¥_,× 360,04

1 .
I kWhr/ × MJ =
3.6 MJ
,

hr 1000K¢

2. lost electricity
=
I p × KWH =
0-2778 MT
3- 6Mt
km/hr

3. cost 1gal) 15 p 1 therm 0.1422 MJ

=
=

therm I -055 ✗ 102Mt

Thermodynamics
-

branch of physical science that deals w/ the study of interrelation op

various forms of energy
theme -
heat

thermo dynamics
tower

*
power produced from heat

Heat IQHI
Heat Engine

Hot

Work
displacement

fwdw
"
dw Fdl
f dz
= =
72
mg
f-
0 90 z
mg
=
,

9C dl =
dz Az APE → dito work since may
AZ
w=
my may
=

go : 51=1 kgm 9C
'
b
PE
=
z,
mgt
English : 32-2 lbpt 9C
'
lbp -

s
v, V2 V=d1 9=011
dt dt

dw=m9_ dl

go

#
dn=¥¥
.

f,dw= mgcfiidv
W

"

w
=
m( v22 -

ri) =
AKE

29C
 4 . I nutrical or Cal
small c

=
1000 thermo or

N= f- •

DI

w my Al
-
_

9C

400×103 1801b¢ Dbpt BH cat

32.2k¥)
cat =

✗ 252
× ×
13th
778471b¢
32.211b¥
HER
6860.67 ft
=

Number of steps × % Ft =
6860.67ft
step

N= 10291
steps

5 .
Patni 101.57 kPa

↓↓↓↓
150kg
=

lanais Mp t w

Gas
g- 9.813
-
M
/52
D= o -047M

1471-95 17621.83--19,093-78 N 1.91 ✗ 104N

f-gas Fptw t Fatm t or
=

150kg 1981M / SY Fatin Palm Area

= =

Fptw tuptwg = ✗
gas
gc I kgm / NP =

101.57×1031 × IT to -47) 'm '

m2 -4
Fptw =
1471.95N
↳
force of piston 4 weight farm
=
17621 .
83 N

6- Pgas
=
f-gas 19-09 kN 110-03 kN kPa
=
= or

¥10.4712m
'

Agas
'
m

7. imma d- =D / =
0.83m
12
gag
> since expansion and work done by the gas
y
Wgas
=

Fgas
•
At
=
-19 V9 kN -
✗ 0.83m =
-15.84kt

fluid system
gµµndiÑ
work in the
Boundary
•

dW= Fdl dw= PHI

f- =
PXA dV= A. dl $ system

Jodw=dV
W
d1= I work done on work done by
A
w=
-1,4 Pdv ( endergmic) lexergonio)
Heat absorbed A) heat rejected f)
( endothermic) (exothermic)

* compression * expansion
V1 > V2 V2 > V1

dV= -0 dV=⊕
w
=
⊕ W
=
-0
8 .

DPEPTW
=

Mptw GAZ =
150kg 19-813 F) ( o -83m ) =
1221.72 Nm or J

Kgm
9C 1
or 1- 2 KJ
Nsa

9. w
=
? P= 0.9 atm

n= 01m01 W=
-112 ,
pdr = -

Pf !! dv = -

pcvz -

v, ) rotor Pext

V1 =

0-61 V2 1.2L 72 J
6) 8.314J / Moll -1¢ 54
=
W= p g atm 11.2 o L X
- .
-
- - -
=

F 273 15K 0-08205 ✗ atm

Holy
.

10 .

Ideal
"
PV=nRT W= -

f V1
Pdv

p=nRT
v
w
= -

NRT
#%
=
_

NRT In •
For ideal reversible
,

w
-0.10m¢ / 31451m$ # (273.15×1) ¥
=
8- '

In
O' 6
W= -54.72J

)
:( Pt njq ) Iv nb =nRt
11 Van der
-

.
Waals eqn

RT n' a
=
p n -

V -
nb
V2

w=
1%2 pdv
-

NRTJ af ? %
"
= -
dv n'
+
V1 V hb -
,

nb n'a 9=0-86 Pam

'
/ not
'
V1 0-6×10-3 m3
NRT In V2
fly .ly )
-
=
W
-
- -

,
,
V1 nb b= 3.18×10-5 m3 / not V2 =
I -2×10-3 M3
-

-0.10m¢ (8-314111273.1514) 1-2×10-3 -0-113.18×10-5)

0.im#0-86/Pam/ ) ¥ paJmy
moly ( 1.4×10-3
w= In "
/
-
_
•

HOY
,
0-6×10-3 -

0.113.18×10-5) o.gg, ,

W= -150 -76J

12 .
'

Polytropic process :
[ off
V2
w=
/ Pdv w= "
-
-

V1
"
PV =L linearize : In p t In Vn =
Ink

p= I lnp t n Intl Ink

=

Vn
Inp = -
nlnv 1- ink

y=m↓ !
'
+ is

✗ In V Y strip B I -44 ;
slope n n= 1.44
= = -
= -

1h 0-6 In 194×10-3 int =

A Ink =
-2.35 ; 11=0-0952
y
- =

e e

In 0-8 In 134×10-3 I -2
dv 8- 314J
)
-0-0952 atm
.
L ×
w=

In 1-0 In 100 ✗ 10-3 , , v1.44 0<082051 Atm -

"
INTO ✗ 10
In 1.20
W = -

7 .

22 J
 13 . Zeroth law of thermo

thermal equilibrium
-

accdg Ralph Howard Fowler

-

to

1- A = TB

A B

TB =
To
B C

therefore tn- =
to
a c.

14 '

Degrees of Freedom

Gibbs Phase Rule

.ci?#piF- ↑prins
"
"
involved

f- =
2 + in -1 )ñ ( ¢-2m)
↳#
of components

f- =
2- IT + N -

/
=/ IT =
2

DF =
2-21-1 =/

N
N F- 2
Triple point I ñ=3
-

saturated : I
- _
_
:

DF =
2- 2 1- I =
I DF =
2- 3 1-1=0

superheated : N -1 ñ=1
-

DF =

2-21-2

15 .
N= 2 IT -
_
2

DF =
2-21-2--2

16 . N
=
2 IT = 2

DF =
2- 2 1-2 =L

17 .
Joule 's Experiment

W↑ W Q

H2O 1- ↑
oil Hg

18 .

Hzo Agitator

MHz0= 20kg Magitator =

40kg
✗ 500 -2000m
=
25°C -4m
=

Ti 2-
=

1- z= ? g= 9.8m / 52

Wagitator =
mg At
=

40kg119 -8m¥ C- 2000m) = -784000 Nm ort

9C
,%m≠
=

I -784 11J

QHZO
=
784 KJ =
mcpljt
784115=20
kg ( 4.18 kt
111-2 -251°C
0C
Kg

TE 34.38°C
 First law
thermodynamics
•

of
conservation Energy
-

law of
op
-

Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius

universe is
Energy in the
-

constant

created
energy
cannot be nor
destroyed but it can
only be changed from me
form or another
-

•
State Vs Path Functions

Path Function State Function

DHf°= 0

[dW=
2
W dv =
V2 -
V, =
✓
QGW path functions

Tsu -
state
•

system
energy energy
energy

matter
G matter
µ
matter

Sen Closed Isolated

piston e. g. universe
e- g.
pumps compressor
. e. g.

