rerwane Pumps and Fans | Energy-Models.com Become an Instructor Blog About Pumps and Fans Back to In order to move a mass (solids, liquids or gases) you have to apply an external Course force (energy). Fluids (gases and liquids) can be made to move from say point-A to point-B by creating a difference in pressure between point-A and point-B, The difference in pressure between the two points in the "System" is required to ‘overcome the resistance in the system from (1) friction from ductwork and Course piping, (2) fittings such as elbows, valves/pipes, dampers/ducts, etc., and (3) Lessons equipment such as heating and cooling coils. Mechanical devices such as fans are used to move gases and pumps are used to Piping and move liquids. The mechanical devices are driven by electric motors. (Pumps are Ductwork sometimes driven by diesel or gas engines as in the case of automobiles). Systems Fans and pumps are selected so that they will increase the pressure of the fluid Pumps and flowing through it. The increase in pressure must be sufficient to drive the fluid Fans through the terminal unit or outlet with the greatest pressure difference (or loss in the system up to the terminal or outlet). The quantity of fluid that the fan or pump must move per unit time (CFM or GPM) is the sum (or the simultaneous Refrigeration Time Value peak sum) of the fluid required at all the terminals. of Money Work Lighting (NASA) Work measurement was established arbitrarily and by tradition in the same way as length, weight, time, heat, temperature and pressure. In IP units a unit of Duct Sizing work is done when 1Ib mass is lifted vertically against gravity through a distance Charts & of 1 foot. The unit is called foot-pound (ft-lb). Similarly, when 1 kilogram mass is Tables lifted vertically against gravity through a distance of 1 meter then the work done is 1kilogram-meter. Work done is Force x Distance. Pipe Sizing Charts ‘lb weight resting on a surface area of 1 square foot exerts a pressure or force of Tables ‘lb per square foot. Force is pressure per unit area. In the Figure below force, behind a piston, is applied to a gas in a cylinder, moving the cylinder a certain BOILERS distance and compressing the gas. So work has been done. The Figure shows Centifugel that the work done is the area under the curve from pressure-volume condition 1 Chilter- to pressure-volume condition 2. The process is not usually a straight line. Fundamentals HEATING hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans 10vera Pumps and Fans | Energy: Models.com AND Work Done on Gases Work dos resin PA Aven ani OOLING Piston — PV curseSYSTEM eal an = cas 0% chtiters Volume=VI=A*LI Pressure ~ P—F/A_or Fosce on Piston ~ F - Chiller Plant ‘Work Done = Force * Distance = P* A (L112) =P * (A*L1-A*L2)=P #(VI-V2) Design . Pv Figure - Modeling in eQUEST Energy Introduction Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. So energy can exist in many forms to such as nuclear, chemical, electrical, fossil fuel, solar, wind and geothermal. The Photovoltaic basic forms of energy are potential, kinetic, mechanical, heat, internal, and systems electrical. How Solar Potential energy is due to position or state. For example a mass raised to some Electric height above a reference level such as the earth's surface can be made to do Technology work by letting it fall. A compressed spring possesses potential energy because Works it can do work when it is released. Basic Mechanical energy is possessed by any mass which is in motion. It is also Photovoltaic referred to as kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body Principles in motion. Electrical energy is obtained from electrical generators and batteries and and consists of the flow of electrons in an electrical circuit. Methods Heat energy is the result of the kinetic energy possessed by the atoms and Photovoltale (PV) Tutorial molecules which make up the mass. Internal energy of a gas is a function of ‘temperature only and is independent of changes in pressure and volume and the symbol used is U. This is known as Joule’s Law. ‘When one mass loses X btu of heat then the heat content of other masses must increase by the same X btu, There is no such thing as heat or any form of energy just disappearing into nothing, Energy is transferred from one object to another or just stays where itis. Energy can be converted from one form to another. The heat energy from fossil fuel can be converted into mechanical energy to drive turbines. The mechanical energy of turbines can be converted to electrical energy using generators. Electrical energy can be converted to mechanical energy using motors or