Book - 2-345-423

Copyright © 2012. Academic Publishing and Press, King Saud University. All rights reserved.
May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses
Overvoltage and Overcurrent Protection in Power System 34 5
Relay R2 R1
Type CO-8 CO-8
CT Ratio 500:5 500:5
Settings 1P:5, TDS:1 IP:5, TDS:0.5
a) Name the relay which must operate to clear this fault? Determine its time.
b) If the relay in a) fails, name the relay which must operate to clear this fault?
Determine its time.
References
Hileman, A.R. Insulation Coordinationfor Power Systems. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc.,
1999.
Golde, R.H. (Ed). Lightning, Vol. 1: Physics ofLightning; Vol. [1: Lightning Protection. London:
Academic Press, 1977.
Schonland, B.F.I. "Progressive Lightning, IV. The Discharge Mechanism." Proc. Ray Society,
Series A, 164 (1938), 132.
Abdel—Salam, M.; El—Morshedy, A.; Anis, H. and Radwan, M.R. High Voltage Engineering:
Theory and Practice. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc., 2000.
Malik, N.H.; Al—Arainy, AA. and Qureshi, M.I. Electrical Insulation in Power Systems. New
York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1997.
Qureshi, M.l.; A1-Arainy, AA. and Malik, N.1-l. "Performance of Protective Rod Gaps for
Medium Voltage Networks in the Presence of Dust Particles Under Lightning Impulses." IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, 14, No. 4 (October 1999), 131 1—1316.
Regaller, K. (Ed) Surges in High Voltage Network. New York, USA: Plenum Press, 1980.
High Voltage Technologies Ltd. Dimensioning and Application of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters in
Medium Voltage Networks. ABB Wettingen, Switzerland, 1994.
[9] EPRI UHV Book. Transmission Line Reference Book, 345 kV and above. California, USA: EPRI,
1982.
[10] Glover, J .D. and Sarma, M.S. Power System Analysis and Design. 3"d ed., Brooks/Cole, 2002.
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Arabic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 10/30/2019 2:42 AM via THE RESEARCH COUNCIL
AN: 1820919 ; Abdulrahman Ali Al-Arainy, Nazar Hussain Malik, Saad Mubarak Al-Ghuwainem.; Fundamentals of electrical power engineering
Account: ns240708
Copyright © 2012. Academic Publishing and Press, King Saud University. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses
Account: ns240708
APPENDIX
Basic Circuits
A brief review of basic concepts of AC circuits is presented here since such a

knowledge is a pre-requisite for understanding of the electric power systems.
A.1 Single phase circuit

Suppose we have a single phase AC sinusoidal voltage V of waveform, v =
x/Z V sin (oat + 6). This voltage has a peak value of x/Z V. Here, 0) is the angular
frequency (rad/s) and 6 is the phase angle of this voltage. The voltage has an rms or
effective value of V and frequency in Hz of f : oo/21t. The time period T of 1 cycle
. . 2 l .
of th1s voltage 1s T = _11: = — seconds. Th1s voltage can be expressed as rms phasor
(1)
voltage of V: V@.
When such a voltage is applied across a load, the load impedance Z and phasor
current I are related as Z = W]. For individual circuit elements such as resistance,
inductance and capacitor, the impedance values are given as follows, where j =
J: : 1 fl .
Z=R for a resistance of R (Q).
Z : jooL for an inductance of L (H).
Z = -j/(DC for a capacitance of C (F).
Thus generally, the complex impedance Z of an AC circuit can be expressed as Z :

Z @ where Z refers to magnitude of the impedance in ohms and (I) is the phase
angle of the impedance. Value of (I) depends upon circuit elements and lies in the
range of—90o S (1) S 90°.
Knowing the phasor voltage and impedance, one can easily calculate the
phasor current I.
Let V=VQ andZ=Z@.
347
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348 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering
Then V (A. l)
The sinusoidal variation with time of this current can be expressed as:
i= x/E%sin(wt+6—¢)=\/EISiD(®t+9—¢) (A2)
The complex power S supplied by the voltage source to this impedance is

given as:
S=VI*=(V@)(I/—6+¢=VI@ (A.3)
Hence, the complex power depends upon the rms values of voltage and current
as well as the phase angle of impedance. The real part of S is the average power P
dissipated in the impedance and is given as:
P : Real part of S : VI cos (I) (W) (A4)
The imaginary part of S is the reactive power Q supplied to the impedance and
is given as:
Q = Imaginary part of S = VI sin (I) (VAR) (A.5)
The total complex power S : P + jQ : VI @ (VA) (A.6)
The term cos (1) is known as the powerfactor of the load and its value is S 1. If
(I) is positive, power factor is said to be lagging which implies currents lagging the
voltage in the circuit. This is a behavior of an inductive circuit. If (1) is negative,
power factor is leading since current leads the voltage in this case which is typical
for a capacitive circuit.
For both positive and negative values of (I), the average power P is always
positive. However, when (1) is positive, or power factor is lagging, Q is said to be
positive whereas when (I) is negative, or power factor is leading, Q is said to be
negative. Since power systems have all basic circuit elements, both P and Q are
important and must be studied. P determines the useful power in any circuit,
whereas Q determines the charging power required for capacitors and cables, etc. or
the magnetizing power requirements of inductors, machines and transformers, etc.
Following examples illustrate the basic power calculations in a single phase AC
circuit.
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Appendix 349
Example A. I
Suppose a voltage V = «/2 X 120 sin (377 t + 30°) is applied to a single phase
load, and the resulting current is i = J2 X 10 sin (377 t— 30°).
(i) Find complex power S, average power P, reactive power Q and the circuit
power factor.
(ii) Find a simple series circuit which exhibits this behavior.
(iii) Find a simple parallel circuit that will exhibit this behavior.
Solution
(i) Using phasor notations
V: 120 E V
I: 10 fl A
S: V1*=(120 /3_0)(1o /3_0)=1200 fl VA

Complex power S = 1200 cos 60° +j 1200 sin 60° VA
S=600+j 1039 VA
Average power = P = 600 W
Reactive power = Q = 1039 VAR

1)
Power factor = ‘E‘ = cos (I) = 0.5 lagging since I lags V.
(ii) Z: X = 120/3—0 212/600 =6+j10.39Q

1 10/—30
Thus, the impedance will consist of 6 Q resistance in series with 10.39 Q
inductive reactance. Since 0) : 377 rad/s, the required inductance Will be : E
or 27.57 mH.
(iii) If a parallel combination is desired, it must have Z = 12 /60° Q. Thus,
admittance is Y = % = 0.0833 /— 60° S = 0.04167 —j 0.0722 S. Hence, the
parallel combination will have a resistance R and an inductive reactance XL
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3 50 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering
such that: R = 1 =24!) and XL = 1 213.869. This XL

0.04167 0.0722
corresponds to an inductance of 36.75 mH at 377 rad/s.
Example A.2
Repeat parts (ii) and (iii) of Example A.1 assuming that P = 600 W and Q =
1039 VAR are given.
Solution
(ii) For the series circuit, P represents power in R. Since
P=12R R=Ezflz6o
12 100
Moreover, Q is related to XL and
Q _ 1039.23
Q : 12XL XL : 1—2 210.399
(iii) For the parallel circuit configuration, P and Q are related to V, R and XL as:
2 2
:V_ R:V_=M=24 Q
R P 600
Q:_ XL=V—=
2
120X120=13.86§2
Q 1039.23
Example A.3
A load consists of R = 10 Q, XL = 10 Q, and XC = 20 Q, all connected in
parallel across a 100 V source. Find the complex power delivered to the load, the
load power factor as well as the total current drawn by the load.
Solution
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Appendix 35 1
Total P : 1000 W
Total Q = 1000 , 500 = 500 VAR
Total S =1000 +j 500 = 1118 /26.57° VA
Load power factor = cos 2657" = 0.894 lagging since Q is positive in case of
lagging power factor.
. P 1 .
Altematlvely power factor = E = % = 0.894 lagging
or, since S : Vf. Assume V as reference phasor
I
*
: E _M 211.18 126.570
v 100g
I = 11.18 /— 26.570 A. Thus current lags the voltage by 26.570 and therefore
power factor is equal to cos (26.57) : 0.894 lagging.
A.2. Three-phase circuits

In power systems, generally three-phase balanced voltages are generated by
the AC generators as discussed in Chapter 3. These voltages are induced in 3
windings of the AC generator. The voltages are: (i) sinusoidal voltages of the same
waveform, (ii) have the same rms voltage values, and (iii) have the same frequency.
However, different phases have a phase shift of 1200 to each other. Thus, the
voltages of phases a, b, c will be given by the following phasors when phase a is
considered as the reference phasor.
Va=V/0°, Vb=V/—1200, and Vc=V/1200
The above voltages have a phase sequence of a, b, c (or positive phase

sequence). If phase sequence is a, c, b (or negative phase sequence), then the phasor
voltages will become Va = V E, V], = V /120° , and Vc = V /—120° .
Three—phase windings can be connected into either star (Y) or delta (A)
configurations. Figure A.1 shows the connection arrangements for both of these
configurations. In a star configuration, one end of all three windings are joined
together to form the common or the neutral point 'n'. In a A configuration, neutral
point is not available.
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(a)
(b)
Fig. A.]. 3-phase generator connections (a) Y-connection; (b) A-connection.
In both types of connections, there are phase voltages, i.e. Va, V1,, V6 (or
voltages across each phase winding of the generator) and line voltages (or voltages
across two lines such as Va,n Vbc, V8”). The magnitude of such voltages is VL
whereas the magnitude of phase voltages is V.
For a Y—connected system, since Val, = Va — Vb = V E , V /—120° = «5 V

/30° . Thus, line voltage magnitude is «5 times the phase voltage magnitude or
vsfiv.
However, for A—connected system, VL = V as can be deduced from Fig. A.lb.
In a three—phase system, normally three equal impedances are connected in star

or delta configuration to form a balanced load. The transmission lines joining the
generators to loads generally also have similar impedances in each phase.
Account: ns240708
Appendix 3 53
Therefore, the system is generally balanced. Such a balanced system can be easily
analyzed by considering the circuit of one phase only as will be illustrated later in
this section. In such a balanced system, the three currents also exhibit 120o phase
shift and if phase a current is I/—¢ , currents in phases b and c are I/— (j)—120o and
I / — (I) + 120° , respectively for positive (or a, b, 0) phase sequence.
When the generator is connected in Y, the current I in each phase winding is

the same as current (IL) in each line of the generator. Thus, IL = 1. However, for a
A connected system, IL = J31 since in Fig. A.lb I“ = 1b,, —Im.. Iflba = I/—¢ , then
1,=1 /—¢ —1 /—¢—120 = 31/300.