cylinder
•
Internal U It
Energy ,
•

Enthalpy ,

the
to create system total heat content of the system
- -

4- =
y t PV

closed system: dat dw=dU

constant
-

V N constant P Processes

☒
assuming closed system

✓ =
K : da tdw
-
-

du F- K : do tdw =dU

dw= Pd°=0 -

dw=
-

Pdv

dQtdµ°=dU U2
dlt-dutdl.PH
"

to da =/ du
= Uz Ul
dH=dUt Pdr
-

+ Vdp
a

constant v01 : Q -
-
DU du =
dlt -

Pdr -

Vdp

dQ-pdkdlt-pd-vdpnffda-fdtit-H.it
Its
,

constant P : Q AH
-
_

hi .
Bomb calorimeter : operates @ constant V

calorimeter : operates @ constant P

Open type
-

be state
Heat capacity ,
C- can or
path functions
""
> "d "
t "" "
constant pressure
/ Path
:
cp=dH~ monoatomic : Diatomic

cEd¥d
"
at
Cp 51212 7/212 8=41 AH
Cp #
=

Cp
= =
=

Ju
fÑH=fÉpdT
At "
Bit =

fcpdt =

CPAT Cv= 31212 Cv =

51212 Cv #
Hi Ti
8=1.67 8=1-40

constant volume : da --dU

Cv du
DI
-
-

5- -

dt dt

U2 T2

fdU= %cvdt
at ,
All =

fcvdt =
CVAT
 3=15 psia P2 90 psia
=

21--1-3 V2 0-61--1-3
= =
V1

Az
=
Hit 15.5

At =
Hz Hi- =
15.5 BM

Cv
=
2.44 BM / IBR

It
=

Du t APV

-19010 6) )¥ 14,41¥ ,
µ =
AH Apv Du= 15-5 BM -1512) '
-

Ft
-

•
✗ ×

↳ Pzvz
-

p V1 in
2
, , ,,
,
,

for ideal gas only ! All

M
Cv TR
=
11<06 Bth
At ¥1T Cp
=
=

su CVAT ev
pi op
-

=
3.42-2.44
15.5 =
G-
11.06 2.44 13--0-98 BM/ lbmol
'
R

-3.42 Btu / Ib R
Cp
-

an example of isolated system

Qtw
=

All

total vacuum : * to attain total vacuum dapat perfectly insulated

for total vacuum : 01=0

ᵗ°ᵗ vacuum P approaches o

☒ For
.

dw=
-

dW= 0

note : Hapag isolated Q, W , DU =D

*
kapag expansion W= 1- I

* piston cylinder : closed system

Pi psia V1 31=1-3
=

500
=

Pi 50
psia
" "
For
Poly tropic : pun =p pr
=

" " " 4

RV , =
pay,

W=Q AU Qtw
=

;
=
w tw

All :
2W

"dV_
Kf
P2 V2
W Piri for poly tropic
= -
=
-
~D

v1.4 n -
I
,,

1. 4
1.4
500137=50 V2

V2 15-541=1-3
=

1¥
}
(3)
.iq#xBM-#1b¢
W= 50115-54) -500 =
ft × 144

1. 4 -

in 778

W= 334 BM
-

.
55

DU 21-334 55 ) -669.10 BM
=

2W
= =
.
 * piston : closed system

p=q= 100
psia
T, 70°F
=

530
=
R
@ p=K
Q AH NO BM
-
- =

V1 0-5 1--1-3 21=1-3

=

V2
=

we can use both : Qtw -

-

Au 4 AH =

DU t DPV

P=k All AH IPU

only por
-
- -

w PDV
= -

spurn for P=k

= -

Qtw
=

DU

W= _

Pdv =
-

P( V2 -

v,) DU= Q t w

w
=

1001b¢ (2-0-5) 1--1-3 ✗ 144in

'

×
BM = -27-76 BM

in '

1=1-2 778ft Ibp

All 1- 100=72-24 BIN Cp=AH_ 100131

=

-27.76 0-0629 BM /R
=
=

AT 12120-530)R
@ P=K , we can use Charles's law :

V1 K
=
=
; 2-
T2 Ti T2 53012

1-2=2120 R 460=1660 %
-

Vroom 12 ✗ to ✗ 3 360ms
=
=

since give off

r negative
>

Q =
-150 kid 150) -7500 KCI
=

person
hr hr

V person
=
U -2150 )
=
10 m3

Pi 101-3 KPa Ii 16°C

=

Vair
=

360-10=350 m3 ti ?

K Q Air : ER #
of mots : 401.3 kPa/)( 350m31
=

ᵗRt'l8-H4¥¥¥y•, =45
V All Q Cv= For PI knots
- -

Qair
-

:
for n=
- -

person
=

=cvDT Hair = -

1-75007=7500 Kcal /hr

7500 kid 10min × # ( 1-2-16 # (1475*1)

5g ( )
-

× =
1.987kcal
☒ 11m¥
60min

1-2=33 -06°C
 flow)
•

Energy Balance for a closed system

/ Non -

# Uit PF.it/kE#-mfUtPI-tkEtQ-Pdr ¥ mlPin¥

0

d(UtPEtkE =

↓
1- t
↓
dt dt
mass flow heat flow shaftwork
moving fluid
accumulation
↳ loses e. ✗ pans ,↓m , compressing ↳ fixed

↳
moving boundary or boundary
* note : closed system PEG KE =0
moving work
f- or
: no motors

:
no mass flows

old =
dd -

PI
dt dt dt

du '
da t dw

All =
a + w (4-2)
•

Energy Balance f- or open system 1 steady -

Howl
dlu tT KE) =
mi ( Ui 1- PEI 1- KED Ñ(UztPEztKEz )
-

t Oi -

Pad¥ʰ° t Ws t in ( Piv , )
-
in ( Para)

steady condition
note :
open system state
=

for open system accumulation

:
, no

moving boundary
:
f- or open system ,
no work due to

DU t DPE TAKE 1- DPV =

lttw

AH DU
=
t DPV

Qtw =
DKE TAPE 1- AH
(4-150)

in =

500kg 1hr
vi. 60 Mlb
① Turbine
②
1) z =
-5M

V2 360m15
'

Ws -70 kt /s
=

↳ ddhil naglalabas
negative
ng work ang turbine

= -

104 kcal /hr

↳ palabas sa turbine

( 3602
'
AKE Vi 604m¥ 500k¢
=

33 V2 KI HI
-
- =
.

× × ✗

1000AM
290
(11%1-1) Hr
2 3600s

DKE =
8- 75 KJ /s or KW

34 .

