Index

Absolutive see Participles conjunctive – in four-term set 183, 187

Adi Granth 17, 18, 80 – indefinite 180, 183, 187
Adjectives – interrogative 180, 183
– adjectival postpositions 248 – reduplication of 583
– agreement of 431 – oblique noun phrases as 180
– attributive – reduplication of 582
– infinitive clauses as 497 – relative
– Persian 135 – relative clauses 475
– stative perfective participle as 287 Affixes
– comparative 142 – adjective-forming 129, 131
– relative clause of comparison 474 – as grammatical postposition 249
– demonstrative see Demonstrative – with infinitives 496
adjectives – approximating 176
– derivation of 80 – assigning feminine gender 81
– gender of 136 – causative
– indefinite 156 – double 284
– interrogative 149, 463 – first 284
– as pronouns 211 – diminutive 86
– in four-term set 151 – infinitival 83, 285
– reduplication of 465, 581 – izāfat 89
– marked 135, 136 – locative 104
– imperfective participle 285 – negative 133, 134, 225
– in genitives 190, 196 – noun-forming 81–89
– infinitives as 496 – abstract 82–86
– Layer II postpositions as 248 – agentive 81–82, 87
– perfective participle 286 – locational 87–88
– possessive 137 – ordinal 174
– table of inflections 140 – Persian 86–88
– order of 425 – Perso-Arabic 85–86, 88–89, 91, 131, 134
– reduplication of 580 – plural 91
– color terms 592 – pronominal suffixes see Pronouns
– reflexive 160 – totalizing 176
– reduplication of 580 – vocative 98–101
– relative 148, 217 Agency
– in four-term set 151 – and deontic modality 545
– relative clauses 472 – derivation of agent nouns 81–82
– stem vowel alternation in 139 – in prospective expressions 554
– unmarked 135, 138 Akbar the Great 15
– “black” see Adjectives marked Animacy
– “red” see Adjectives unmarked – and definiteness 564
– “unfast” 135, 139 – and gender assignment 93, 94
Adverbs 178 – and pronominal suffixes 219
– as postpositional elements 256 – and vocative 97
– conjunctive participial clauses as 500 – determining postposition in goal
– in complex postpositions 258, 266 constructions 262

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– in compound subjects 436, 438 – of infinitives 491, 553

– in direct objects 451 – ergative 196
Arabic 79, 80 – and person of subject 442
– broken plurals 92 – ergative subjects 229
– definite article 80 – marked by postposition 196, 244
– dual 92 – of interrogatives 209
Aspect 279 – genitive
Auxiliaries – assigned by postposition 248
– copula – of pronouns 190, 196
– in affirmational and existential – with reflexive pronouns 201
sentences 427 – in relative clauses 472
– in negative sentences 427, 428, 453 – locative 104–105
– in stative constructions 448 – adverbial use 122, 180, 181
– with compound subjects 437 – as instrumental 108
– in inchoative constructions 448 – locative forms as postpositions 257
– order of 423 – oblique 97, 442, 443
– with pronominal suffixes 236 – adverbial use 180
– ‘to become’ 293 – marking experiencers 557
– ‘to be’ 279, 287 – of agents in perfective tenses 432
– in sense ‘to become’ 290 – of infinitives 490
– negation of 288 – role of postpositions in 243
– past tense forms 290, 328 – vocative 97
– present tense forms 287, 328 Conjunctions
– simple perfect tense forms 290 – coordinating 466
– subjunctive forms 292 – correlative 479
– subjunctive mood forms 329 – subordinating 468
– see also Auxiliaries; copula – expressing causation 571
– introducing purpose clauses 576
Balochi 12, 79 Converb see Participles conjunctive
Brahmi 18
Deference 189
Case 96–128 Demonstrative
– ablative 103, 259, 263 – adjectives 147
– adverbial use 180 – in four-term set 151
– of comparison 143 – pronouns
– of infinitives 495 – as third-person pronouns 189
– of personal pronouns 193 – distal 195, 279
– of postpositions 258, 263, 267 – proximal 195
– accusative 97, 244–246, 259, 434, 450 Dialects
– dative 219, 259, 450 – Abbottabad 1, 44, 47, 48, 53, 56
– dative subjects 230, 232, 239, 243, 245, – Awankari 60
430, 446, 549, 559, 568 – big city 10, 16
– marked by postposition 198, 244–246 – dialectal variation
– marking experiencers 557 – in Hindko 12
– direct 97 – in Panjabi 14, 16, 226
– direct objects in 451, 452 – Gujrat 226
– indicated by pronominal suffixes 219 – Hazara 9, 10, 13, 26, 33, 39, 49, 76
– of first- and second-person pronouns – Lahore 1, 9, 16, 24, 46, 59, 195, 196, 219,
196 226
– of gerundives 553 – Majhi 9, 16, 226