In power systems, line voltages (VL) and line currents (IL) are usually
measured. Thus, it is useful to express the total 3—phase average power, P 34,, reactive
power, Q 3,1,, and complex power, S 34,, in terms of these line quantities.
In such a 3-phase balanced system, each phase has the same magnitude of
voltage, current and power factor. Thus, all phases have the same power. If one
phase has phasor voltage = V E and its impedance is Z /¢, then the phasor
current is 1 j where I = . The complex power per phase is then VI @- The
total 3-phase complex power is therefore,
53¢:3v1 /¢ :3v1cos¢+j3v1sin¢ VA
As discussed earlier, in a Y-connected system, V = V_L and I = IL. Similarly

6
in a A—connected system, V : VL and I : E
fl. Therefore, P3¢, Q34” and S34, can be
expressed as follows in terms of line and phase quantities:

P3¢=3V1cos¢= x/E VLILc0s¢ W

Q3¢=3Vlsin¢= J5 VLILsind) VAR
S3¢ZJ§VLILCOS¢+jJEVLIL81H¢ZJ§VLIL /(|) VA
In solving 3-phase circuits, it is useful to consider the generator as well as load

connected in star. It can be easily shown that in a balanced Y-connected system,
there is no current in the neutral wire since 13 + lb + IC = 0. Thus, the neutral wire
impedance needs not to be considered in the analysis of a balanced 3—phase circuit.
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If the load is A—connected, it can be easily converted to an equivalent Y—connected

load since three equal A-connected impedances of ZA each can be replaced with
. Z
three equal Y—connected impedances ZY each where ZY : TA .
Generators are usually not A—connected. However, if they are so connected, it

is possible to model such a delta connected generator with an equivalent Y-
connected generator. Therefore, any generator or load configuration can be easily
analyzed if the method of solving Y—connected generator and Y—connected load is
understood. The following examples illustrate these procedures.
Example A4
A 3—phase, Y—connected generator has balanced voltages such that Va = 120
/30° . It supplies a 3-phase balanced, Y-connected load with per phase impedance
of 8 + j6 Q. The impedance of line connecting the generator to the load is 0.1 + jl
Q per phase. Assuming a phase sequence of a,b,c, calculate:
(i) Currents in all phases.
(ii) Neutral current In.
(iii) Generator and load phase and line voltage magnitudes.
(iv) Power factor of the load.
(v) Total 3—phase active, reactive and complex powers of load.
(vi) Total 3—phase active, reactive and complex powers of line.
(v) Total 3—phase active, reactive and complex powers supplied by the generator.
Solution
(i) The circuit for phase a will be as shown in Fig. eA.3.
0.1+'1.0
120430062) 8+”
Fig. eA.3. Equivalent circuit for phase a.
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Appendix 355
TotalZ:0.l+j1+8+j6:8.l+j7210.7l /40.83O Q.
Thus, I“ —_ 120/30
—=ll.20 /—10.830 A
10.71 /40.83°
II, and IL. will be only shifted in phases by 1200 each and are:
1,, = 11.20 /—130.83° A
[C =11.20 /109.17° A
(ii) In=Ia+Ib +IC=0A

(iii) Generator phase voltage magnitude = 120 V
Generator line voltage magnitude = 120. \/— = 207.85 V
Phase a voltage across the load = 1., (8 +j6)=(1,,) (10 /36.87° )
:(ll.20 /—10.83°)(10 /36.87° ): 112.0 /26.04° V
Phase b and c voltages will be similar, except for the phase shifts.
Phase b load voltage = 112.0 /— 9396’ V
Phase 0 load voltage = 112.0 /146.04° V
Thus, the load phase voltage magnitude = 112 V
And the load line voltage magnitude = J3 X 112 = 194 V
(iv) Power factor of the load = cos (I) = cos 36.870 = 0.8 lagging
(v) Three-phase load power P3¢ = 73 VL IL cos (I) = (J3) (194) (11.2) (0.8) =
3010.6 W
Similarly, Q34) = fl vL 1L sin (1) = (fi) (194) (11.2) (0.6) = 2257.9 VAR
Thus, S3¢ = 3010.6 +j 2257.9 VA = 3763.2 /36.87 VA
(vi) Total 3-phase line losses = 3 (11.2)2 (0.1) = 37.63 W

Total 3-phase reactive power loss in line = 3(11.2)2 (1) = 376.32 VAR
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3 56 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering
Total 3-phase complex power loss in line = 37.63 +j 376.32 VA

(vii) Total 3-phase complex power supplied by generator must be equal to the load
power plus the line power. Thus, P34, supplied by the generated = 3010.6 +
37.63 = 3048.23 W
Q34) supplied by generator : 2257.9 + 376.32 : 2634.22 VAR
S34, supplied by generator = 3048.23 +j 2634.22 = 4029 /40.83 VA
It is important to note that the total complex power supplied by the generator is
also given as:
83¢ = 3 (120 /30° ) (11.2 /—10.830 )* = 4032 /40.83° VA
The small difference between the two values of S34, is due to rounding off
error. It is clear from this example that the conservation of active power as well as
the reactive power holds in AC systems.
Example A.5
If in the above example, the same generator and connecting lines are used.
However, the same impedances are connected in A instead of Y. What will be
complex power supplied by the generator in this case?
Solution
Using A—Y transformation, the per phase, Y—connected equivalent load
impedance will be:
2 1 . .
ZY=?A=§ (8+J6)=2.67+J2§2
Therefore, total Z per phase in the Y-connected circuit = 0.1 + j 1 + 2.67 + j 2

= 2.77 +j 3 : 4.08 /47.28° 9
Hence, ,, 120/30
,— — = 29.41 /—17.28° A
4.08 /47.28° —
The total three—phase complex power supplied by the generator will be:
$3.1, = 3(120 /30° ) (29.41 /17.28° )= 10588 /47.28° VA

: 7183 +j 7779 VA
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Appendix 3 57
It is obvious that the power supplied in this case is different from that of the
last example which signifies the effect of load connections. This example also
illustrates how a A-connected load with Y-connected generator can be analyzed. If,
however, we have a A-connected generator, we can convert it into an equivalent Y-
connected generator and use the above procedure to analyze the circuit as illustrated
in the next example.
Example A.6
Suppose that a A-connected generator has Vab = VL fl , and phase sequence
of a,b,c (i.e. Vbc = VL /—120° and Va, = VL /120°). Find an equivalent Y—
connected generator which has the same line voltages.
Solution
Let the voltages of Y—connected generator be V“, VI, and Vc. The two possible
connections of Fig. A.l are equivalent if they produce the same line voltages.
Assume that the Y—connected generator has voltages Va : x Q , V1, : x / 6 —120°
and V6 = x /—9+120° where x and 9 should be such that the line voltages in
equivalent Y—connected generator should be the same as those given in the A—
connected generator. From Fig. A.1a, it can be seen that
VuiVabiVb=0
XE -VL fl—x/G—IZOO =0
xfl-x/G—DOO =VLE
J3 x /e+30° =vL Q
Thus \/§ x=VL orx= i. Moreover, 6+30°=00r6=-30°
J?
Thus, if Val, = VL fl and we have a,b,c as the phase sequence, the equivalent
. V 0 V o
Y-connected generator Wlll have V" = —L /—30 , V,, = —L /—150 and Vc =
J3 fl
% /9OO . If, however, generator voltages have phase sequence of a, c, b, the
. . V o V
voltages of equivalent Y-connected generator Will be Va = —L / 30 , V], = TL
J? 3
/150° and V6 = fl /—90°.

,5
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A.3. Questions and problems

1. Define the following for AC circuits:
(0 Average power.
(ii) Reactive power.

(iii) Complex power.
(M Power factor.
(V) Phasor quantity.
(Vi) Impedance.
(a) A single phase load draws 5 MW at 0.7 lagging power factor from a
440—V line. Determine:
(i) The load current.
(ii) The load reactive power.
(iii) The load complex power.
(b) This load is represented with a series circuit of resistance RS and

reactance XS. Find the values of Rs and XS.
(C) The load in part (a) is represented with a parallel combination of

resistance Rp and reactance Xp, calculate values of Rp and Xp.
A single-phase generator has induced emf of 100 E V and its synchronous

reactance is j 1 Q. It supplies a load of 30 + j 40 Q at its terminals. Find:
(0 Load current;
(ii) Load complex power;

(iii) Load voltage;
(iV) Generator complex power.

A 3—phase, balanced Y—connected load has per phase impedance of Z : 100

/ 60° Q. The supply voltage is balanced with a phase sequence of a,b,c. If Val,
= 220 E V, find V1.6, Vw, Van, I“, Ib, IL. and total 3—phase complex power.
Repeat the above problem if phase sequence is a, c, b.

A 3-phase motor draws 200 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging from a 380-V
line supply. A parallel capacitor bank is installed to improve the load power
factor. If the capacitor bank supplies 50 kVAR, find the total power factor of
the system as well as the total current drawn by the system.
Account: ns240708
Appendix 3 59
A balanced Y—connected load having impedance per phase of 96 — j 28 Q is

connected in parallel with a balance A-connected load of 144 + j 42 Q per
phase. These two parallel loads are fed from a three—phase line having an
impedance of j 1.5 Q per phase. The line to neutral voltage at the Y—connected
load is 7500 V. Using this voltage as the reference phasor, calculate the
following:
(i) Magnitude of the phase current in Y—connected load.
(ii) Magnitude of the phase current in A—connected load.
(iii) Magnitude of the total current in the line feeding the load.
(iv) Magnitude of the line to line voltage at the sending end of the line.
(v) Average power per phase for the A—connected load.
(vi) Average power per phase at the line input.
A balanced 3—phase load absorbs 190.44 kVAR at a leading power factor of 0.8
when the line voltage at the load terminals is 13.8 kV. Find a Y-connected
equivalent circuit to model this load.
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Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the best answer for all multiple choice questions.
Chapter 1
1. Use of electricity is preferred due to its:
(a) safety and low cost.

(b) cleanliness and convenience of use.
(C) easy transport and control.
(d) b and c.
The main aim of a power system is to:
(a) generate, transfer and distribute electricity in economical and safe

manner.
(b) build generators, motors and transmission lines cheaply.
(C) a and b.
(d) none of these.
The main components of a power system are:
(a) electric power generating stations.

(b) transmission and distribution network.
(C) substations and circuit breakers.

((1) all of the above.
An electric power generator:
(21) converts mechanical energy into electric energy.

(b) converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
(C) converts electric energy into chemical energy.
(d) all of above.
361
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In an electric power system, a prime mover:
(a) drives an AC generator.

(b) drives a motor.
(C) none of these.
(d) a and b.
A transformer can:
(a) increase/decrease the voltage.

(b) increase/decrease the current.
(C) increase/decrease the power.
(d) a and b.
Electric power can be moved from generating station to load by:
(a) overhead transmission lines.

(b) underground cables.
(C) a and b.
(d) transformers.
Sub—transmission network has:
(a) longer length as compared to the transmission network.

(b) higher operating voltage as compared to the transmission network.
(C) a and b.
(d) none of these.
The consumer of an electric power system requires:
(a) DC voltage of constant magnitude which is safe.

(b) AC voltage of constant magnitude and frequency.
(C) AC voltage having a sinusoidal waveform.
(d) b and c.
10. A typical power system usually:
(a) has a small number of components.

(b) has a large number of components.
(C) covers a large geographical area.
(d) b and c only.
Account: ns240708
Multiple Choice Questions 363
ll. Modern power system studies require:
(a) large number of system data.

(b) complex computer programs and mathematical models
(c) all of above.
((1) none of these.
12. Power flow studies compute:
(a) voltage magnitude and phase angles at buses.

(b) power flowing through different lines.
(0) power loss in different lines.
13. A power system stability study investigates the:
(a) effect of line failure on the system performance.

(b) effect of load changes on the system performance.
(0) effect of generator failure on the system performance.
(d) all of these.
14. Short circuit studies are useful to:
(a) select transformer rating.

(b) select relay setting.
(0) select current breaker rating.
(d) b and c only.
15. Transient studies are used to determine transient overvoltages and currents in a
system due to:
(a) lightning strikes.

(b) on/off switching of lines, loads and generators.
(c) a and b.
(d) transformer failure.
16. An energy control center is required in a modern power system due to:
(a) very large number of components in a power system.