DPE
=

Dtg =
I -5mA 19 -

81m44 ✗ KI ×
500 # ✗ his
9C 100014in 1hr
1%7-1
3600s

APE =

-6-81×10-31451, or KW

35 .
note : turbine is an
open system

Alt 1-11-61 10-8-75 -16-81×10-3 )

¥
-650
APE -641451kg
¥jµg
Q tw
= -

DHE t t DH
=
3601
=

✗ ×

hr
DH =
QIN
-

AKE -

APE

① =
-104 "f¥× %÷¥×↑És =
-11.61 Ms
 note :
steady open system
=

i.
for compressor , w=④
in
0.51191s
=

V2
'
Yi 7m15 b' MIS
Pi 100 kPa 13=700 kPa

90 t Us Vip -95 m3 / 11g 019 m3 /kg

=

U2 V2 :

DU= U2 Ui =
90 KJ /
kg
-

Q= -58 KJ Is
↳
inabsorbng 1-120
yung
→ cooling
water
air
heat nanilabas
ng air

""

Qtw
=
DUE 1-
µÉ + DU 1- DPV units 51 : 51kg or KJ / kg

English : BTU / lb

AKE V22 V12 152 77m¥ -12

51kg -12×10-3 KJ /
or
kg
:
- -
=
=

29C 211kg MANKY

Piri (70010-19) (0-957) KJ / " 9

.Y÷g
DPV Pzrz 38
= =

100 kPa
- -
=

W= AKE t Au t DPV -

( 12×10-3 1- 90 t 38)
g- ✗ 0 -5kg t 58 ¥ =
121-99 KJ / s or KW

Di 5cm D2 =
?
ᵗʰ
11-1=3112 -5kt / kg 11-2=2945.7 KING
V2
=
?
30m15
-

V1
_

01=0 , since insulated

0
0

tw-DKF.tl/PEtDH
↳ no motor
↳ insulated

ARE =
AH
-

ARE =

V22 -

V12 AKE -

(29457-3112.5)=166-8 KJ /
Kg
29C

166.811 =
( ri -

304M¥ ×
II
"9 1000 Nm
2111%1-1
V1 =

578.36 Mls
38 .
use continuity Eqn : mi ,
=
mi , note :
Hapag given ang Tat P, superheated
Qu P, Qvzpz superheated
=

: steam, assume ideal

, gas

VIAIPI =

Vzttzpz P= PMI
RT
172%2
compressible fluid
=

V1 Dip , V2 M
for non
-

Tl 52

3015121700) = 578.36117251350)
325 t 273.15 240 t 273.15

Di 1.49cm
 Pino psia Pi 2 psia
01=0
TI 100°F APE =p Iz
'
?
-

Az
_
=

V2
=
?
-105¥
-

V1

1- w/ =

DKF.tl#tDH
↳ no motor

ARE = -

AH

ri AH CPAT %
¥ (¥ /
ri if
AKE applicable
=

only
= -

=
•

2g ,
cp
=
ERM Air is diatomic , ,
walang effect ang velocity sa temp
v22 -

V12 =
-1 R( 1-2-51 )

29C 2

-5601¢
(Vi
-1041¥ ( 1.986 / 111¥ (
× BI = -1 BM ✗ 52

778141b¢ 2 tbh #
2132-2 1b¥) "

]
" "" " "
°" " " "" m " " se
continuity egn

1b¥ in ,
=
in ,
since di nagbabagu diameter
p
V22 -100 =
-0.24 ¢, .gg , V1 AH ,
=

Vzttpz f- PMI
RT
50103 -
2
V11 , =
V13
TI T2
to -89291-272-100 =
-0.24 (1-2-560)

50103.2 V2
'

V11 I
= 101100152

P2 t'
1-2=540-6313--80 -63°F 21560)

vi. =

0-89291-2

✓ 2=0-8929 (570-63)=482.73 ft / s

Work in the fluid system

•

dwrev = -

Pdvt (4-4)
Heats
specific
(4-26) (4-27)
( ¥ )p ( Yg)
Cv
=

4
,
,

* For summary of all formulas : table 4- 1 Mathematical structure

of Thermodynamic Property Relations
 Equation state
•

of

PV 2- RT
=

2- II. compressibility factor

=
=

RT

for ideal gas : n=1

Ideal gas :
* note : above 10 atm , real
gas

PV RT
=

P↓ Tt

•
lsochoric process Isobaric process
✓ K
JÑdV
=

W w= pcvz r ,)
= -
-
-

"
°

f- or
closed system : dw= -

PdV/ W=
-
R (1-2-1-1)

W=0 Q=DH= fcpdt

Q=Du= fcvdt Du=µdT

AH
=

fcpdt
•
Isothermal Process
°

DU= fcvdi =0 # " iii.

%

;
① + w=
"
"

%
AH =

fcpdt =D
W=
-

Q pv=K Piri =
Path
Uz -41=0 ; Uz=Ui
Rthk
E- ÷
W= RT In
a-
-

spar :p or 11
V2 Pi .

PV =
Piv , or PZVZ

14.71b$ 18005¥)
144,11¥
RIME
W= In 121 minx tips
=
✗ ×

Pi in min 14.7
GOY 550151b¢
107-75
w=
hp ④ "
=
" ""
(1) (2) (3) note :
pay walang
sinabi ,
assume closed system
1m01

I 52=35011 1-3=800 K
-

800k
_

Pi 4bar
F"
⑤ (1) (2)

1m01

WA
=
WB 1-1=80015 1-2=80015

0
since V=K
?
Wii Pi 4bar
.
=

B.
=

WB 13th E PCV , Vz)

' =

WA t Wz }
-
-
=

Pi
-1311-3-1-2)
=

WB RTM
=

,
-8-3141 (800-35014)=-3741 351m01
=
WA W23= . =
WB

MOI 'll -3741.3 Hmo / =

8-314 tm¥ 1800) In ¥, 's P2
=
2.28 bar
 Adiabatic Process
•

01=0
° "
(10-11) Piri ? Pari (10-10)
1¥
=

$tw= Du
,
V8 =
K

¥
¥ ,
(10-72)
Du fcvdt =

8¥
-

w
-
- -

, CV
DIE / cpdt
dQtdw=
T2

du
É%=¥ !
'

/
"" "d"
=
"

p= RT
¥
" "
¥ ¥
=

T ,

/ ¥ )¥
I
¥dv
=
1-

Re
-

cvdt
=

my =
in

e Cr Cv W
vz ,
" "
¥ ÷
" ' -
-

"

11%1=1%1*1
,

"

¥ 1
SG =

PNZ
Pair

P/MW 0-97
=

21
=
=

At 29

*MW air
*
 Polytropic Process
•

pun K temperature 4 Volume : For

temp 4 Pressure
-
= _

or

÷
"
" "

poiytnpic ±
a) I
:(
n : constant =

TI TI
Pirin =P.2Vzn

P2 V2 Piri TI)
=
-
-
R( T2 -

n -

l n -

JU
fcvdt DH=cpdT
-

Qtw =
DU

Q by
-
-

w
-

erivation :

Kf!
V2

/
"
du Mdr
/
w=
-
Pdv w=
-

k =
-

,, un
V,

-4
" "

pvⁿ=k
" '

=± Cv , -

v. . v,
n -1
p=q
F ' n " "

1)
-

Kp ,
=
"
/
-

¥
in

f. =p,v,n=PzVzn n, v.
,

"Hari
"

/ ( ÷) -4=1%11%1
=
"

n -

I
- '
l

/ ( E.) / =R¥f( 1-2*-1=1211-2-1-1

=

""- -
' )
n -

l n
-

" " " " =

•
pun =
K Isochoric
negligible Isothermal Adiabatic

P
" =
'
-

=p, n=o : Pv°=k n

-
_
✗ :
¥4 =
f. n=1 :
pv
'

=p, Pv=k n= 8 : pro -_

k D= Cp
n=k n=8
P= K V k W= All
I
CVDT
'

v=k p,v , = Pzvz =

✓ W= R( T2 Ti) Pzvz Piri 1242-1-1) P2 V2 PIVI

=
- -
=
0 =

w=
- -

o -
I 0
-

I
✗ -
I 8 -

V1 )
=
R( Tz T , ) Pch CVDT
=
w
=
- -
-
-
 54 .