converted to heat energy asin the case of resistance heaters. Power hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans 20arveon Pumps and Fans | Energy Models.com The same amount of work can be done over different time periods. Moving 1000 Ibs through a distance of 1000 feet in 100 hours is not the same as moving the same 1000 Ibs through the same distance of 1000 feet in 1 hour. Power is defined as work done per unit time or the rate at which work is done. A unit of work commonly used in |-P units is the Horse-Power (HP) which is defined as 33,000 foot-pounds per minute or 550 foot-pounds per second. This is used in mechanical engineering calculations, The electric HP is equivalent to 33,013.282 ft-bs and boiler HP is 33,472.12 ft-lbs. The metric HP is 32,548.5623 ‘ft-lbs per minute or 542.476 ft-lbs per second, However the unit of power commonly used in S-I units is the watt which Is derived from electrical units, Electrical force (E volts) = Current (I amperes) x Resistance (R ohms) and Power (P watts) = E x |. The watt is a small unit so the term corresponding to HP is Kilowatts (KW) where 1 KW = 1000 watts. 1 KW = 4,253.7 ft-lbs = 1.340483 HP and 1HP = 0.746 KW, Pump and Fan Laws of Operation PUMPS (1) GPM-2 GPM-1 Q) H-2 Hel = (3) BHP-2 BHP-1 (1) GPM = Gallons per Minute. CFM = Cubic Feet per Minute. RPM = Revolutions per Minute The flow (gpm or cfm) increases with the RPM of the pump or fan. (2) H= Pump Pressure Head (feet H20). P= FTP = Fan Total Pressure (inches H,0) The pressure delivered by the pump increases as the square of the RPM ratio (3) BHP = Brake Horse Power. This is the mechanical energy required. It depends on the flow (gpm or cfm) and pressure (feet or inches H20) resistance across which the fluid is moved. Brake Horse Power (BHP) = ( GPM x 8.35 x SPGR x H) / (33,000 x PUMPS: (PENO0)) Brake Horse Power (BHP) = ( CFM x FTP x 5.2) / (33,000 x (FE/100) ) FANS: _ SPGR = Specific gravity of liquid. PE = Pump Efficiency. FE = Fan Efficiency. MOTORS: Motor Horse Power (MHP) = BHP / ME, ME = Motor Efficiency hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans anoroeveoe Pumps and Fans | Energy: Models.com PUMP OPERATION Pump Pressure Head At this pressure (flow resistance) there is uo flow H feet The pump is off Pump Carve H2 GPM-2 GrM-1 Pump Flow Capacity GPM ‘When the piping system pressure is H-1 the flow through the given pump is GPM-1 ‘When the piping system pressure is H-2 the flow through the given pump is GPM-2 The flow can be reduced from GPM-1 to GPM-2 by increasing the pressure by. for example, throttling down a valve The flow can be reduced from GPM-1 to GPM-2 by reducing the pump speed (RPM) using variable speed / frequency motor drives, Pumps in Parallel Ose Pymp ON Tre? ps On 200 GPM 200 G>M. Supply He Return 100 & Too PM Too GPM Pump: in Series He Twe Pump: On 200 # 100 GPM. Reture ae 100 & Oxe Pump ON To) GPM (sites/alttes/advancee-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-4,png) hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans anoverve ‘Pumps and Fans | Energy-Models.com Example of Primars-Secondary Piping Network System Terminal Units 100 gpm exch) (pttpsvenergy-models.convsites/alfiles/advanced-pages-31023/pumos-and-fans-5.png) Typical System hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fansroeveoe ‘Pumps and Fans | Energy-Models.com spp i BOILER PLANT Popol yamary Hot Water Pumos HWS |AHU Heating Coils awe FT Re ER AHU Cooling cot Condenser Water Loop (CHILLER PLANT Typical System hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans enoroeveoe Pumps and Fans | Energy: Models.com Ontiooe HY, Sipm CHR W,Stam Sta hi Pq or Has Vo cree | SAF Satie 1 OA + Press Gin)=4.0 A eupha=20F a esr A b ps. Pay Ar Retief As 7 u Bie ———_- ter Zanes Paw Oba Zou PA Pinay A 8 ‘SLE (80%) caw] cael War Zea [acd (Seconda) — EW | Fortier sir(Celing 7820") Es PHC | Prteat Cal 1B: VAV Box Banta cc Cooling Cail ‘wath Heatg Coil EC | Heaing Cal Fun | Fimsaer u Sem fesar | toe [eee razemar | 1 | sr | nae] ow om Zana rT) FA fom wasters coer Zones I BUILDING I Usites/altfes/advancee-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-8,png) hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fansvera Pumps and Fans | Energy: Models.com PUMP PERFORMANCE Examples Calculated by Program: DESCRIPTION ‘Pump-2] Pump-3 Tdentification Data Pump Identification Name Pow | PHW Service cw HW Description ‘Cond Wat | Hot Wat Location {DbI Suction|DbI Suction|End Suction Fluid Type Glycol. Fuel Oil. et Water | Water Fluid Specific Gravity i Piping System Typ Closed “A Pressure Loss ( Pipe & Fittin; Pipe Frictional Pipe Fittings (bends, valves, ete Pipe