(b) easy control of a large system.
(0) easy control of generators.
(d) a and b.
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17. In a power system, SCADA mean:
(a) system control and data acquisition.

(b) supervisory control and data acquisition.
(C) system commissioning and data anlaysis.
(d) none of these.
18. In a power system AGC means:
(a) ac generator control.

(b) automatic gain control.
(C) automatic generator control.
(d) none of these.
19. On line computers are used in a power system for:
(a) knowing the present situation of a system's operation.

(b) finding the generator output parameters.
(C) finding the parts of system where any breakdown can cause serious
problems for the entire system.
Chapter 2
1. A generating station:
(a) has only generators and their control devices.

(b) has only transformers and their control devices.
(C) has both a and b along with other equipment.
(d) different stations have same equipment.
2. A transmission and distribution network has:
(a) transmission lines, cables and transformers.

(b) transmission lines, cables and generators.

(C) telemetry and data communication devices and system.
(d) a and c only.
3. Any transmission and distribution network must have:
(a) measuring and recording instruments and devices.

(b) overvoltage and overcurrent protection devices.
(C) transmission lines and cables.
(d) all of these.
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A substation must have:
(a) step—up or step—down transformer.

(b) generators.
(c) incoming and outgoing lines.
((1) only a and 0.
Single line diagram is used to:
(a) represent a power system using standard symbols for different

components.
(b) represent only complicated power system.
(c) draw the equivalent circuit of a power system.
((1) a and c only.
In a single line diagram, a circle is used to represent:
(a) a generator.
(b) a motor.
(c) any rotating machine.
((1) Step—up transformer.
Neutral point of a Y-connected generator or transformer can be connected to

earth:
(a) directly.
(b) through a resistor.
(c) through an inductor.
(d) any of the above.
In a single line diagram, an arrow is used to show a:
(a) static load.

(b) motor load.
(c) bus bar.

((1) none of these.
Electric power generation voltage is usually in the range of:
(a) 11— 36 kV.

(b) 117 110 kV.
(c) 11 , 765 kV.
(d) < 11 kV.
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10. Transmission voltage level in a modern and large power system is in the range
of:
(a) 11 , 110 kV.

(b) 11 7765 kV.
(C) 110—765 kV.
(d) 110V—765 kV.
11. Secondary distribution voltage is usually in the range of:
(a) 110 — 220 V (line-neutral).

(b) 110 — 220 V (line-line).
(C) 190 i 400 V (line-line).
(d) a and c.
12. Interconnection between different electric power systems:
(a) increases total required generation

(b) increases system reliability
(C) increases fuel cost
(d) a and b.
13 . The highest operating voltage for underground cables in Saudi Arabia is:
(a) 33 kV (b) 132 kV

(C) 380 kV (d) 500 kV
14. Primary distribution voltage is usually in the range:
(a) 220—380 kV
(b) 66—132 kV
(C) 6.6—36 kV
(d) 220-600 kV
15. The highest transmission voltage used in Saudi Arabia is:
(a) 220 kV
(b) 400 kV
(C) 765 kV
(d) 380 kV
Account: ns240708
16. In a modem power systems, tie lines usually operate:
(a) at transmission system voltage.

(b) at subtransmission system voltage.
(c) at primary distribution system voltage.
((1) at any voltage.
17. It is easy to control and protect an:
(a) isolated power system.

(b) an interconnected power system.
(0) both isolated and interconnected systems.
((1) none of these.
18. When the GCC power systems are interconnected, it will form a:
(a) regional grid.

(b) national grid.
(0) trans-national grid.
(d) none of these.
19. Interconnection of power systems generally allow:
(a) better use of power system components and resources.

(b) higher overall efficiency.
(0) easier operation and control of power system.
(d) a and b.
20. Two AC systems which operate at different frequencies:
(a) can be connected by an AC link.

(b) can be connected by an DC link.
(0) can be connected by both AC and DC links.
((1) can not be connected at all.
21. The main advantage of using a higher transmission voltage is to:
(a) reduce overall transmission line cost.

(b) reduce conductor power loss.
(0) reduce conductor cost.
((1) b and c.
Account: ns240708
22. Upon increasing the transmission voltage, the:
(a) line cost reduces.

(b) system loss cost reduces.
(c) transformer cost reduces.
(d) all of the above.
23. Optimum transmission line voltage is dictated by:
(a) safety considerations alone.

(b) line and equipment cost considerations.
(c) line efficiency considerations.
(d) overall line installation and operation cost considerations.
24. Transmission line conductor loss increases with:
(a) increasing load power.

(b) increasing load power factor.
(0) increasing conductor cross—sectional area.
((1) a and b.
Chapter 3
1. Major types of fuels used in Saudi Arabia for electric power generation are:
(a) coal, oil, natural gas.

(b) oil, natural gas, water.
(0) sunlight, oil, nuclear fuel.
(d) oil, natural gas, sunlight.
2. Renewable energy sources include:
(a) coal, sunlight, wind.

(b) wind, sunlight, water.
(c) biomass, oil, sunlight, wind.
((1) coal, nuclear, wind.
3. In Saudi Arabia, major types of generating plants are:
(a) thermal generating stations.

(b) hydro generating stations.
(0) nuclear generating stations.
((1) all of above.
Account: ns240708
Thermal generating stations use:
(a) steam turbines.

(b) gas turbine.
(c) steam and gas turbines.
(d) hydro turbines.
Nuclear power plants use:
(a) steam turbines.

(b) gas turbines.
(c) steam and gas turbines.
(d) hydro turbines.
Heat exchanger and cooling water are required in:
(a) steam turbine thermal power plant.

(b) gas turbine thermal power plant.
(C) hydro turbine thermal power plant.
(d) none of the above.
A combined cycle power plant:
(a) uses both steam and gas turbines.

(b) uses both gas and hydro turbines.
(0) uses both gas and wind turbines.
Nuclear power plants use:
(a) radioactive isotopes as fuel.

(b) coal and nuclear radiations as fuel.
(0) water and nuclear materials as fuel.
((1) carbon as fuel.
Nuclear power plants:
(a) have no safety issues.

(b) are cheaper to build and operate.
(0) use very large quantities of fuels.
Account: ns240708
10. Renewable power sources:
(a) are expected to be depleted in one century.

(b) are expected to be used more frequently in future.
(0) a and b.
((1) none of the above.
1 1. At present, renewable energy is used to supply:
(a) 50% of Saudi Arabia's demand.

(b) 5% of Saudi Arabia’s demand.
(0) less than 1% of Saudi Arabia's demand.
12. Photovoltaic cells have:
(a) low initial cost and low efficiency.

(b) high initial cost and low efficiency.
(0) high initial cost and low fuel cost.
(d) b and c.
13. In power systems, the main type of generator used is:
(a) 3-phase synchronous generator.

(b) 3-phase induction generator.
(0) 1—phase synchronous generator.
(d) DC generator.
14. A synchronous generator has:
(a) 3—phase AC windings and a DC winding.

(b) only 3—phase AC windings.
(c) a rotating DC winding.
((1) a and c.
15. The frequency of an ac generator:
(a) is directly proportional to its speed and number of poles.

(b) is inversely proportional to its speed and number of poles.
(c) is directly proportional to the speed and inversely proportional to the
number of poles.
Account: ns240708
Multiple Choice Questions 3 71
16. The shaft of a 2-pole, 60-Hz, AC generator must rotate at:
(a) 60 r.p.m.
(b) 120 r.p.m.
(c) 3600 r.p.m.
(d) 1800 r.p.m.
17. Cylindrical pole rotors are mainly used in:
(a) hydro and nuclear power plants.

(b) thermal power plants.
(0) wind power plants.
((1) all types of power plants.
18. Salient pole rotors are mainly used in:
(a) thermal power plants.

(b) hydro and wind power plants.
(0) nuclear power plants.
(d) all types of power plants.
19. The induced emf of an AC generator depends on:
(a) prime mover speed.

(b) field current.
(0) none of these.
(d) a and b.
20. The terminal voltage of an isolated AC generator depends upon:
(a) induced e.m.f.

(b) generator frequency.
(0) load current and load power factor.
((1) a and c.
21. Interconnected generators must have:
(a) same terminal voltage and same frequency.

(b) same induced e.m.f. and same frequency.
(0) same phase angle and same induced e.m.f.
Account: ns240708
22. An infinite bus is:
(a) a large power system with practically constant voltage at one bus.
(b) a power source with infinite power output.
(c) represented by an ideal voltage source.
((1) a and c.
23. In an interconnected system, the frequency of system voltage can be changed

by:
(a) adjustment of prime mover power.

(b) adjustment of field current.
(c) adjustment of power factor of load, keeping power constant.
24. The power factor of a generator connected to an infinite bus:
(a) is fixed.
(b) is controllable.
(0) depends on load power factor.
25. In a balanced power systems, current passing through the neutral wire is equal
to:
(a) line current.

(b) J3 X line current.
(c) zero.
((1) line current/ x/g .
26. In steady state, power systems are operated with power angle around:
(a) 10°
(b) 30°
(c) 70°
(d) 80°
Account: ns240708
27. A synchronous machine having E = 1.1 p.u. is feeding an infinite bus with a
terminal voltage of 1 p.u. If the transfer reactance is 0.5 p.u., the steady state
power flow limit is:
(a) 1.1 p.u.

(b) 0.55 p.u.
(c) 2.2 p.u.
(d) 2.6 p.u.
28. A synchronous generator can be operated:
(a) at lagging power factor.

(b) at leading power factor.
(c) at any power factor.
29. The active power output of an AC generator connected to an infinite bus can be
control by:
(a) prime mover governor.

(b) generator excitation.
(c) a and b.
(d) power of the load.
30. The reactive power output of an AC generator connected to an infinite bus can
be controlled by:
(a) prime mover governor.

(b) generator excitation.
(c) a and b.
((1) load power factor.
Chapter 4
l. The sending end real power of a long transmission line is:
(a) always less than the receiving end power of this line.
(b) always more than the receiving end power of this line.
(0) always equal to the receiving end power of this line.
((1) can be greater or less than the receiving end power depending on line
parameters.
Account: ns240708
2. In power systems, the term ACSR means:
(a) AC super resistance.

(b) AC static resistance.
(c) aluminum conductor steel reinforced.
((1) aluminum cable steel reinforced.
3. Bundled conductors have the advantage of:
(a) less cost.

(b) less inductance.
(c) less corona loss.
(d) b and a.
4. Resistance of overhead transmission lines increases with:
(a) frequency.
(b) temperature.
(c) resistivity of conductor.
(d) all of these.
5. Inductance of overhead transmission lines increases with:
(a) height above ground.

(b) distance between phases.
(c) conductor radius.
6. Capacitance of overhead transmission lines increases with:

(b) frequency.
(0) distance between phases.
((1) conductor radius.
7. Transposition of overhead transmission lines improves:
(a) voltage regulation.

(b) line efficiency.
(c) line balance.
(d) line losses.
Account: ns240708
For overhead transmission lines, the geometric mean radius (GMR) depends
on:
(a) distance between phases.

(b) conductor radius.
(c) both of these.
((1) height above ground.
For overhead transmission lines, the geometric mean distance (GMD) depends
on:

(0) distance between towers.
(d) all of these.
10. Skin effect in overhead transmission conductors tends to:
(a) decrease resistance.

(b) increase resistance.
(c) decrease capacitance.
(d) increase capacitance.
ll. Transposition of overhead lines is used to:
(a) balance the line load.

(b) balance the inductance.
(0) decrease the inductance.
((1) decrease the load.
12. Corona losses occur more in:
(a) high—voltage lines.