③
•
0°C 150°C
§°t w
=
All

p
For AV= -0 TT
compression : tw TAU

•
① 70°C
For AU
expansion Dv=⊕ 1- ↓ w
- -

:
1bar

p=k
③
① =°

12 } ,
=
? ① ② ② >

W= All W= PCV } V2 ) RCT } T2)

=
=
( VAT - - -
-

=
318 -314J ) ( 150 -70T¢ =
-8 -314J
(70-150)%1
③
F- K
① 2m01 % molt
Pinot given

1h12 Wiz 997.68 51m01 T =

W= Rtlnv, Rt W 665.12 Jlmol J
=
=
or or

F, P,

W Rtln V3 ① ②
=

= RT 1h11 For Ps : use →

TV P3
j= ¥, =
1.67

(701-273.15)*1
(%-)
=
8.314J bar =

motif 1.69bar

"%
WE, -1497.02J /moi
%)
k 150 1- 273.15

(
-

701-273.15

Pz= P3= 1. 69 bar

Wiz } /
=
997.68 t 665-12-1497.02

WIKI =
165.78J

55 . •
Irreversible Process

Wrv⊕ Wrev
Wirrev
1=0.80
=

I
Wiz irrev
=
997.68 =
1247.1J Wzzirrev =
665 -12 = 831.4J Wai irrev
-
-
-

1497-0210-8)
=
-1197.62J
, ,

0-80 0-80
Wrev -0 Wirrev =
Wrenn

Wil } /
=
880 '

88J

virial Equation of state

PV
=
2- RT

2-
=
I 1-
Bptcp
? . .
(4-68)

%
I B-
¥
2-
=
1- t 1- + . _ . - -

, ,
v

200°C P= bar
By
C 10 57 1-
%
56 .
.
2- =
I + =

RT
V= ? ?
B= -388cm 31m01 2- =

(
=

-26000 cm
"
/ moi '
✓ =
( It ¥ +
%)
Assume : 2- =p ✓
=
3933.77 ( 1- 3¥ 260¥)_
→ use shift solve but ✗ initial =
3933.77

83 -14cm 3bar ( 473 / 5) K

RPI
.

}
3,933.77cm /MOI 3487.74 31m01
=

✓
=

✓ = =
cm
moi
-
k

to bar
2- =
to (3487-74) =
0-8866

83-14 (473-15)
 Equations of state
•

Cubic

14 -
104 a) (4-107)
( 4- 104 b) (4-108)

(4-105)
(4-106)

58 .
2- =
I t
p
-

qpcz
-

p) ( 4- 104 a)
4- 1-
Ep )( top)2-

p=rPr 4 ✗ Hr )
of
=

Tr Rtr * Table 2- 141 critical constants

for

Pr
=

reduced Pressure
= P / Pc =
9-457314.796×4,19%1=0.2491
TV :
reduced T / To
=
350/425-12=0.8232
temperature
=

* Table 4- 2 get 1,9 ,

O, E
"
"
0-0866410-2491) 0262 0-4274810-8232) 6.61
µ 0
= = =

q=
.

0 -8232 0-08664 (0-8232)

-2 = I t 0-0262 -

6.61 CO -

0262/(-2-0.0262) for 2- initial

=
1
, shift
-
solve

2- (z to -0262 )

2- =
0-8304

✓ =
2- RT = 0-8304 (83-14×350) =
2555.04 ( m3 /moi)

I 9. 4573

59 .

for
sat -

liq ,
still use ④ -104 a) ✓ but 2- initial =P

2- initial in shift solve : D= 0-0262

2-
=
0-0432

0-0432183-14)( 350)
¥3T 132.92cm 31m01
✓
=
=
=

9.4573

60 .
For ideal gas : 2-
=
I

✓
=
2- RT =
(1) (83-14)/510) = 1696.06cm '
/ MOI
P
25

( a.k.a Pitter 's 61 .

Pitzer 's Generalized Correlations For critical constants : Table 2- 141

correlation)
°

2- =
2-
°
t @ 2- I (2-63) For 2-
: Table 2- 351

Tr= t / To = 510 / 425-12=1.20 For É : Table 2- 352

10bar
Pr =P / Pc
=
25 / C. 796 ×
Mpa ) =
0-6586 For W :
Table 2-141 ; acentric factor

2-
=
0 -
8647 t 0-2002 (0-0377) 1- r= 1.20 Tr =
1.20

2-
=
0 -8722 Pr :O -6586 Pr =
0.6586
'

0-8722183-1471510) 2-
° '

2- RT=
Interpolate : @ Pr
-
°
V 2- Tr= 1.20 Pr 2- 2- :
_

To 0.0326
25 0-60 0.8779 0 -6

✓ 1479 -30 0-8330

=
'
0.8
cm /MOI 0.80 0 -0499

'

@ Pr
=
0-65869 Tr= 1.20 2-
=
0-0377

°=
2- 0.8647
 WB )Pr- (4-73) generalized
'
°
2-
=
It 1- * For correlation B
62
por
.

Tr

For
f.
°
(4-77)
W 0 -2002
=

TV =
I -20

Pr =
0-6586

13°
0¥2÷
7-
f- (0-0590)/0.6586
= =

b- 083 0.2322 t 0-2002

-

It
-

I -20

p° 0-083
=
0-422 2-
=
0.8790
-

=
-0.2322

' -6
1. 20
(83-14) 1510)
2T-
}
V= =
0.8790 = 1490 83cm -

1m01
25
B'
,;;÷
=
0-139-0 =
0-0590
,

curve
I
fusion •

solid liquid
vaporization curve

p
•
triple pt .

sublimation
vapor
curve

T To

liquids
•

lot )p
(4-127)
dV=( ¥)pdT
OV
p= Vfltip)
( ¥ ),dP
:
volume Expansivity :
I 1-
,

↓ ( %)
Isothermal KVDP
Expansivity K= dV= Bvdt
-
-

,
)
dv
Pdt Kdp 4- 129
= -

I
3v=( 01 )p ( %)
_
""

,
at

Ti 20°C Pi 1bar } T2 =
30°C P2
=
? ✓ K
/g
=
V,
=
I -287cm 65
64
.

10-3 / Ybor
-

bar
◦
-487 C dp 23.98
p
=
I ✗ k= 62 ✗ 10 =
Pz =

IT 1-2-51 0C

( 0¥)
?
d¥°= Pdt Kdp
= -

23-9g.ba#--(P2-DbarBdT--kdP
,

(30-20) %

t487×Ñˢ 240.8bar
a¥
P2
( %-)
=

,By
=
• =

, 62×10-6 / bar

23.98 bar /%

2076-62×-10-6
3
Ti
=
20°C Pi =
1bar V1
=
I -287cm
31g In (10-1) bat
66 V1 co
-

. =

Jz
=
0°C P2 =
10bar V2 =
? I -287 Yar

§d% k%
"

/¥
'
=
-
V2
=
1.249 -
I -287 =
-0.038 cm /g

TI
h

In ¥ =

BCN -

Ti) -

k / Pz -

Pi ) 14-131)
 Betz TD k(PÑ)
=

v1
-

5kg in
-
=
m

p
=
K =
1 bar V1

Ti "
0°C T2
=
20°C In 1-2 × 10-3 (20-0)
v1
=

10-3 / K 3-14×10-3
1590
p
=
1.2 ✗
p
=

Cp
=
0 -84 KJ / kg
.
K V2 =

3.22 ✗ 10-3 m3

DV
=

3. 22 ✗ 10-3 3-14 ✗ 10-3 8×10-5 m3

DV V2
=
=
V1
-
-

10-3 m3
V1
=5kg- 3.14
=
✗

"
1590 91m }

68
f Pdv
=
w
-
-

w
= -

p( Vz -
V, ) = -

PAV

W= -

stars ✗ 105m31 × 105Pa

; Pam
}
=J

☒
w = -

8J

P=k Q= AH CPDT
=
69 .

