kb{5g\ jftfj/0fn] ;+u7gdf kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ ltg b[li6sf]0faf6
x]g{ ;lsG5 .
!_ jftfj/l0fo kl/j{tg / hltn6f
Jofj;fodf kl/j{tgsf] dfq / ;fb[Zosf] dfqfn] jftfj/l0fo clglZrttf
lgwf{/0f x'G5 . kl/j{tgsf] dfqf cGt{ut slt l:y/ jf hl6n 5 eGg]
s'/fsf] cWoog ul/G5 . kl/jt{gsf] b/ / ;fb[Zosf] dfqfdf ltg
clglZrtfx?nfO{ ltg ;d'xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
 l:y/ kl/jt{g
 dWood kl/jt{g
 hl6n kl/jt{g

@_ k|ltZk|wfTds zlQmx?
Jofj;flos jftfj/0fdf Pp6f dfq Joj;fo gx'g] ePsfn] w]/}
Jofj;fosf] ;fdgf ub}{ cfˆgf] Jofj;fotkm{ cu|k+ltdf /fVgsf] nflu
 24

Pp6f ;kmn Jofj;foLn] k|lt:k|wfTds zlQmx?;+u k|lt:k|wf

ug'{ kb5{ . k|lt:k|wfTds zQmnfO{ kfr“ efudf ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ gof“ k|j]zsx?sf] r'gf}lt
@_ k|lt:k|wfTds k|lt4Gb
#_ k|lt:yfkg j:t'sf r'gf}lt
$_ q]mtfsf] zlQm
%_ cfk'{ltstf{sf] zlQm

#_ jftfj/l0fo c;flGt
;+u7gx?n] ljgf ;'rgfsf cfwf/df jftfj/l0fo c;flGtsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]
{ x'gklg ;S5 . s'g} kgL Jofj;flos ;+u7gn] eljiodf cfOkg{;Sg]
r'gf}ltx?sf] Plsg ug{ ;Sb}g . h:t} k|fs[lts k|sf]k , e'sDk ,aflb
klx/f] , Hjf/fef6f cflbn] Jofj;flos ;+u7g ;~rfngdf 7'nf] k+efj
kfg{ ;S5 .

;+u7gx? jftfj/0f cg's"n aGg ;S5g\ < How

Origanization adopt to their Environment
jftfj/l0fo tTjn] Joj;flos sfo{ ;~rfngdf c;/ kfb{5g\ jftfj/l0fo
c;/nfO{ cg'';/0f ug{ Joj:yfkgn] rfNg'kg]{ sbdx? yfxf kfpg
lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 . Joj:yfkgn] jftfj/l0fo k|efj cg'?k Jofj;fo ;~
rfng ug{ ljleGg j}slNks /0flglts agfpg' k5{ . jftfj/l0fo
c;/nfO{ cg';/0f ug{ Joj:yfksx?n] lgDg /0flgtLx? ckgfpg' k5{ .
 ;'rgf Joj:yfkg
;'rgfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg4f/f ;+u7gx?n] jftfj/0fnfO{ cg';/0f
ug{ ;Sb5g\ . jftfj/l0fo kl/j{tgsf] k|f/lDes hfgsfl/ kfpgsf]
nflu ;'rgf Joj:yfkg clt cfj:os 5 .
 /0flgtLs k|s[of
jt{dfg of]hgf tyf lgltx?nfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy u/]/ jf gof“ of]hgf tyf
lgltx?sf] th{'df u/]/ jftfj/l0fo r'gf}lsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
jftfj/l0fo ;'Id kl/If0f kZrft\ Joj:yfksf] c;/af6 kmfO{bf lnb}+
 25

cfpg;Sg] r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{ gof“ /0flgltsx?sf] k|lqmof

th'{df ug'{ k5{ .
 lanog x'g' , ;DxfNg' , k|flKt / ldqtf
cfhsf] k|lt:k|wfTds jftfj/0fdf ;+u7gn] ljleGg lsl;ddf
r'gf}ltx? ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . jftfj/l0fo kl/j{tg cg's'n rNgsf nflu
Jofj;flos ;+u7gx?n] ljnog x'g' , ;DxfNg' k|flKt tyf ldqtf h:tf
ljleGg /0flgtLx? cjnDjg ug'{k5{ .
 ;+u7gsf] 9frf“tyf nltnf]kgf
Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] cfˆg} ;+u7g / ;+/rgf lgltlgod tyf sfo{ ug]
{ dfkbGb x'G5 . k'j{lgld{t ;+u7g ;+/rgf l:y/ jftfj/0fdf dfq nfu'
ug{ ;lsG5 . kl/jlt{t sfo{ ug{ lgl:rt dfkbGbx? lgdf0f{ ug'{k5{ .
 jftfj/0fnfO{ k|To]If k|efj
jftfj/0fsf] kl/jt{gsf] k'jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Sg] ;+u7gn] nfdf]
cjlwsf] ;Demf}tf ;fd'lxs ;f}bfaflh tyf lgltlgdf{0fdstf{ ;dIf k|
ltlgwL k7fP/ jftfj/0fnfO{ k|To]If k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 .

jftfj/0fsf k|sf/x?
;a} Jofj;flos ;+u7gnfO{ ljleGg jftfj/l0fo tTjx?n] w]/}sf] x'G5 .
Jofj;fonfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ;a} tTjx?nfO{ Jofj;flos jftfj/0f elgG5 .
Jofj;flos jftfj/0fnfO{ cfGtl/s / afXo jftfj/0f ul/ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ cfGtl/s jftfj/0f
 nuflgstf{
 Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
 ;+u7gsf ;fwgx?
 ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf
 ;+u7gfTds ;+:s[lt
@_ afXo jftfj/0f
26