(b) medium-voltage lines.
(c) low-voltage lines.

(d) underground cables.
13. The main advantage of ACSR conductors is its:
(a) low resistance.

(b) high mechanical strength.
(0) light weight.
((1) low cost.
Account: ns240708
14. Bundled conductors have the advantage of:
(a) light weight.

(b) more cost.
(c) less inductance.
(d) more capacitance.
15. For over—head transmission lines, the geometric mean radius (GMR) depends
on:

(c) height above ground.
((1) none of these.
16. For overhead transmission lines, the geometric mean distance GMD depends
on:

(c) distance between towers.
(d) a and b.
17. Inductance of overhead transmission lines increases with:

(b) distance between phases.
((1) frequency.
18. Capacitive reactance of overhead transmission lines decreases with:
(a) frequency.
(b) line length.
((1) a and b.
19. The number of subconductors in each phase of EHV lines in Saudi Arabia is:
(a) 4 (b) 3 (C) 2 (d) 1

20. The spacing between subconductors of a bundle is approximately:
(a) 2 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 800 cm ((1) 100 cm
Account: ns240708
21. The overhead transmission lines generally use:
(a) copper conductor.

(b) all aluminium conductor.
(c) ACSR conductor.
22. The ratio of the diameters of an ACSR conductor and a copper conductor for
the same resistance per unit length is:
(a) equal to 1.
(b) greater than 1.
(0) less than 1.
(d) none of these.
23. For a stranded conductor, the ratio of (GMR) to actual radius is:
(a) equal to 1
(b) equal to 0.7788
(c) less than 0.7788
((1) none of these.
24. As frequency increases, the conductor resistance:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
(0) remains constant.
((1) can be any of the above.
25. The inductance of a line is less when:
(a) GMD is higher.

(b) GMR is higher.
(c) both GMD and GMR are higher.
26. As the line inductance increases, the transmission capacity:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
(0) remains the same.
((1) becomes zero.
Account: ns240708
27. As the conductor radius is increased, an appreciable decrease occurs in:
(a) line resistance.

(b) line inductance.
(0) line capacitance.
(d) a and b.
28. As the frequency is increased, the skin effect:
(a) decreases.
(b) increases.
(c) remains the same.
29. As the spacing between the phase conductors increases, the line resistance:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
(d) depends on inductance.
30. As the spacing between the phase conductors increases, the line inductance:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
(d) depends on frequency.
31. As the spacing between the phase conductors increases, the line capacitance:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
((1) changes with resistance.
32. The presence of ground causes the line capacitance to:
(a) increase by about 10%.

(b) decrease by about 10%.
(0) increase by about 0.2%.
(d) remain the same.
Account: ns240708
33. The DC resistance of a conductor is R. The resistance at 60 Hz frequency is

likely to be:
(a) R.
(b) 1.05 R.
(c) 1.2 R.
((1) none of these.
34. The increase in resistance due to non-uniform distribution of current in the

conductor is known as:
(a) proximity effect.

(b) skin effect.
(c) Ferranti effect.
((1) none of these.
35. For a line with conductor spacings of 6m, 6m and 12 rn, c is:
(a) 7.56 m.
(b) 10.23 m.
(c) 8.02 m.
((1) none of these.
36. For a single circuit 3-phase line, the inductance per phase per km is of the
order of:
(a) 1 mH.
(b) 10 mH.
(c) 0.2 mH.
(d) none of these.
37. For a single circuit 3—phase line the capacitance per phase per km is of the order
of:
(a) 0.01 uF.

(b) 0.05 uF.
(c) 0.001 uF.
((1) none of these.
38. For a 380—kV line, the spacing between phase conductors is around:
(a) 1 m.
(b) 8 m.
(c) 24 m.
(d) 50 m.
Account: ns240708
39. An increase in the temperature of line conductors results in an:
(a) increase in conductor length.

(b) increase in conductor tension.
(0) both of these.
((1) none of these.
40. The conductor of an EHV line is selected on the basis of:
(a) current carrying capacity.

(b) corona performance.
(c) line voltage.
((1) none of these.
Chapter 5
1. When series compensation is applied to a long transmission line:
(a) the line voltage drop increases.

(b) the line voltage drop decreases.
(c) the line maximum power flow is reduced.
(d) none of these.
2. Shunt compensation is applied to:
(a) long transmission lines to improve voltage under light load on the line.
(b) short transmission line to improve voltage under light load on the line.
(0) long transmission lines to improve voltage under heavy load on the line.
((1) short transmission line to improve voltage under heavy load on the line.
3. The value of transmission line efficiency is:
(a) greater than 100% at light loads and less than 100% at heavy loads.
(b) equal to 100% for short lines.
(0) less than 100% for all load conditions and line models.
(d) greater than 100% for long lines at light loads.
4. The real power flow on a transmission line having a sending end voltage
VS/ESs and a receiving end voltage VR/SR is principally controlled by
changing:
(a) 55 i 5R (b) 55 ‘l' 8R (C) Vs * VR (d) Vs + VR
Account: ns240708
Consider a transmission line with A, B and C constants as A/_Ot , B E , C / y ,

and sending end voltage VSE, and receiving end voltage VR/_0. The
maximum receiving end power flow on this line is calculated by:
Avg
PR max 2 %Sin (B—S)— sin (B—(l)
(a)
B
vv s
(>
b P R max : B
S B
R_ _ —R Sin (B — a
)
Avfi
13R max : %COS (B_5)— COS (B—(X)
(C)
B
Vs VR AV§
(d) PRmaX : C—TCOS (fl—a)
B
After using 30% series compensation with a line having a series inductive
reactance of "X" means that the line's effective series reactance becomes:
(a) 1.3X (b) 0.7X (c) 0.3X (d) X
The shunt reactor compensation is used to:
(a) reduce VR at no load.

(b) reduce VR at full load.
(c) increase VR at full load.
(d) increase V R at no load.
For nominal n-model of a transmission line, the constant B is given by:
(a) B=0
(b) B = 20+ YZ/Z)
(c) B = 1+ ZY/4
(d) B=2
For a long transmission line, the constant A is given by:
(a) A<l
(b) A>1
(c) A=l
(d) A=0
Account: ns240708
10. Series compensation in overhead lines tends to decrease:
(a) sending end real power.

(b) losses in the line.
(C) total shunt capacitance.
(d) total series inductive reactance.
ll. The maximum power flow through a transmission line can be increased by
installing:
(a) series capacitor.

(b) series reactor.
(C) shunt capacitor.
(d) shunt reactor.
12. When the load on a transmission line is equal to its surge impedance loading,
the receiving end voltage is:
(a) less than the sending end voltage.

(b) higher than the sending end voltage.
(C) approximately equal to the sending end voltage.
((1) constant irrespective of the value of the load.
13. In a long transmission tine under no load condition, the receiving end voltage is:
(a) less than the sending end voltage.

(b) higher than the sending end voltage.
(C) approximately equal to the sending end voltage.
((1) constant irrespective of the value of the load.
14. For reactive power compensation, shunt reactors are used:
(a) at light loads.

(b) at medium loads.
(C) at heavy loads.

(d) continuously.
15. F erranti effect means:
(a) the current at receiving end is lower than the current at sending end.
(b) the current at receiving end is higher than the current at sending end.
(C) the voltage at receiving end is lower than the voltage at sending end.
(d) the voltage at receiving end is higher than the voltage at sending end.
Account: ns240708
16. Assume the A-constant of a long transmission line is given by |Al /_0L then:
(a) W <1
(b) lAl>1
(C) W =1
(d) W =0
17. Assume the B-constant of a long transmission line is given by [B] / B then:
(a) |Bl < coL.

(b) |B| > 03L.
(0) B is negative.
18. Assume the C—constant of a long transmission line is given by |C| / X then:
(a) |Cl < 6°C

(b) |C| > 03C
(0) x is negative.
((1) a and c.
19. For a transmission line, maximum power is achieved when:
(a) VS is in-phase with VR

(b) VS lags VR by the angle ofB ([3)
(0) VS leads VR by 900
((1) VS leads VR by the angle of B (B)
20. If series compensation is applied to a long transmission line then:
(a) power—factor is improved.

(b) corona is reduced.
(0) maximum power is increased.

((1) voltage drop is increased.
21. For nominal n-model of a transmission line, the constant B is given by:
(a) B= 1
(b) B = 2(1+ YZ/4)
(c) B = 1+ZY/4
(d) B:Z
Account: ns240708
22. For a transmission line, the surge- impedance is given by:
L
(a) (b) J; (c) x/E (d) none of these.
C
23. At maximum—power operation of a transmission line:
(a) VS is lagging VR
(b) VS is leading VR
(c) VS is in—phase with VR
(d) Vs = VR
24. The effect of shunt compensation of a transmission line is to decrease:
(a) R (b) L (c) C ((1) both L & C

25. Reducing the magnitude of series impedance of a line, the maximum power
flow will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) not change.
((1) depend upon load power factor.
26. The real power flow in a transmission line having a sending end voltage VS / 55
and a receiving end voltage VR / 5R is mainly increased by:
(a) increasing (ESS — 5R).

(b) increasing (8S + Em).
(C) increasing (VS - VR).
((1) decreasing (VS — VR).
27. Using shunt reactor compensation, the voltage regulation will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) not change.
((1) depend upon generator regulation.
Account: ns240708
28. The transmission capacity of a line at 50 Hz frequency as compared to that at

60 Hz frequency is:
(a) 20% higher.

(b) 20% lower.
(0) the same.
((1) 50% higher.
29. As the length of a line increases, the charging current:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
((1) depend upon series compensation.
30. As the frequency is increased, the charging MVAR:
(a) decreases.
(b) increases.
((1) depend upon load power.
31. As compared to the sending end voltage, the receiving end voltage of a short
line under no load condition is:
(a) higher.
(b) lower.
(c) the same.
((1) much higher.
32. As compared to regulation at unity power factor, the regulation at 0.8 leading
power factor is:
(a) higher.
(b) lower.
(c) the same.
((1) much higher.
33. The regulation of a line at full load 0.8 power factor lagging is 11%. The
regulation at full load 0.8 power factor leading can be:
(a) about 20%.

(b) about 15%.
(0) about 3%.
((1) about —10%.
Account: ns240708
34. For a long line, the receiving end voltage under no load condition is:
(a) equal to sending end voltage.

(b) less than sending end voltage.
(0) more than sending end voltage.
((1) half the sending end voltage.
35. The shunt admittance of a line is y Siemens per unit length. The shunt
admittance for a length 6 Will be:
(a) W
(b) y12
(C) y/1
(d) yl/2
36. For a good voltage profile under load conditions, a long line needs:
(a) shunt capacitors at receiving end.

(b) shunt reactors at receiving end.
(0) shunt reactors at sending end.
37. For a good voltage profile under no load condition, a long line needs:
(a) shunt capacitors at receiving end.

(b) shunt reactors at receiving end.
(c) shunt resistance at receiving end.
(d) none of these.
38. The surge impedance loading for a single circuit 220 kV line is around:
(a) 120 MW
(b) 90 MW
(c) 220 MW
((1) 484 MW
39. The surge impedance of a single circuit high voltage line is of the order of:
(a) 400 o
(b) 300 Q
(c) 500 Q
(d) 200 Q
Account: ns240708
40. The surge impedance loading of a line is proportional to:
(a) V
(b) V
(c) N
(d) In V
41. Ferranti effect in transmission lines is due to the presence of:
(a) line inductance.