=
0 -84 KJ (20-0) % •

5kg
-

Kg
◦
.
c

Q=DH= 84 KJ

Qtw
=
All

84 KJ t ( -8J ✗ / =
83.992 KJ

w= -

JPDV
" -1
gyp =L
=

,
✓ ( Ptb)

dV=cV =
cdP-
(Ptb)
✗ Ptb

of "pdP
"
w= O'
125¥)? I disbar 100091×-8-314-1 515 -9J
= =
×

Piptb p +2700
83.14¥barf
•
Second law
of Thermodynamics
100%
* Kelvin -

Planks : Heat Engine ,

impossible namagkaron ng efficiency
Efficiency :
1--11
IQHI IWI IQHI
Heat
1- µ Engine n= lQH|-l
IQHI
IQCI

To n= 1-

QH

Clausius statement Tc TH
* impossible daw magkaronng spontaneously
→
: na .

is
* Entropy of
the universe increasing
 * Carnot Engine ideal Engine
-

ta
- -

① ② isothermal Expansion
QH @ TH ② ③ adiabatic expansion
↓
p TH
③ ④ isothermal
compression
-
- -

④ ①
to
- -
-

adiabatic compression
↓ Nmax Carnot engine
:
Ncarnot
=

Qc @ to to

V Tc =
Imax -

I -

To
Oy
-

- -

TH QH TH

800 MW
w=
tfplant 0.70 tfmax
=

TH
=

585 It =D -70 Ncarnot

tc= 295k lad
=
?

tfcarnot =
I -

to = 1- 295 =
0-9957

TH 585

0-7010-4957) 0-347
Nplant = =

IWI IWI
N
=
=

IQHI IWI told

0.347 =
800 IQCI =
1.51 ✗ 103MW

800 t IQCI

750 MW
w=

TH
=
315°C =
588.15K

293.15K
=

Tc 20°C =

Near not
=

Imax
I I I 293.15 0.5016
= -
=
=
-

TH 588-15

Nmax =lW1_
IWI + IQC mint ,

0-5016 =750_ Qc min =

745.22MW
; ,

750 t / Qc ,
mint

0-60 10.5016 ) =
0.301
tfplant
=

0-301 750 Qc
-
-

1741 69 MW
;
-

7501-104
103kg /
11000,11
mi =

16513 = 165 ✗ s

①
=

MCPDT
1- =/ 741.6911103
K¥ =
2.53°C

4- 18 # .

16511103K¥
☒ %
 1540°F 2000 R
TH
= =

500 R
=
Ti 40°F

IQCI =
250 BTU / lb

Dmax 1- I 501 0-75 or 751

Ic
=
= -
= .

TH 2000

Nmax # DS=Q±
=
Q As Qc
=

AS
=

;
F TH To
IWITIQCI

V75 IWI / QH / As 1000 BTU

=
7501-250
=
750 BTU / lb BTU /lb
=

w= 0-5
; =

/ WI 1-250
=
1000 2000 R

250°C Mangine 0-45_

=

451
=

TH =
= .

I
Tc
=

25°C IQHI

µ/
I
I (251-273-15) 0-43 43<1
=
=
0.45 KJ Nmax
-

= I -
=
or
.

IQHI
=
I KJ TH (2501-273.15)
closed system
•
S
Entropy ,

Ideal Gas :
-

disorder of the system as time goes by .

ds=dQc
T
f%ds=d¥ ti
DFCPMII
Tt
-

RmE=Cvm¥
Pi ,
+ Rink
V,

-
Q
v=K : dQ=dU= cvdtbs-cvlntz-orv.es Derivation : Assume closed system :
Ti
dQ= du dw F- Rt

V=R,¥
-

=
I
Cvdttpdv
F- K: dQ=dH=CpdT
1-2

fÑs =/
Si T,
Cp Ds=cp1nT±
T' t.it: / R"%=
ds= cvdt

t
+

r,
DEVINE
Ti
+ Rink
V1

'
ormulas : table 4- 1 As =

Cvlntz t Rin

Ti P2 Ti

79 250°C 80°C =CvlnT2_ Rtn

RINI
1¥
.

1- 1-

3bar 1bar Ti ,
P2

As =
Rlnpz
W= -1800J
note : A. Suniverse > 0 Cptntz -

Fi Fi
Tsurr =
30°C 1) Ssystemt Dssurr > 0

AS system (8-3145) my
/
In
Cpln
, } ) 8.3141
=
-
Rin =
801-273.15 -

, 2501-273.15 3
MOI K
-

moth

1) System :
-2.30 J /K

Ssurr =
Qsurr = 1733-45 = 5-72 J/K

Tsurr 301-273-15

Qtw =
DU

DU =
Cvdt =
{ (8-314)/80-250) =
-3533.45 J

f- 1800) 1733.45J
Qsyj AU -3533.45 =

W =
- -
-

Qsurr = 1733.45 J

1) Suniv :
-2.3 1-5-72 = 3.42 JIK
 Phase change
•

ds=dQ As
=
AH

Tex
:
vaporization : l ✓

Q=DHv H2O : Tv
-
-

100°C

=DHv %= AHI 540cal

/ g
F

Fusion : s l

D=
DHF
=
✗f tf =
0°C

$5 tv 80cal /
A¥g
=

A A

Asi $52 153

f h ✓ ✓

75°C 125°C 125°C 155°C

Dst =
75 51m01 -
k

Tv 125°C
-

DHr= ?
-

P=K Ds=DHv Ntv As Tv

Ds=cplnlI change ✗
:
Phase : =

Ti Tv
62.835-(1251-273.15)#
=

AS ,
=

751 In 1251-273.15 = 10-06 Jlmol -

k moth
"
Molk 751-273.15 J /MOI
DHv= 2.5 ✗ 10

DI } In 155 1-273-15 2.11 J/not

=

291 = K
-

MOI 'll 125 1-273-15

75
=
10.06 t $52 t 2.11

Asa =
62.83 I /MOI -

40 kg 150kg
=

Msc Moil
=

Cpsc
=
0-5 k%k Cpoi,
=
2.5 µg%
450°C
=

Tso Toil 25°C

=

Asc =
Quit
-

40kg110 -5111 ) ( T2 -4500¢) =

-150k$ / 2.5 KJ
) ( 1-2-25)°¢
Kg.◦¢ EH

1-2=46 -52°C
Cpln 12
=

Ti

( ) 40kg1
Asso
=

0.5111 In 46.521-273-15 ×
=
-16.33 KJ K
/

11/9-11 4501-273.15

Aloi/
( ) 150k$
46-521-273.15 26.13 KJ /K
2.5141 In
=
✗ =

14$ -
k 25 t 273.15

DSi
=
-16.33 t 26.13
=

9.8 KJIK
 ds =

Cpdt -

RDI
I p

550 k T2 =
?