Equipment (meters. etc.) Static Lift Miscellaneous (2) Sub-Total (2) Pressure Loss (Equipment) Chiller / Evaporator Condenser / Condensing Unit Cooling Tower Cooling Coil Boiler Heat Exchanger Heating Coil Terminal Unit (radiators. ete.) Tanks Miscellaneous Pump Total Head = (1) +2) ‘Pumping Station ‘Total Flow (GPM) Number of Pumps in Parallel Flow G P Meach Pump =pivior_ | 2DIvior ‘Number of Pumps in Series Pressure Head of each P =pivio | 2pivo1 Horse Power (Each Pump) Pump Efficiency (%) Pump Brake Horse Power (BHM Divo! | #DIvior Motor Efficiency (%) 90 Motor Horse Power (Calculated| i =bivior_ | @DIv/or Standard Motor Horse Power [300300 soo (sites/altiles/advanced-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-9.png) Brake HorsePower (BHP) =( GPM x 835 x SPGR x H)/( 33,000 (PE/ 100) Motor HorsePower (MHP) = BHP/(ME/ 100) GPM (ooling) = (Tons x 12000) / (500 x WTD)| SPGR = Specific Gravity of fluid GPM (heating) = (MBH x 1000) / (500 x WID) GPM = Gallons Per Minute H= Pump Pressure Hea WTD = Water Temp Difference PE = Pump Efficiency (6) = 85% _ME = Motor Efficiency (%) = 90% hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fansroeveoe ‘Pumps and Fans | Energy-Models.com (sites/altifies/advanced-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-tlpng) FAN PERFORMANCE (Estimating Form) Calculated by Program Identification Data Fan Identification Name, Sa RI Ed 32 ‘Description High Pr. |" Remum | Toilet Exh |" Low Pr Location MechRm | MechRm | MechRm | Floor Service Firs 10-30 | Firs 10-30 | Firs-10-30 | Restaurant (2) Pressure Losses ( Ductwork )} Frictional Losses 09 05 05 o4 Fittings Losses 15 05 06 05 ‘Special Losses 05 03 OL Fan Inlet & Outlet 03 02 02 Oo ‘Miscellaneous Losses| 02 02 Or 1) Total] 34 17 13 12 00 (2) Pressure Losses (Equipment) INLET : Diffuser / Register 02 02 ‘OUTLET : Diffuser / Register 02 02 Terminal Box 03 03 Sound Attenuator (Fan Inlet) 03 ‘Sound Attenuator (Fan Outlet) 03 Filters (Pre-Filter + Main-Filter) 11 10 ‘Cooling Coil 1 1.0 Heating Coil 04 O4 Reheat Coil 03 03 ‘Dampers 03 03 03 ‘Louvers 02 02 ‘Miscellaneous equipment Losses [0.1 1 2) Total] a6 38 oxy Static Press (FSP) = (1) + @) 8.0 2.3 1s 5.0 0.0 ‘Outlet Velocity (FPM) 2.500 1,200 1,000 1,500 ‘Vel. Press. (VP) = (FPM/4004)2_ [0.39 0.09 0.06 014 0.00 ‘Total Press. (FTP)=FSP+VP | 3.39 2.39 1.56 S14 0.00 “Multiple Fan Stations ‘Number of Fans in Parallel 2 1 1 1 Flow C F Mof each Fan 35,000 [90,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 ‘Number of Fans in Series 1 1 1 1 Total Pressure of each Fan 839 239 156 3.14__| aDIvior Horse Power (Each Fan) Fan Efficiency (%) 30 75 oS 85 Fan Brake Horse Power (BHP) 90.9 45.2 76 19.1 | #DIvior ‘Motor Efficiency (%) 90 90.00 90.00 90.00 ‘Motor Horse Power (Calculated) [101.0 50.2 84 212 | #DIvior Standard Motor Horse Power_| 125.0 60.0 10.0 25.0 Total Motor Horse Power 250, 60. 10 25 a (/sites/alvfiles/advancee-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-t2.png) ‘Brake HorseDawer (BHP) =( CFMxFIPx52)7(33000x (FE FIP=Fan Total Preseure ‘Motor HorsePower (MHP) = BHP / (ME / 100) CEM = SHG /[ 1.08 (Tr -Ts) ] Tr=Room Temp ME = Motor Efficiency (%) SHG = Room Sensible Heat Gain__Ts = Supply Temp hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans anoroeveoe ‘Pumps and Fans | Energy-Models.com (sites/allifies/advanced-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-14.png) (sites/altifles/advanced-pages-31023/pumps-and-fans-15.png) Course 2 Lesson (/advanced-training/course-2-systems-and-plants/course-2-lesson) About the Author (/content/varkie-thomas) Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Research Professor College of Architecture Illinois Institute of = Technology Chicago, Illinois, USA Varkie Thomas taught graduate courses in Energy Efficient Building Design, Building Energy Performance Analysis and advised doctoral candidates (1996- 2008) as an Adjunct Professor at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) from SOM. He is currently a Research Professor with the Ph.D. program at IIT, He was a member of the UN Technical Program to China in 1991 and a Visiting Professor from Purdue in Malaysia in 1996/97 funded by the World Bank. Academic: B.Sc. (Honors) in Mathematics from St. Xavier's College Bombay University; Post-Graduate Diploma in Environmental Engineering from London South Bank University; Post-Graduate Diploma (with Distinction) and Ph.D. in Industrial Management from Strathclyde University Glasgow. Registered Professional Engineer (P.E.) and Certified Energy Manager (CEM - Association of Energy Engineers), Instructors (/category/aboutussinstructors) hipsleneraymodels.compumes-anc-fans sono