(b) line capacitance.
(0) line load.
((1) line resistance and capacitance.
42. The real power transfer over a line mainly depends on:
(a) power—angle.
0?) NJ - lVrl
(C) Vs
(d) Vr
43. The velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves on overhead lines is:
(a) 3 x 108 m/s

(b) 3 x 108 km/s
(c) 3 x 108 m/hour
44. A 25—km long overhead line has a surge impedance of 400 Q. For 100 km
length of such a line, the surge impedance will be:
(a) 100 Q
(b) 400 o
(c) 1600 Q
(d) 25 Q
45. The series compensation:
(a) increases stability limit.

(b) decreases stability limit.
(0) has no effect on stability limit.
(d) improves generator voltage regulation.
Account: ns240708
46. A synchronous generator is feeding an infinite bus through a line. At the middle
of the line a shunt capacitor is added. The stability limit will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) remain the same.
47. A synchronous generator is feeding an infinite bus. At the infinite bus a shunt
capacitor is added. The stability limit will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(0) remain the same.
48. A synchronous generator is feeding an infinite bus through a line. At the

generator bus a shunt capacitor is added. The stability limit will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
49. A suitable degree of series compensation is:
(a) 20%
(b) 50%
(c) 80%
(d) 10%
Chapter 6
l. The armor in an underground cable is used to:

(a) increase mechanical strength of the cable.

(b) protect the cable from external damage.
(0) increase the electrical strength of cable.
((1) a and b.
Account: ns240708
In a coaxial cable:
(a) the maximum electric stress is at the surface of the inner conductor.
(b) the maximum electric stress is at the surface of the outer conductor.
(C) the average electric stress depends on voltage and insulation thickness.
(d) a and c.
The insulation of a cable must have:
(a) high resistivity.

(b) low loss angle.
(C) low permittivity.
(d) all of these.
The maximum dielectric stress in a single core coaxial cable is decreased when
W62
(3) increase the insulation thickness.

(b) increase the voltage.
(C) use a dielectric with higher permittivity.
((1) a and c.
To decrease the cable charging current for a given cable, its:
(a) length should increase.

(b) voltage should increase.
(C) the insulation thickness should increase.
((1) a and b.
Increasing the length ofa cable will:

.0)
(a) increase its conductor resistance and inductance.

(b) reduce its insulation resistance and increase its capacitance.
(C) increase the cable losses.

(d) all of these.
Belted cables are:
(a) the same as coaxial cables.

(b) used in low voltage systems only.
(C) having every core screened.
(d) having only one common screen for all 3 cores.
Account: ns240708
8. To reduce the maximum electric stress on the insulation of a cable having a

given conductor size, its insulation thickness must:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) not change.
((1) conductor should be made less smooth.
9. Increasing the length of a cable will:
(a) increase its charging current and reduce its dielectric losses.
(b) reduce its charging current and increase its dielectric losses.
(0) reduce both its charging current and its dielectric losses.
(d) increase both its charging current and its dielectric losses.
10. A single core cable has a conductor radius of X cm. The insulation thickness is
also X cm. The insulation resistance for 1 km length of the cable is R. If the
insulation thickness is doubled, the new insulation resistance is:
(a) 2.72 R (b) 0.405 R (c) 2R ((1) none ofthese.
1 l. The insulation resistance for 1 km length of single core cable is R. If the cable
length is reduced to 500 m, the new insulation resistance will be:
(a) 2R (b) R (c) 0.5R (d) 4R

12. If Emax, Emm, Emid represent maximum, minimum and mid-point stress in cable
insulation, then:
(a) Emid > (Emax + Emmy2

(b) Emid < (Emax + Emmy?-
(C) Emid : (Emax + Emin)/2
((1) none of these.
13. An advantage of copper over aluminum in making underground cable

conductors is:
(a) less weight.

(b) more strength.
(0) easy to make joints.
((1) easy to put in trench.
Account: ns240708
14. The insulation resistance of a 2—km long cable is 150 M9. For a length of 20
km of the same cable the insulation resistance will be:
(a) 1500 M9
(b) 150 MS)
(C) 15 M9
(d) none of these.
15. The value of leakage current in the cable insulation depends on:
(a) the relative permittivity of the dielectric material.

(b) the outer radius of the conductor and the inner radius of the sheath.
(C) the resistivity of the conductor.
(d) a and b.
16. The maximum dielectric stress in a single core cable is increased by:
(a) decreasing insulation thickness.

(b) increasing operating voltage.
(C) using dielectric with lower permittivity.
(d) a and b.
17. In a power cable, maximum electric stress occurs at:
(a) center of conductor.

(b) center of insulation.
(C) surface of sheath.
((1) surface of conductor.
18. In a power cable, the insulation resistance:
(a) increases with cable length.

(b) decreases with cable length.
(C) independent of cable length.

(d) depends on relative permittivity.
19. The dielectric loss-factor of a cable insulation increases with:
(a) relative permittivity of insulation.

(b) tan 5.
(C) both of these.
((1) insulation resistance.
Account: ns240708
20. In a power cable, maximum electric stress of insulation:
(a) increases with conductor radius.

(b) decreases with conductor radius.
(0) independent of conductor radius.
((1) none of these.
21. Total dielectric losses in cable insulation is equal to:
(a) dielectric hystresis loss.

(b) loss due to leakage current flow through the insulation.
(c) a and b.
(d) capacitive reactive power.
22. As the outside diameter of cable increases, the dielectric stress at conductor
surface will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) not change.
23. Dielectric losses vary with:
(a) sequence of voltage.

(b) capacitances.
(0) both of the above.
24. The insulation resistance of the single core cable is increased as:
(a) the thickness of the insulation material is reduced with fixed conductor
diameter.
(b) the conductor diameter is increased with fixed cable diameter.
(c) the length of the cable is increased.
25. Consider a 3—phase, 43—kV, 3—core cable. For each core the conductor diameter
is 2 cm and the outer diameter is 5 cm. The maximum electric stress of the core
is:
(a) 13.5 kV/cm

(b) 27.1 kV/cm
(c) 46.9 kV/cm
Account: ns240708
26. The capacitance per unit length for the above cable when 8r : 3:
(a) 180 pF/m

(b) 60 pF/m
(c) 20 pF/m
(d) 180 uF/m
27. Cable ampacity (current carrying capacity) depends on:
(a) conductor cross section.

(b) thermal conductivity of soil around the cable.
(c) a and b.
((1) none of these.
28. Arrnoring is used in cable construction for:
(a) ground connection.

(b) mechanical protection.
(c) protection against water ingress.
(d) all of these.
29. Pulse method for cable fault location depends on:
(a) reflected signal time from fault point.

(b) light velocity.
(c) a and b.
30. Dielectric losses in cable is due to:
(a) power losses in conductor.

(b) hystresis loss in conductor.
(c) loss due to leakage current flow through the insulation.
((1) power losses in sheath.
31. New designs for dielectric material of cables use:
(a) XLPE.
(b) oil impregnated paper.
(0) porcelain.
(d) a and b.
Account: ns240708
32. The dielectric material of an insulated cable should have:
(a) good mechanical properties.

(b) high dielectric strength.
(0) low insulation resistance.
((1) a and b.
33. The dielectric loss—factor of a cable insulation increases with:
(a) insulation resistance.

(b) relative permittivity.
(0) tan 8.
(d) b and c.
34. When delivering the same power cost ratio of a 220—kV underground cable to
that of 220 kV overhead transmission is:
(a) 1 (b) > 1 (c) < 1 (d) >>l
35. The loss angle of a cable is 8. The power factor is:
(a) cos 5
(b) sin 8
(c) tan 8
(d) 1 — cos 8
36. To obtain the minimum value of stress in cable the R/r ratio should be:
(a) 2.13 (b) 2.718 (c) 1.96 (d) 1.1
37. In a cable the sheath radius is R and conductor radius is r. As r changes from
0.5 R to 0.25 R, the maximum voltage gradient in the dielectric:
(a) decreases by about 6%.

(b) increases by about 6%.
(0) increases by about 15%.
((1) decreases by about 15%.
(e) no change.
Account: ns240708
38. In a cable with the insulation permittivity 4, the velocity of propagation of

electromagnetic waves is:
(a) 3 x 108 rn/s

(b) 0.75 x 108 m/s
(c) 1.5 x 108 m/s
((1) 108 m/s
39. The surge impedance of a cable is about:
(a) 300 Q
(b) 50 Q
(c) 5 Q
(d) 2Q
Chapter 7
1. The guard ring is used in overhead insulator string to:
(a) to decrease the insulator capacitance.

(b) to decrease the number of insulators used in a string.
(0) to increase the capacitance between the conductor and the insulator cap—
pin junction.
((1) b and c.
2. The insulator string of a 380—kV transmission line is composed of 15 insulator

units. If the string efficiency is 70%, the biggest voltage applied to anyone of
the insulator units is:
(a) 25.33 kV (b) 14.63 kV

(c) 38 kV (d) 20.90 kV
3. The overhead transmission line insulators are made of:
(a) glass.
(b) polymers.
(0) porcelain.
Account: ns240708
The voltage distribution across insulator string can be improved by using:
(a) longer cross arm.

(b) guard ring.
(c) higher tower.
(d) a and b.
Flashover of an insulator is more likely to occur in:
(a) hot and windy weather.

(b) rainy and dusty weather.
(c) cold, dry and windy weather.
The insulator string of a 132-kV transmission line is composed of 10 insulating

units. If the string efficiency is 60%, the biggest voltage applied to anyone of
the insulator units is:
(a) 12.7 kV (b) 13.2 IN

(C) 22 kV (d) 132 kV
The string efficiency for a line insulator is 60%. After adding a guard ring, the
string efficiency "11" will be:
(a) n < 60% (b) n = 60 %

(c) 60% < n s 100% (d) n > 100%
The results of applying 3 tests to an insulator unit are dry flashover voltage is
Vd, wet flashover voltage is VW and puncture (breakdown) voltage is Vp. The
correct relation among these values is:
(a) vp < vw < vd (b) vp > vw > vd

(c) vp < vd < vw (d) vp > vd > vw
A suspension insulator is composed of 8 identical units each rated 15 kV with a

unit capacitance C. The units are replaced by new 8 units rated 20 kV each and
having the same unit capacitance C. If tower and cross—arm are kept the same,
the new string efficiency will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(0) remain the same.
(d) be 100%.
Account: ns240708
11. Insulator pollution flashover is a serious problem in areas where:
(a) there is a lot of pollution and weather is dry.

(b) there is a lot of pollution as well as humidity.
(c) desert areas near a sea.
((1) b and c.
12. Porosity test of overhead insulators is performed to determine:
(a) thermal strength.

(b) air cavities in insulator.
(0) water content.
(d) mechanical strength.
13. Pin insulators can be used for overhead lines having voltages up to:
(a) 33 kV
(b) 220 kV
(c) 380 kV
(d) 675 kV
14. If the cross arm of the tower are made longer, the insulator string efficiency:
(a) increases.
(b) decreases.
(d) is 100%.
15. The wet flashover voltage at power frequency as compared to the dry flashover
voltage:
(a) is always higher.

(b) is always lower.

(0) is always the same.
(d) depends on the material of the insulator.
16. The wavy structure of a line insulator increases its:
(a) puncture strength.

(b) flashover voltage.
(c) creepage length.
(d) a and b.
Account: ns240708
17. The puncture voltage of insulator must be:
(a) greater than the dry flashover voltage.

(b) greater than the wet flashover voltage.
(c) greater than the polluted flashover voltage.
((1) all of these.
18. A string of insulators for a 380-kV line is composed or 15 units. The voltage on
the unit near to the cross arm is 1.23 kV while the voltage on the unit near to
conductor is 59.48 kV. The per unit efficiency of the string is:
(a) 0.246
(b) 0.426
(c) 1 1.9
(d) none of these.
19. The pollution of the insulator surface will:
(a) reduce the puncture voltage.