5bar 1bar

1- 702 9- 081 ✗ 10 -3T 2.164×10-61-2

CI t
-

of? f↑±dt
◦

#
" 0 s, =s,

:-,
Rin ;
= =
-

+,
s= KC isentropic / → also reversible adiabatic
"

/ dt
) 'T
=

Cp
'

In P2 R
C1 9.081×10-3 2.164×10
1-7,01
= -

71 1- it RT

[ CI
' "
In P2_ dt
f ( 1-7-0,2
9. 081×10-3 2-164×10-67
)dT
= _

=
t

Pi t, RT 350

9-081×10-3 (1-2-550)
2.164×2-107
( Ti -5502)
In 1 = I -702 In
B- t t

5
550

1- 2
=
411 K

*
pwedeng trial 9 error
using the choices ,
substitute sa integral

15 psia 75.3 1-14-7 =

90
psia

80°F 154012)

201=1-3 /min
① =
20 BM /min

1) 5- 0-0268 BTU /min -

R

BE
Cptnt≥ -

RINE
Ts Ps

) (801-460)/2
O 026813M

/ (
7- I -986 BTU 1-2,12 1-2=970-62 R

9¥)
In I -986 BTU In 0.0518
-

lbmot ;
=
_

2 Ibm " R Min

min -

R lbmo/ R

PI 15
psia ( 201--1-3 /min ) lbmot
=
n =
= 0-0518

RT, Psia 1=+3 min

10.13 (801-460)/2
lbmo/ R

For closed system : Qtw AU

=

W
=
AU -

bm-H.LU/BNyhpmin/lbm/ot.R
µ ( -986B$
W 1970.62 -5401¢ 0.518 /
=

I
)
.

, min min Btx 42.4

W= 2.14 hp (non -

flow)

W DH Q ; AH Cpdt
= - -
-

)R
11.986,13%7,11970-62-540
1 0-518
lbmmy÷
•

W 135 BM/min ( open system steady flow)

=
-
or
 •
Heat effects

p= K : Q =
DH

V
-
_

K : Q =
DU

DH -

DU =
?

AH =
DU t DPV

DH DU=DPV=DnRT
-

ICH 4 1- 202 > 1 CO2 1- 2 Hzoa,

Ang 1- 3 2m01
=
-
=

2m¢(
AH DU I -987
m¥ ) (271-273.15)
-
= -

= -
1192 .
8 cat

Clapeyron Eqh 9 Clausius -

Clapeyron Eqn

latent Effects : 1- K
=

Heat

Phase change

Clapeyron Equation : DI =
AH
dt TAV

(4-140) Pz Pi -

= *
for fusion
1-2- Ti TAV

Clausius Clapeyron :

vaporization : l → v

µ =

Vu -

H° Vv >> V1

DV =
Vv=r= RT /P

" vaporization
(¥
"
o¥=% ¥)
" ' * For

/
121-2 page 12 -

38

P2

¥=n¥y¥ j,
TZ

T, =
90°C Pi =
293 mmHg
1- z= 100°C Pi =
417 mmHg

? P= 760
mmHg
1- =

* more than
373 K

ME
(¥ f.)
=

P, ,

In
761
↑¥(¥+273.15
=

293
'

,¥ (1
In
41 =D 1
100/-273.15)
-

293 901-223.15

Ti '
391.48K
 Ti -10°C T2= 0°C

Pi ? 13=1 atm

Pz -

Pi =
AHI ; DV= Ve -

Vs
1-
¥ ¥
=

ti ti -

FAV
-

(14-7--11) psia =
80 cat/ ¢ × 1000m¢ ✗ 0.082054 -

atm ✗ l4-7psia_
¢
( f- ot.gl ,)mg¥ cat
( 273.15)K 1.987 latm
10-1-10) ) K -

P, psi
=

19656.36

1m01

260°C 600°C

533.15K 873.15K

Qt/w= HE +
DHE 1- AH

table 2- 156 Q=DH=

Cp op methane
cpdt
(A) 105 C4= 0-41602 105
0-33298 ×
(D) ✗
=

C,

(B) Cz =
0-77933 X 105 (E) G-
=
991 -96

C) Cs
=
2.0869 ✗ 103

(
1833.15 g.
'
1×10-3
/ / /
cE
[ydx
Q= At B D ×
+
Sinh 1×1
533.15 / ) cosh

D= 19775 .

65

P2
1bar

400K 950K

' -55
pv
=
fg

CI =
3-85 t 0-57×10 -3T
R

55
v21.55
"

p , V1 =
p,

¥=i÷E
950
"%%
(¥)
Q 1- W =
All = 13=11 -45bar
_

400
Q= AU -
W

B. V2 Piri
=R(tz DU
Rfcvdt cvtr
-

W= Cp
Cy =g
- - =

j -
l
IT I Ta I ,
n i n -1
-

950
= =
0-57×10-3
w=%%two
8
-31¥ (950-400)/5 ( z.gg/-o.57xio-3t)dT (k ) 3.85 + T -

MOI K -
CV
= 2.85 to -57×10-3 T
g.
I -55 -

I Du= 14791-54 J

W
:
8314 J /not or J D= 14791.54 -

8314=6477 J
 steam table table 2- 305

p :
At given
V etc
M=
property Hill , S
=
,

< Msl subcooled

'

Mgiven ^
.

Mcgivern Mst : sat

= . -

liq
< <Msv
'

mixture
Msl
Mgiven=
. .

=
Msu : sat
Mcgivern vap
.
.

superheated rap (pure vapor)

'

Mcgivern > Msv .

.

mixture :
for

Quality , × : ✗ =Mv_ or

Mt Mt

Lii ) Sgiven :3 -3 KI × × 18$ = 0.0594

¥9K 1000$ MOI MOI K -

Sgiven < Ssl → look in HB steam table

sub cooled
'

. .

( ii ) 1-given 320°C 593.15k

= '

Pgiven 5.6 MPa

=

1-given > Tsv i.

superheated

(iii)
} }

vgiven
=
0 -10m / kg * dm =L

=
1 Mpa
Pgiven

-10m¥
0 181
0-10,1
:

Vgiven or ×
= 1-81
, MOI
Mot

Vsi < Vsv mixture

<
Vgiven
'

. .

For Quality Mgiveri Msv ✗ Msl / 1- ×) For Vsv Interpolate P@ IMPA PC IMPA
Interpolate
ex : + :
For Vsi :

Vgiven
=
Vsvx + Vsl ( 1- ×) P V P V
H =
(50-4910.5505)+17.8411-0.5505)] ✗
my ✗ 1000.1
1. 8
=
3-54×1-0.020311 -

× ) 0.93220 3-7438 0.9322 0.020234 189 1kg

✗ =
0-5056 1.1709 3-0113 I -1709 0.020482 *
=
1989.66 KJ/Kg

mixture Vsv =
3. 54 Vsi
=
0.0203 4m01

It =
Hsvx t Hall -
× )

@ 230°C =
503.15K : SI : T H ,
Sv : Hv

" '

573
500 50 -487

¥
mL
tp 18-421
✗
× =
0 724m01 510
✓ = = -

go.gov
g. pzgg ,

✓ =
Vsv ✗ t VSL (I -

)
×
;
Hsl = 17-84 KT /Mol Hsu -_
50-49 KJ /not

@ 230°C =
503.15 K :
T Vsi Vsv ✓ =
VSV ( x ) t VSLC I
-

X)
500 0-021671 1- 3649 0.72=1-29 ( x ) to -02184 -

×)
510 -1379
0.022030 I ✗
=

0.5505

V51 '
O' 0218 Vsv =
1- 29
 expander > usually pag given ang
/ / Patt , superheated

superheated mixture *
for
turbine :
superheated -
mixture

8.61hPa -75
Mio
g)
=
86,00011Pa Wact =
-56400
Ktp
500°C 1014Pa

m•= ?