(b) increase the puncture voltage.
(c) reduce the flashover voltage.
((1) a and c.
20. Pin-type insulators are used for:
(a) high voltage transmission lines.

(b) distribution over—head lines.
(c) power cables.
(d) none of these.
21. The efficiency of a string of insulators increases with:
(a) self capacitance of each unit.

(b) capacitance between each unit and tower.

(c) number of insulator units within the string.
((1) a and b.
22. To prevent flashover of insulators, they are regularly:
(a) replaced by new ones.

(b) cleaned with air.
(c) cleaned with water.
((1) covered with oil.
Account: ns240708
23. The insulator string efficiency is less than one due to the existence of:
(a) arcing horns.

(b) capacitance between cap/pin junction and grounded tower.
(C) capacitance across the insulator.
((1) none of these.
24. The impulse ratio for the insulator is:
(a) >1 (b) = 1 (0) <1 ((1) can have any value.
25. The flashover test is done for insulator to make sure that its value is:
(a) less than puncture voltage.

(b) more than nominal system voltage.
(c) a and b.
(d) not too high.
26. The function of a guard ring is to:
(a) deflect flashover are away from the insulator surface.

(b) improve the voltage distribution on insulator string.
(c) both of the above.
(d) to make string efficiency equal to 100%.
27. The data obtained from testing an insulator are: impulse flashover voltage = 50
kV, power frequency flashover voltage = 40 kV, puncture voltage = 70 kV.
The impulse ratio for this insulator is:
(a) 0.8 (b) 1.25 (c) 0.71 (d) 1.75
28. The 11—kV lines use:
(a) pin insulators.

(b) suspension insulators.

(c) both pin and suspension insulators.
(d) post insulators.
29. In actual practice the string efficiency is improved by using:
(a) capacitance grading.

(b) grading ring.
(c) discs of different sizes.
((1) all of above.
Account: ns240708
30. As compared to power frequency dry flashover voltage, the power frequency
wet flashover voltage of an insulator is:
(a) higher.
(b) lower.
(c) the same.
((1) only 5 kV.
3 1. Polymeric insulators must have:
(a) strong core.

(b) suitable weather sheds.
(c) sealed end fillings.
32. Sheds of polymeric insulators are made from:
(a) epoxy.
(b) silicon rubber.
(c) XLPE.
(d) a and b.
33. An insulator is permanently damaged if it has:
(a) flashover.
(b) puncture.
(0) crack in it.
((1) b and c.
34. Dry lightning impulse withstand test is:
(a) a routine test.

(b) a type test.
(c) a sample test.

(d) not done for insulators.
35. In polluted environment we need:
(a) to use larger total insulator creepage length.

(b) to wash insulator periodically.
(c) no special care for insulator design.
((1) a and b.
Account: ns240708
36. A polluted insulator under wet weather is modeled as:
(a) a capacitance only.

(b) a resistance only.
(c) a parallel R-C circuit.
Chapter 8
1. For steady state analysis, a synchronous generator is modeled as:
(a) a voltage source in series with synchronous reactance.

(b) a voltage source in series with transient reactance.
(c) a voltage source in series with subtransient reactance.
(d) all of above.
2. A transformer can step-up or step-down the:
(a) voltage.
(b) current.
(0) power.
(d) a and b only.
3. The flux linking with primary and secondary windings of an ideal transformer:
(a) is same.
(b) is different.
(c) has no relation.
((1) is zero.
4. An ideal transformer has:
(a) no losses and no voltage drop.

(b) no reactance and no resistance.

(c) no magnetizing current.
5. A single phase ideal transformer is loaded such that it takes 5 kVA at 1 kV. It
has a turns ratio N1 /N2 = 10. Its output current is:
(a) 5 A.
(b) 50 A.
(c) 0.5 A.
(d) 10 A.
Account: ns240708
For the transformer of question 5, the output voltage is:
(a) 1 kV.
(b) 0.1 kV.
(c) 10 kV.
((1) none of these.
For the transformer of question 5, the load impedance is:
(a) 10 k9.
(b) 20 kg).
(0) 200 Q.
((1) none of these.
For the transformer of question 5, the input impedance of transformer after the
load is connected is:
(a) 20 k9.
(b) 2 Q.
(c) 5 k9.
(d) 1 k9.
A practical transformer has:
(a) winding resistances.

(b) leakage flux linkages.
(C) magnetizing current.
10. A single phase transformer is rated 100 V/400 V. Its total winding resistance
and leakage reactance measured on the low voltage winding are IQ and 49,
respectively. The winding resistance referred to the high voltage winding will
be:
(a) 4 Q.
(b) 2.5 (2.
(c) 1 Q.
(d) 16 Q.
Account: ns240708
11. For the transformer of question 10, the leakage reactance referred to the high
voltage winding will be:
(a) 4 Q.
(b) 2.5 o.
(c) 64 Q.
(d) 16 Q.
12. As compared to 3—single phase transformers, a three—phase transformer will
require:
(a) less iron to form core.

(b) more iron to form core.
(0) less copper to form windings.
(d) more copper to form windings.
13. Three identical single phase transformers having N1/N2 = 10 are used to form a
single, three-phase bank. The primary windings of this bank are connected in
Y whereas the secondary windings are connected in A. The ideal transformer
used in the equivalent current of this system will have a turns ratio of:
(a) 10:1.
(b) 1:10.
(c) fixioa.
(d) 10:\/§.
14. Assume the transformer of question 13 is connected as a A—Y unit. Then the
ideal transformer used in the equivalent circuit will have a turns ratio of:
(a) 10:1.
(b) 1:10.
(c) 6x104.
(d) 10: \5.
15. There is a 300 phase shift between the primary and secondary voltages of a:
(a) Y—Y transformer.

(b) A-A transformer.
(c) Y-A or A-Y transformer.
(d) any type of transformer.
Account: ns240708
16. Transmission lines and cables are often represented by:
(a) n-model.
(b) ¢-model.
(c) Z—model.
(d) Y-model.
17. Bus bar has:
(a) infinite series impedance.

(b) zero series impedance.
(c) infinite shunt admittance.
(d) b and c.
18. A switch when in open condition has:
(a) zero impedance.

(b) infinite impedance.
(0) zero shunt admittance.
(d) b and c.
19. An impedance diagram contains:
(a) voltage sources and resistances only.

(b) voltage sources and reactances only.
(c) voltage sources and both resistances and reactances.
20. A reactance diagram contains:
(a) voltage sources and resistances only.

(b) voltage sources and reactances only.
(c) voltage sources and both resistances and reactances.
21. A three-phase, Y-connected load takes 20 MVA, at 13.8 kV (line) and power
factor of 0.8 lagging. The per phase load current is:
(a) 836.7 A.
(b) 1045.9 A.
(c) 1449.3 A.
(d) 1811.6 A.
Account: ns240708
22. For the load of question 21, the line to neutral load voltage is:
(a) 13.8 kV.

(b) 20 kV.
(c) 7.97 kV.
((1) none of these.
23. For the load of question 21, the reactive power is:
(a) 10 MVAR.
(b) 20 MVAR.
(c) 12 MVAR.
(d) 6.93 MVAR.
24. For the load of question 21, the per phase load impedance has a value of:
(a) 9.52 /—36.87°Q.

(b) 9.52 /36.87°Q.
(c) 10 /45°Q.
((1) none of these.
Chapter 9
1. In per-unit conversion, if the MVA base is doubled while keeping the same kV
base, the new per—unit impedance is:
(a) halved.
(b) doubled.
(c) multiplied by 4.
((1) divided by 4.
In per-unit conversion, if the kV base is doubled, while keeping the kVA base
the same, the new per-unit impedance is:
(a) doubled.
(b) halved.
(c) multiplied by 4.
((1) divided by 4.
Account: ns240708
3. In per-unit conversion, the transformer impedance in per-unit is:
(a) different on both sides.

(b) same on both sides.
(0) depends on turns ratio.
((1) depends on winding connections.
4. The per—unit voltage at different buses in the power system is usually:
(a) less than 1.0.

(b) more than 1.0.
(0) close to 1.0.
(d) can have any value.
5. Assume the reactance of a 50—MVA, 13.8—kV generator is 10%, then the actual
reactance is:
(a) 3.81 ohms.

(b) 0.262 ohms.
(c) 0.381 ohms.
((1) none of these.
6. In per—unit conversion, the transformer line current in per—unit is:
(a) different on both sides.

(b) same on both sides.
(c) depends on transformer connections.
((1) depends on turns ratio.
7. The per unit impedance of a line, to a 50-MVA, 132-kV base is 0.4. The per
unit impedance to a 100 MVA, 132 kV base will be:
(a) 0.2.
(b) 0.4.
(c) 0.8.
(d) 1.0.
8. An equipment has a per unit impedance of 0.9 p.u. on a base of 20 MVA, 33

kV. The per unit impedance to the base of 20 MVA, 11 kV base will be:
(a) 0.9.
(b) 2.7.
(c) 0.3.
(d) 8.1.
Account: ns240708
On a base of 20 MVA, 33 kV, an impedance 0f2 p.u. is equal to:
(a) 54.45 Q.
(b) 108.9 Q.
(c) 12.12 (2.
(d) 24.24 (2.
10. A three—phase transformer bank is made using three similar single phase units
each rated at 10 MVA, 10 kV / 220 kV. The 3—phase transformer is connected
in A-Y. If base voltage on the low voltage side is selected as 11 kV, the base
voltage on high voltage side will be:
(a) 110 kV.

(b) 381.1 kV.
(c) 419.16 kV.
((1) 139.72 kV.
11. A line is carrying a current of 102.6 A. On a base of 10 MVA, 130 kV, the p.u.
line current is:
(a) 3.31 p.u.

(b) 2.31 p.u.
(c) 2.5 p.u.
(d) 2 p.u.
12. A three-phase generator is rated as 21 MVA, 11 kV, with X = 10%. The

reactance of this generator in ohms is:
(a) 1.92 Q.
(b) 5.76 o.
(c) 0.192 9.
(d) 0.576 Q.
13. A transformer is rated as 35 MVA, 220 Y / 13.8 kVA, X = 10%. Its reactance
is:
(a) 0.1 p.u. on both windings.

(b) 138.3 Q on the high voltage winding and 0.544 Q on low voltage
winding.
(c) 0.544 Q on the high voltage winding and 138.3 Q on low voltage
winding.
(d) a and b only.
Account: ns240708
14. When calculations are made in p.u. an ideal transformer has:
(a) turns ratio ol/NZ : 1.

(b) turns ratio of 1:1.
(0) turns ratio of ll/Ng.
15. The p.u. impedance of a transformer is supplied by the manufacturer based on:
(a) the transformer's own rating.

(b) the base values chosen by the user.
(c) the base values chosen by the manufacturer.
((1) a and c.
16. The p.u. impedances of the same type of equipment of differing MVA ratings is:
(a) close to each other.

(b) the same.
(c) proportional to the MVA rating.
((1) inversely proportional to the MVA rating.
17. The p.u. impedance of 3-phase transformers change with:
(a) voltage rating.

(b) primary winding connections.
(c) secondary winding connections.
((1) none of these.
18. For power transformers, the p.u. impedance generally:
(a) increases with voltage rating.

(b) decreases with voltage rating.
(0) does not depend on voltage rating.
19. For synchronous generators, generally the:
(a) subtransient reactance has the highest p.u. value.