Qtw =

HE 1-
DYE t AH 1- =
773.15K p=8 -6 MPa

AH H2 Hi
why
=
@ 10 MPa
-

wact= w= @ 5 Mpa

¥g ¥ T H T H

y=ww¥ 700 58 -765 700 57.241

N' =
75200 800 63-002 800 62.040
that =
-56400 KJIS = -
KJ /s

R O -75
It 86 KJ It 60 75 KJIMO /
1m01
= =
a /
-
.

W= AH =
(Hz Hdmi-

@ F- 8- 6 MPa

75200115=138-18-6106
)¥µÑK¥•m,¥g× 1001,0T¥
-

P H

"""ˢ"
5 61.86

10 60 -75
For Hz : Hi =
Hsvx t Hsia -
×)

H /
=
6/ '

06 KJ / no /
@ 10 kPa __
0-01 Mpa

" " "

"
"

@ 5 Mpa C 10 MPa "" " " "" For HSV and HSL :

T T @ 0.01 MPa @ 0-01

700 700 0 " 405

-

0.1248 P Ssu Ssi P Hsu HSI

800 0-12714 800 0.12046
f. 06231 0.14981 f. 009551 0-06231 46.261 h -7810

Ktlmotk 5=0-1187 KJIMOI

5- 0.1256 0.010546 0-14647 0.011941 0.010546 46-582 3.5340

551=0.0116 KJ / MOI Hsl 3.44

=

@ P
-
8.6 MPa 115 / Mol

P S Ssv =
0-1469 Hsv
-_
46-56 KJIMOI

5 0 -1256 51=52--0.1206 ktlmotk 52 =

Ssr ✗ t SSL ( I
-

× )

10 0.1187 0-1106=0-1469×1-0.011611 -

x )
✗ 0-8056
=

Hi 46.5610-8052) t 3.44 (1-0-8056)

Hi 38.18 KT / MOI
 superheated mixture units :

3lb /S SI : 5- KJ / kg English : 5- BM / Ib -

R
reversible adiabatic
you psia P2 H= KJ / kg H= BTU / lb

m3 / kg ft / lb
}
700°F 200°F ✓
=
✓
=

w= ? note : Mfg Msv MSL

= -

51--52=1.6758

Ssi Ssu X t sull -

× )
I -6758=1-7764 × t ( 1-7764-1-482474
-

x )
✗
=
0-9321 or 93 -211 .

Steady Flow : Open system

-

&iw=DkÉ AYE 1- 1- AH

W= Hz -

Hi

For Hi . Hi Hsu ✗ t Hull -

× )

114810.93217 11146-977.9111-0-93211
=

Hi 1079.6 BM / lb

W
=

(1079.6 -

1368 9) BM /
-

Yb X 3 HIS = -

867.9 BMA
non -

flow : closed system

◦

④t W= AU s B. V2 -

Piri

AH
=
All 1- DPV ; Au =
AH
-

DPV

17=300 psia
Vi
2.22631--1-3/ lb
For P2 : use steam table For V2 :

@ ti 200°F
=

366.48K V2 =
Vsvlx) t kill -

)
×

T P
=

33.63910-9321) t 133-639 -

33.6224/(1-0.9321) 1=1-3/16
V2
'

360 0-062194 31.36 1--1-3 / lb

370 0-090535
11-7
B. Mia psia psia
=

0-0806 ✗ 14.7 =

0.101325M¥
W Alt APV
-
-

¥¥x¥Ñxl4¥
=

111-69131.36 ) 30012-22637]
-867.9B¥ BM
31¥
-

- ✗ .

7781-1-1 -1b¢

W= -700-6 Bills
 in =

HE +
☒É t bit
* adiabatic pump -

ideal pump
W
=
AH
=
Ha -

Hi
0 °

N' =

DIYÉ tDPÉ 1-
¥
+
#
=
V ( Pz -

Pi )

W' (4-168)
V43 PDM isentropic efficiency
=

1- 100 /
'

= -

SL sub cooled

45°C

1014Pa 8600°C

☒ For ideal pump

: halos negligible na
ang AT
✓
=

I -01 }
or 1- ✗ M1 = 1-01×10-3 mblkg AH =
11-57 KI
omg kg 10001 kg
W' =
AH
=

V43 -17 ) bit =

CPDT t v11
-

BT ) DP (4-169) mean for

St to sub cooled

1.01 ✗ to -3mL
)KPa÷g3or,¥g
18600 to
=

AH V11 BTIDP
-

=cpAt t
-
-

"

-01×10-3%131
9 AT ),Kt I
"

Wait 8 -68 11.57

11-57141=4
"
9
-1781¥,
/ I -425×10
K
1451-2731511418600 -10114Pa KPam3
XI
KJ /kg KJ /
=

kg
=

0.75 AT
=
0-97 K

*
pump efficiency isentropic efficiency
=

(4-170) : to sub cooled

Db Cpln I pvljp formula St
=
-
•
for
Ti

1-1=454 :
318-1511

-01×10-31%18600
425×10-6
4.17811 In
(318-151-0-97) -101 # KI
=

As -
✗ I ✗

kg 'll 318-15 K KP/amY

15 0-0091 KJIK
 * Carnot Engine ideal Engine
-

ta
- -

① ② isothermal Expansion
QH @ TH ② ③ adiabatic expansion / isentropic expansion
↓
p TH
③ ④ isothermal
compression
-
- -

①
to
- -
-
④ adiabatic compression / isentropic compression
↓ Nmax Carnot engine
:
Ncarnot
=

Qc @ to to

V
Ic
=
Imax -
-
I -

I
TH QH TH

V1
=

10-101 W= ?

V2
"

14.531
=

II i / WI =
IQHI tf
y
-

V3 226-541 IQHI
-
_

V4 157.731
=

QH= 21.1kt

For MEP effective pressure

-

mean
-

MEP =
Wnet = Wnet

② ③ since diatomic Vmax Vmin V3

-

V1
@
-

" " "

(¥ ) =/ ¥ )ᵗ
B- =
I 8=1-4 =

14.07 kPam 10004=65-01 KPa

×

T2 Ttt MT
1226.54-10-1014
Ncarnot 21-1
=
=
1- II 1W / ✗ 0-6667
TH
/ w/ 14.07
=

KJ
"
=\
-1%1
1- 4- I

-1 :÷.si
=
.

Ncarnot
=

0.6667
 Rankine cycle / Vapor Power cycle)
01--0
5- K
mixture
p=K
Wi >
Condenser

superheated saturated liquid

W
toiler 01=0
subcooled 5- K
p=k

hi # =
lwpump t Wturbinel
•
efficiency of Rankine cycle
IQHI 10111-1

01=0
20.68hPa P=K

µ¥
Wt 9h44m1s tact D= =

twp t Wil
④
, Witt
6- 85 MPa
①
SL
③ 516°C
30-48 Mls
/ QHI ②
Wp
p=k compressed/
sub cooled 01--0

Pump : Wp
=

AH
=
V41 PD -

Wp= Hi
-

Hi For IWI :

=L -02×10%(6890-20.68) 7.01=(11-2-254.43) / W/ 17-01-1184-241=1177.23 KJ /

=

kPa KJ / kg Wnet =
kg
"
9 261-44 KJ /
'

Hz kg 1--1171.23 0.369 36.9 /

=
=
or -

7.01 kpam
'
/ kg or KT /Kg 3189.72
Wp
=

Boiler : Qtw DYE 1- DYE 1- DH For net power :