(b) transient reactance has the highest p.u. value.
(c) synchronous reactance has the highest p.u. value.
((1) transient and synchronous reactances are the same.
Account: ns240708
Chapter 10
1. Primary distribution voltage is usually in the range of:
(a) 220-380 kV.

(b) 66—132 kV.
(c) 6.6—36 kV.
(Cl) 220—600 kV.
2. A distribution substation contains:
(a) step—up transformers.

(b) step—down transformers.
(c) generators.
(d) all of these.
3. A distribution system has:
(a) EHV lines.

(b) low voltage feeders.
(c) generators.
(d) prime movers.
4. In the Kingdom, the lowest distribution voltage is:
(a) 220 V/127 v.

(b) 208 V/120 v.
(c) 127 V/ 73 v.
(d) 220V/110v.
5. In distribution systems, the allowable percentage voltage regulation is:
(a) 2%.
(b) 5%.
(c) 10%.
(d) 15%.
6. The ring distribution system, when compared to radial system, has:
(a) lower voltage drop.

(b) lower cost.
(c) lower reliability.
Account: ns240708
7. In distribution systems, the demand factor (DF) is defined as:
(a) demand power factor.

(b) ratio of average demand to maximum demand.
(0) ratio of maximum demand to total connected load.
((1) ratio of average demand to maximum connected load.
8. In distribution systems, the load factor (LF) is defined as:
(a) load power factor.

(b) ratio of peak load to average load.
(c) ratio of average load to peak load.
((1) none of these.
9. In distribution systems, the load management is defined as:
(a) increasing average load.

(b) reducing average load.
(c) reducing peak load.
((1) managing load voltage.
10. In distribution systems, load shedding means:
(a) making load more efficient.

(b) load connection.
(0) load disconnection.
(d) improving load power factor.
11. As compared to radial system, the ring distribution system has:
(a) lower voltage drop.

(b) higher cost.
(d) a and b.
12. The voltage drop in a radial feeder depends upon:
(a) load current.

(b) feeder cross-sectional area.
(0) load power factor.
Account: ns240708
13. Compared to a radial type distribution system, a loop type distribution system
has:
(a) less cost.

(b) more reliability.
(0) both of these.
((1) none of these.
14. A distribution substation contains:
(a) a step—up transformer, bus bar and a circuit breaker.

(b) a step—down transformer, bus bar and circuit breaker.
(c) incoming and outgoing feeders.
(d) b and c.
15. The ring distribution system, when compared to radial system, has:
(a) more voltage drop.

(b) lower cost.
((1) none of these.
16. A single phase underground cable has rated voltage Vr, a total conductor
resistance of R, and a total series reactance of X. The cable supplies a load
current of I at a power factor of cos d) leading. Its voltage drop can be
approximated by:
(a) Vr -(1 R cos d) +1X sin CID)

(b) IRcos<D+IXsinCD
(c) Vr -(l R cos (I) -I X sin G?)
(d) cos(D-1Xsin(1)
17. Electric power distribution networks are:

(a) always radial.

(b) never radial.
(c) usually contain loops.
((1) never contain loops.
Account: ns240708
18. Consider a 1500-m, 2-core, single-phase feeder having a series resistance of

0.1Q/km/core and a series reactance of O.IQ/km/core. The feeder is supplying
a load current of I at 0.8 lagging power factor. The voltage drop is
approximately:
(a) 0.06 l
(b) 0.21 I
(c) 0.14 l
((1) none of these.
20. In power distribution systems, a substation is more likely to contain:
(a) generators.
(b) transformers.
(c) motors.
(d) all of these.
21. The advantage of using radial distribution system is that:
(a) it is more simple.

(b) it is more economic.
(c) it is more reliable.
(d) a and b.
22. The purpose of using ring distribution systems is to:
(a) reduce voltage drop.

(b) reduce cost.
(0) improve service continuity.
(d) a and c.
23. The factors affecting the voltage drop in short line are:
(a) line current.

(b) load power factor.
(c) line impedance.

Chapter 11
1. Grounding resistance is high when the soil:
(a) is sandy.
(b) is wet.
(c) is dry.
(d) a and c.
Account: ns240708
Ground resistance of a rod electrode can be reduced by:
(a) increasing electrode surface area.

(b) increasing number of electrodes.
(c) adding chemicals to soil next to electrodes.
((1) all of these.
Danger of electric shock to human body depends on:
(a) voltage touched.

(b) body resistance.
(c) path of current through the body.
(d) all of these.
If p is earth resistivity, then the ground resistance of a half-sphere electrode

with radius r is given by:
(a) p/TC r (b) 27: r p (C) 13/27: r (d) p/ZTC r2
The grounding resistance of a buried electrode is a function of:
(a) soil resistivity.

(b) electrode shape and dimensions.
(c) depth of electrode.
((1) a and b.
The soil resistivity depends on:
(a) soil type.

(b) electrode shape and dimensions.
(c) moisture.
(d) a and c.
The grounding resistance of a cylindrical electrode of radius r] buried in a soil

with resistivity pS is equal to:
(a) (275 I.1)/ps
(1)) (2R ps)r1

(C) ps / (275 I‘1)
Account: ns240708
Using multi-electrode grounding system composed of N plates equally spaced

by a distance less than the effective resistance area, if the grounding resistance
of one plate is R, then the equivalent grounding resistance RN is:
(a) R<RN<R/N
(b) RN:R/N
(C) R>RN>R/N
(d) RN=NR
The effect of the diameter of rod electrode on its grounding resistance is:
(a) minor.
(b) significant.
(C) the most important.
((1) no effect.
10. The advantage of using copper instead of iron in grounding electrodes is to:
(a) decreasing grounding resistance.

(b) have more resistance to corrosion.
(C) it can carry less current.
(d) none of these.
11. The foot to foot equivalent resistance for a body having a resistance of Rb and a
ground having a resistivity of pS is:
(a) 3pS
(b) Rb‘l’ljps
(C) Rb+3ps
(d) Rb+6ps
12. When measuring the grounding resistance using fall-of—potential method the
condition for obtaining correct reading for the grounding resistance is:
(a) the current rod must be outside the effective resistance area of the tested
electrode.
(b) the potential probe must be outside the effective resistance area of the
tested electrode.
(c) a and b.
((1) none of these.
Account: ns240708
13. If s = withstand (tolerabl(e) step potential and VSW = withstand step

potential, then normally:
(a) s : Vtw
(b) s > Vtw
(C) s < Vtw

(d) VSW ~ 0 if no shoes are worn.
14. The minimum body current leading to possible ventricular fibrillation is:
(a) 15 mA
(b) 30 mA
(c) 0.116x/TA
(d) 0.116/x/TA
15. When increasing the length of rod electrode, its grounding resistance will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(c) no change.
((1) be 10 Q.
16. The objectives of system and equipment grounding are to:
(b) improve quality of operation.

(a) provide safety of personnel.
(0) provide equipment protection.
17. The equivalent resistance for a body during touch voltage (body resistance = Rb
& resistivity of soil = ps ) is:
(a) 3 ps
(b) Rb +1-5 pg
(C) Rb + 3 133
(d) Rb + 6 ps
18. The grounding resistance of a plate electrode can be decreased by:
(a) increasing thickness of plate.

(b) increasing area of plate.
(0) adding chemicals near to plate.
((1) adding water to soil.
(e) all of the above.
Account: ns240708
19. The resistance of the human body is approximately equal to:
(a) 1kg
(b) 10 m
(c) 100 kg
((1) 1000 kg
20. Ground resistivity can be measured using:
(a) two points method.

(b) four points method.
(0) either of the above.
21. Ground resistance can be measured using:
(a) four points method.

(b) two points method.
(c) fall of potential method.
((1) a or b.
22. The foot to ground resistance Rg is equal to resistance:
(a) P3
(b) 2P5
(0) 133/2
(01) 271135
23. Tolerable touch voltage depends on:
(a) current value going through the body.

(b) duration of the above current.
(c) a and b.
(d) none of these.
24. Step potential will be high:
(a) if the ground resistivityy is low.

(b) if the short circuit current is high.
(0) a and b.
(d) if person is sitting.
Account: ns240708
25. The total ground resistance (RP) of two identical parallel rods each having a
resistance RS is:
m) Rp=RJ2
w) RP<RJ2
@) RP>R42
m) Rp=Ry
26. In the fall of potential method, we need:
(a) 3 rods.
(b) 2 rods.
(0) 4 rods.
((1) 1 rod.
27. For substation the grounding resistance should be:
@) >309.
m) <1oo.
@) <59.
m)=:moo.
28. The ground wires used to protect the transmission lines from lightning are
placed:
(a) parallel with transmission line conductors at the same height.

(b) on the top of transmission line conductors.
(c) under the transmission line conductors.
(d) none of these.
Chapter 12
1. Fault clearing in power system may lead to:

(a) temporary overvoltage.

(b) surge overvoltages.
(c) harmonics in the system.
(d) b and 0.
2. Rod gaps are used for overvoltage protection since they are:
(a) cheap.
(b) simple and reliable.
(c) a and b.
Account: ns240708
The main disadvantage of a rod gap when used for overvoltage protection is:
(a) its slow operation.

(b) that it make short circuit in the system.
(c) a and b.
(d) it needs no breaker opening.
Insulation coordination deals with the Choice of:
(a) high voltage protection devices.

(b) high current protection devices.
(c) high power protection devices.
((1) b and 0.
Switching surges are originated:
(a) in a power system.

(b) outside the power system.
(c) either of the above.
((1) in clouds.
Switching surges are important for power system when the system's nominal
voltage is:
(a) < 200 kV.

(b) > 300 kV.
(c) < 100 kV.
(d) < 1 kV.
The average cloud high above the ground is between:
(a) 0.1 — 2 km.

(b) 0.2 — 1 km.
(c) 0.5 i 10 km.

(d) 10 — 20 km.
The front time of typical switching impulses is:
(a) tens of us.

(b) hundreds of us.
(c) thousands of us.
(d) seconds.
Account: ns240708
The fall time of a standard lightning impulse is:
(a) 50 i 20% us.

(b) 100 :r 10% us.
(0) 1.2 i 30% us.
(01) 2500 i 30% us.
10. For medium and high voltage lines, the most important surge overvoltages are
caused by:
(a) lightning.
(b) switching.
(c) a and b.
((1) none of these.
11. The font time of a standard lightning impulse is:
(a) 5 us.
(b) 50 us.
(0) 1.2 us.
((1) 250 us.
12. Switching surges can be generated due to:
(a) current chopping 0f inductive loads.

(b) switching on resistive loads.
(0) switching on capacitive loads.
((1) a and c.
13. To avoid high voltage transients during the line energization:
(a) use step energization.

(b) use preinsertion resistors with the circuit breaker.
(c) either a or b.
((1) none of these.
14. Temporary overvoltages last for:
(a) few minutes.

(b) few seconds.
(c) few milli—seconds.
(d) few days.
Account: ns240708
15. To avoid damaging the high voltage equipment by surge voltages, the following
actions are needed:
(a) design the equipment to withstand certain surge voltage level.

(b) use surge arresters.
(0) use rod gaps.
16. The tail time of switching surge is:
(a) tens of micro—seconds.

(b) hundreds of micro—seconds.
(c) thousands of micro—seconds.
(d) thousands of seconds.
17. Overvoltage protective devices are placed:
(a) in parallel to the equipment.

(b) in series with the equipment.
(c) inside the equipment.
18. The following electrodes are used for surge overvoltage protection:
(a) rod to plane.

(b) rod to rod.
(0) sphere to sphere.
(d) cylinder to plane.
19. Statistical insulation coordination method involves:
(a) finding a variation of statistical overvoltages.

(b) finding statistical withstand properties of equipment.
(0) none of these.
((1) a and b.
20. Substations are protected from lightning strokes by:
(a) ground wires.

(b) masks.
(c) a and b.
((1) none of these.
Account: ns240708
21. The transmission lines with horizontal configuration usually have:
(a) one ground wire at the top.

(b) two ground wires at the top.
(0) four ground wires at the top.
((1) no ground wires at the top.
22. In transmission lines, the ground wires are placed:
(a) above the phase conductors.

(b) below the phase conductors.
(c) in between the phase conductors.
(d) underground.
23. The standard rated secondary current of a current transformer (CT) is:
(a) l A.
(b) 2 A.
(c) 3 A.
(d) 5 A.
24. The standard rated secondary voltage of a voltage transformer (VT) is:
(a) 110 v.
(b) 220 v.
(c) 115 v.
(d) 127 v.
25. A differential relay cannot be used as a backup relay because:
(a) It is very fast.

(b) It is very slow.
(C) It detects only internal faults.
(d) It detects only external faults.
26. If the current tap (Ip) setting of an over current relay is increased, its operating
time will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(d) be variable.
Account: ns240708
27. If the time dial setting (TDS) of an over current relay is increased, its operating
time will:
(a) increase.
(b) decrease.
(C) remain the same.
(d) be variable.
28. A circuit breaker will open the circuit:
(a) by itself, when current is very large.

(b) when current is very large and its trip—coil is energized.
(C) whenever its trip-coil is removed.
(d) none of these answers.
29. A circuit breaker having rated maximum voltage 36 kV, can be used in a
system with having rated voltage of:
(a) exactly 36 kV.

(b) 36 kV or more.
(C) 36 kV or less.
(d) 6(36) kV.
30. A circuit breaker having rated short-circuit current of 22 kA, at rated maximum
voltage of 34.5 kV, voltage range factor K: 1.65. The maximum short circuit
current for this breaker is:
(a) 23 kA.
(b) 25 kA.
(C) 30 kA.
(d) 36 kA.
Account: ns240708
INDEX
Bluejay 67
Breaker 6, 13-15, 18, 32
AAAC 53 double 234, 236
AAC 84,98,101-103 bundle 52, 64-66, 72-75, 82, 83, 374,
ABCD constants 85, 86, 94 376
ac circuits 347—359 bus 13-15, 171
single—phase circuits 347—351 double 234—236
three—phase circuits 351—357 main 235
ac generators 4, 11-13, 36-45, 171-172 ring 234, 236
active power control 43-45 scheme 234-236
cylindrical rotor type 36-37 single 234, 235
field or excitation control 37—43 transfer 234, 235
frequency control 37
induced emf 37 C
interconnections 41—43
principle of operation 36—38 cables (see power cables)
reactive power control 44—45 Cardinal 67
salient pole type 37 calculation examples in simple system
terminal voltage of 39 187-192, 212-218
ACSR 53,60, 64, 65, 67,74, 75, 100, capacitance 54, 68—75, 79, 99, 100, 117
374, 375, 377 challenges of interconnection 20, 21
Admittance 52, 68, 71, 79, 84, 90, 100, characteristic impedance 92, 101
101-103, 349 charge 68, 69, 74
advantages of interconnection 19, 20 charging current 118
AGC 7 Chickadee 67
Alloy 53 compensation
Aluminum 23, 53, 57, 64, 75, 109, 374 series 97, 98, 380-383, 387, 388
Ampere’s law 55, 56, 58 shunt 97, 99, 380, 384, 385
attenuation constant 92, 102 choice of transmission voltage 21, 22
circuit breaker 6, 13—15, 18, 32, 236,
B 239, 307, 312, 314—319, 321, 334,
336-339, 342, 343

back flashover 291, 306, 341, 342 current ratings 335, 336
base quantities 199—207 voltage factor 336
changing 206-207 voltage ratings 336
choice of 203-206 double 234, 236
relations among 200—203 complex power in
Basic Insulation Level (BIL) 319, 331, three—phase 82, 96, 189, 190, 35
332 single-phase 44, 348
Basic Switching Level (BSL) 331, 332 composite insulators 150
Bittern 67 conductance 54, 68
Bobolink 67 corona 150
423
Account: ns240708
cosh 94, 95, 102

cost 148
coupling 67, 73 Falcon 67
creepage length 146, 147, 152 failure mechanisms of power cables
current chopping 307 131-136
cycle 63 partial discharge 131, 132
thermal breakdown 131
D treeing 132—136
fault location in cables 126-128
daily load variation 252, 300 bridge method 127, 128
dc 13-15, 54, 55, 99, 180-185, 351-357, pulse method 127
379 feeder
demand factor 253, 410 primary 229, 230, 233, 234, 237—
direct current (also see dc) 35, 99, 100 240
distribution 4, 16, 17, 229-342, 237-241, secondary 233, 245, 257
243—250, 253, 255, 257—259 tie 239
dry band formation 155 Ferranti effect 308, 379, 382, 387
Dove 67 field 38, 52, 55—58, 64, 67—69, 73
Drake 67 Finch 67
dry arcing distance 146 Flicker 67
flux linkages 55, 57—63, 68, 173
E frequency 5, 37, 42, 54, 55, 93, 99, 374,
376-79, 385
Earth 73, 263 fuse
ECC 6, 7 current ratings 335
economic dispatch 7 voltage ratings 335
efficiency of time response 335
insulator string 157-164
transmission line 81—83, 88, 95, G
100, 374, 380
electric power generation 4, 11, 12, 29— gas filled cables 1 13
45, 351 gas insulated substation (GIS) 290
electric power system 3-5, 11-20, 229 Gauss’s law 68, 69
electric stress (in cables) 1 15—117 Geometric
electrocution hazards 277—282 mean distance 375, 376

physiological level 277 mean radius 375, 376
electric shock 278 GMR 64,65, 67, 375—377
equipment grounding (see grounding of glass insulators 149, 150
equipment) Grosbeak 67
external insulation 328 ground 70, 73, 99, 263
Extra High Voltage (EHV) 22, 51, 52, ground fault 308
64, 99, 376, 380 ground resistance measurement 286-289
clamp 286
fall ofpotential 286—288
Account: ns240708
Index 425
ratio 286 Hawk 67

three points 286 Hen 67
two points 286—287 HV dc test 138
ground resistance reduction 271—273 HV surge 6, 154, 299-318
permanent 272 lightning 299-306
temporary 272, 273 switching 299—302, 304, 306—3 18
ground (soil) resistivity 265—267, 279, hyperbolic 94
284, 286, 289
ground for static electricity 263-264
ground wire 291
grounding electrodes 267-271 Ibis 67
hemisphere 267, 268, 271 Impedance 52, 54, 79, 81, 82, 84, 90,
plates 268, 269, 271 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 102, 177, 178,
rods 269—271 200—203, 207, 256, 347
star 271 impedance diagram 186
strip 271 inductance 54—57, 60—68, 71—75, 100,
wires 271 176, 374—380
grounding methods in power system insulation materials for cables 109-111,
274-277 124
ground fault neutralizer 274-277 EPR 109
reactance 274—276 EPDM 110
resistive 274—276 PE 109, 110
solid 274, 275 PVC 109, 110, 124
grounding of power system equipment TR-XLPE 109
263, 264 XLPE 109, 111
grounding resistance of insulators 145—168
chemical facilities 285 insulator contamination l 53— 156
computer facilities 285 insulator core 150, 151
distribution poles 285 insulator weather sheds 150, 151
general facilities 285 isolated and interconnected systems 18,
homes 285 19
lightning arrester 285 IEC 137, 153
metallic buildings 285 IEEE 284
transformers 285 induced stroke 302
wet wells 285 insulation coordination 327—333

grounding (earth) riser 284 deterministic 328, 331—333
grounding (soil) resistivity measurement statistical 328-331
288, 289 insulation
four-point 289, 290 external 328
two—point 289 internal 328
non self restoring 328, 331
H self restoring 328
Harmonics 309
Account: ns240708

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Copyright © 2012. Academic Publishing and Press, King Saud University. All rights reserved.

Overvoltage and Overcurrent Protection in Power System 34 5

Type CO-8 CO-8

CT Ratio 500:5 500:5

Settings 1P:5, TDS:1 IP:5, TDS:0.5

A brief review of basic concepts of AC circuits is presented here since such a

A.1 Single phase circuit

Thus generally, the complex impedance Z of an AC circuit can be expressed as Z :

Let V=VQ andZ=Z@.

348 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering

The complex power S supplied by the voltage source to this impedance is

P : Real part of S : VI cos (I) (W) (A4)

Q = Imaginary part of S = VI sin (I) (VAR) (A.5)

The total complex power S : P + jQ : VI @ (VA) (A.6)

(i) Using phasor notations

S: V1*=(120 /3_0)(1o /3_0)=1200 ﬂ VA

Reactive power = Q = 1039 VAR

(ii) Z: X = 120/3—0 212/600 =6+j10.39Q

inductive reactance. Since 0) : 377 rad/s, the required inductance Will be : E

(iii) If a parallel combination is desired, it must have Z = 12 /60° Q. Thus,

admittance is Y = % = 0.0833 /— 60° S = 0.04167 —j 0.0722 S. Hence, the

parallel combination will have a resistance R and an inductive reactance XL

3 50 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering

such that: R = 1 =24!) and XL = 1 213.869. This XL

(ii) For the series circuit, P represents power in R. Since

Moreover, Q is related to XL and

Total S =1000 +j 500 = 1118 /26.57° VA

or, since S : Vf. Assume V as reference phasor

A.2. Three-phase circuits

Va=V/0°, Vb=V/—1200, and Vc=V/1200

The above voltages have a phase sequence of a, b, c (or positive phase

voltages will become Va = V E, V], = V /120° , and Vc = V /—120° .

352 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering

For a Y—connected system, since Val, = Va — Vb = V E , V /—120° = «5 V

However, for A—connected system, VL = V as can be deduced from Fig. A.lb.

In a three—phase system, normally three equal impedances are connected in star

I / — (I) + 120° , respectively for positive (or a, b, 0) phase sequence.

When the generator is connected in Y, the current I in each phase winding is

1,=1 /—¢ —1 /—¢—120 = 31/300.

current is 1 j where I = . The complex power per phase is then VI @- The

total 3-phase complex power is therefore,

As discussed earlier, in a Y-connected system, V = V_L and I = IL. Similarly

expressed as follows in terms of line and phase quantities:

P3¢=3V1cos¢= x/E VLILc0s¢ W

In solving 3-phase circuits, it is useful to consider the generator as well as load

354 Fundamentals of Electrical Power Engineering

If the load is A—connected, it can be easily converted to an equivalent Y—connected

Generators are usually not A—connected. However, if they are so connected, it

Fig. eA.3. Equivalent circuit for phase a.

1,, = 11.20 /—130.83° A

(ii) In=Ia+Ib +IC=0A

Generator line voltage magnitude = 120. \/— = 207.85 V

Phase a voltage across the load = 1., (8 +j6)=(1,,) (10 /36.87° )

:(ll.20 /—10.83°)(10 /36.87° ): 112.0 /26.04° V

Phase b load voltage = 112.0 /— 9396’ V

Phase 0 load voltage = 112.0 /146.04° V

Thus, the load phase voltage magnitude = 112 V

And the load line voltage magnitude = J3 X 112 = 194 V