117723%1,1×136078*4 g%¥×h#
D= AH His Hz INK
-
-
_

3451.16-261-44 -7457K¢ 0

QH
=

3189-72 KI /
Kg / W/ =

59,673-65 hp

turbine : $iw= AKE t DIFÉTDH

AKE =
v22 V12 - =

@ 1-442-30-482 )m/H× KI =
3.72 KJ / kg
lookin
2%

> mixture
21%1%-4
r
DH= Hit
_

Its 54
=
Ssvx t Ssi ( tx)

His =
3451 .
16 KT / kg 6.86=7911 to -84111 -

)
×

53=54--6-86 KT / kg
-
k ✗
=

0-8527

H4= Hsvx t Hsiu -

×)
2610-2110-8527) 254.4311-0-8527)
=

11-4=2263.10 KJ /Kg

Wi
=
3.72 1- (2263-20-3451.16)
Wi
=
-1184.24 kt /kg
 Gas Power Cycle
•

* Otto cycle -

ginagamit sa sasakyan Intake -

Air -

fuel mixture is draw in

① ② isentropic compression compression -

Air -

fuel mixture is compressed

① ③ QH C V=k Power -

Explosion forces ,
piston down

③ ④ isentropic expansion Exhaust -

Piston pushes out burned
gas
④ ① Qc @ V=k

N=
lwn-et.IQ/tl-lQd=1-1Qcl/QHt
IQHI IQHI

N= I -

I r =

compression ratio =

V1 8--1.40
g. ,
g.
V2

r= 9.5 note : r= ¥2
Pi 100 kPa

1-1=17-06 1-4=80011
'
V1 -600cm Imax --ts= ?
-

kung saannagendsioiltidunangtmax

③ ④ I

¥
MEP=wnet_
-

q= D= Wnet out All since V=k

-
-

" "
" " / QHI
¥ -1%1 -1-27=118.31414968-7-714.02 )K
Vmax Vmin QH WAT RCTs
HI
=

,I
- = =

9¥41
=\ -

Wnet
=
0.5936 (26,078-52) #
"
26,078-52 KT / knot
"

801 1-5-1968 I
Out
( %) Wnet 15,480.21115111mV
-
= =
=

%
1=0-5936 59 36% V2 For ii. ① →
②
¥
or - :

"

}
¥ -1¥) note : air
V2
MEP =

15,552.19 kpam
"""
KMOI 2.49×10-5 -718-01 KPA
knot 1-2=(171-273-15) 19 5) 714.02k
=
-

( -4¥)cm3×m_3
600
n=PI= 100hPa -600cm } xmˢ
1003cm }
RT 1003cm } = 2.49×10 Knot

8- 3141Pa 'm% (171-273.15)

14m01 'll
* Diesel Engine
↑
note : ↑ compression ratio efficiency
↳
Kaya ang
ko na
compression ratio

① ② isentropic compression
② ⑤ QH @ p=k

③ ④ isentropic expansion
④ ① Qc @ v=k

ri

1) /
¥ /
I " "
1- In
-

ri

Hrc -

re cut ratio
:

off
-

rc =
V3 / V2

expansion ratio
:
re

re = V3 / V4 =
V1 / V3

re =
I
rc

Ti 20°C
=
293.15K

Pi 90hPa

r= 15

1- 5- Tmax =
20004--2273.1511
? re ?
-

1W /
_
=

MEP =
?

ri
¥/
p=k
-11
2 3 1-
÷
n= "

Nrc -11
V1 =

V1
I} T2
For T2 :
n= IWI
to IQHI
¥ ¥
' 2
=
= 2273-15=2-62
, " "
, 866.02 "

/
I
1=1
¥) /
2.62
-

!
=
- =
" 5144
, ,

,, ,, , ,,, .

,
" " "

I =

(15 ) ; 1-2=866.0211 For alt : but @ P=k

293.15
QH=DH= Cp (1-3-1-2)

} /8-314,1%1,112273-15 -866.0271¢
=

For MEP :

MEP :
Wnet for V1 :

V1 V2 }
( 293.15K)
-
=

V, RI 8.314 11am 401946.08 KTIKMOI

=

Pi kmol.tl

k¥gÑ× 29,1m¥
=

811.0 / 90 kPa IN
=
0.5744140 946-0811 )
✓ ✗ knot
knot
V1
=
27.08 m3 / knot 29kg

4%08-1%1 -1¥ V2 V1 /r H= 811.01kt / kg

-
-

MEP 930.55 KPa

-
-
•

Dual combustion Engine

I 2
isentropic compression
2 3
Out @ V=K

3 4
Out @ P=k
4 5
isentropic compression
5 I

Qc@VkniwnetlWnetl-lQHiItlQHi1-lQcl QHitQHH.Br
ayton cycle
IQHI
I 2 isentropic compression
Boiler
2 3
2 3 QH P= K

wt 3 4
isentropic expansion
WC
4 I Qc P=k
1
Heat 4
exchanger

Hot

Additional Prob :

5 .
1=2
0%121-1 'C
IT
901 . 2%1 .

0°C 65.6 C
'

11-2504 bat : 0-947=0-2010

p= 4.5
kg
OMB :
I 1-1=2--4.5 ; 1--2=3-5 kg
Q PHP 01--14.5138) 11-80) -3.514071kg
( B¥g )
t tilt , t 1=211-2
=

I 1-055115--257.63
,Ygb_
-

✗ KJ

BM
Using Fig 2-31

32°F OF PHP
=

: 90% 0°C t F, Hp , t 1--211-1=2

=

Hp , ,

4) 1-80) 1-3-5140) 4.5

=

Hp ,
=
-8013M / lb Hp

0-1 21 / C
•

70°F 1201 ) Hp= 13.33 BTU /lb

Hpz
=
: . .

11-5-2
=

40 BM / lb 1- = 120°F -49°C

20% 65.6 C 150°F

-

Hp
=
:
,

3813M /lb
Ap :
 "
Correction to f) Kt ✗ 10 → ✗ 104
6. alpha
DV =
V2 -
V1

Ink
=

PCH
-

ti ) -

k( Pz -
Pi )
"

Ink Baits) KIP, Pi)

= -

"

4) In V1
= -

077×10%(1000-1)
7. 12

"

0-77×10 (1000-1) =
In 7- 12 V2 =
7-115 cclmol

Tz

liii ) In V1 = -4-15×10-6 (1000-1) V2 =

26.91 cclmol
27.02

Ing
=
109×10-6 (1000-1) V2 =
52.37 cc / not

58-4

"
7 . DH standard heat of reaction

1- 25°C
=

p= latm

AH " -2878 KJ / Mol

2400M¥ ( (411-10)
NC4Hl0= 1m01 600 molls
=
02 ✗

4m01 CO2

DH°= 2878 KI -1.73×106 KIA

600mg
✗ / =

MOI

8- Dlt =
DU t BPV

AU t Ang 2-3 lmol

=

AH DNGRT
= =
-

Dui AH
.

standard
Ang RT (
= _

DH°
=
-420-8 KI -

l -

1m11 ) (8-31411) ( 25 1-273-15 # ✗

MOXY 1000$
"
$1T -418 kt or KJ / MOI

4602 t 511-2011)
8 '
( 411-10
(g) t 1302cg) →

"
DH -2878 KJ / Mol

¥0 t
131202cg) →
4602cg) t 511-20 a) -2878

(411-1011) →

(4*9) 19 -2

44
11-204 ) →
Hzocv)

[ 411-10 t 1312 02cg) →

4102cg) 1-511-20 a) AH __
-2638-8 KJ / MOI