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 Index | 607

– Multan 1, 9, 10, 16, 60 Modality 545

– Peshawar 9, 10, 26 – ability 545
– vs languages 9 – deontic 545
Diphthongs see Phonology diphthongs – desirability 549
Distance 151, 189, 195 – expressed with subjunctive 295
Dogri 15 – epistemic 545, 558
– prospective 289, 552
English 12, 17, 79, 443 Modals see Auxiliaries
Evidentiality 566 Mutual intelligibility 16

Gender 92–96 Negation

– affixes assigning 81 – copula deletion with 453
– agreement in compounds 436 – emphatic 459
– of addressee 516 – negative particles 453
Gerundives 562 – as question tag 461
– as distanced imperative 563 – of imperatives
– expressing modality 545 – distanced (softened) 562, 563
– presumption 558 – of indefinite pronouns 214
– prospective meanings 552, 556 – of pronominal suffixes 225, 233
– see also Verbs; infinitive – of reduplicated elements 582
Glossing 4–7 – of statements of ability 545
Gujarati 12 – of statements of desirability 549
– of ‘to be’ 288
Hindi 12, 16 – sentential 453
Hindko – taking place of copula in present tense
– name 10, 12 427
– promotion of 14 – with affixes see Affixes; negative
– speakers 14 Nouns 79–128
– where spoken 12, 13 – abstract 82–86
Hindko-Panjabi-Saraiki language area 12, – animacy see Animacy
16 – broken plurals 92
– case see Case
Infinitive see Verbs infinitive – Class I 108, 113, 115, 124
– endings as adjectival inflections 136
Kinship terms see Nouns Class VI – Class II 109, 114, 116, 119, 124
– Class III 111, 115, 117, 125, 126
Lahnda 10, 16, 33
– endings as adjectival inflections 136
Loanwords 79
– Class IV 108, 110, 115, 117, 126
– Arabic 53, 60, 66, 75, 79, 80, 92
– Class V 108, 111
– English 79, 81, 92, 104
– Class VI 108, 112
– gender of 93
– Class VII 108, 127
– in conjunct verb constructions 507
– endings as adjectival inflections 139
– orthography see Orthography of
– Class VIII 123, 125, 128
loanwords
– compound 86, 435
– Persian 53, 60, 69, 70, 74, 79, 80, 92
– declension classes 106–108, 113, 121
– semantic reduplication with 591
– derivation of 80–89
– sounds unique to 21
– diminutive 86
– Urdu 57, 79
– feminine 110, 120, 126
– semantic classes of 94
Marathi 12
– gender assignment in see Gender

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608 | Index

– masculine 108, 123 – of numerals 163

– semantic classes of 94 – of postpositions 246
– see also Nouns Class II – of pronominal suffixes 227
– see also Nouns Class I – of retroflexes 28, 66, 76, 77
– noun phrases 425 – of third-person pronouns 76
– infinitive clauses as 499 – of tone 66, 72–73
– possessive 90 – of vowels 67–70
– postpositions derived from 254, 257 – of ‘to be’ 290
– proper 68, 80, 89 – representations of /h/ 73
– reduplication of 577 – Saraiki 18, 28, 29, 77
Number – Shahmukhi 18
– broken plurals 92 – standardization 18, 69, 76, 77
– dual 92 – tashdı̄d 71
– in adjectives 136 – transcription vs transliteration 19, 20
– in nouns 90–92
– ablative 103 Panjabi
– locative 105 – literature 16, 17
– oblique 97 – name 10
– in pronouns 189 – speakers 1, 14
Numbers 162 – status of 17
– cardinal 166 – where spoken 12, 14
– fractional 164 Participles
– greater than one thousand 163 – catenative 501, 522, 523, 525
– indefinite 176 – conjunctive 285, 501
– one (as specific indefinite) 426, 565 – clauses 500
– ordinal 172 – expressing causation 572
– orthography 163 – reduplication of 585
– reduplication of 580 – connective 501, 523, 535
– vigesimal 164 – imperfective 285, 324
– clauses 504
Orthography 19, 60–77 – expressing desirability 549
– baṛı̄ he 66, 73 – in complex durative contructions 529
– baṛı̄ ye 70 – in irrealis conditionals 484
– choṭī he 66, 69, 73, 75, 76 – reduplication of 585
– choṭı̄ ye 70, 75 – perfective 286
– do cašmī he 66, 72, 76 – agreement of 533
– Gurmukhi 18, 61 – as simple perfect 290
– hamza 70, 75 – clauses 505
– Hindko 18, 48, 76, 281 – in complex durative constructions 532
– izāfat 69, 74 – in irrealis conditionals 484
– names and forms of letters 62, 67 – in passive periphrastic 539, 540
– Naskh 61, 67, 75 – irregular 286
– Nastaʿlīq 18, 61 – reduplication of 586
– negative particle 76 – regular vs irregular forms 532
– of aspirates 66, 72, 77 – Persian 135
– of consonants 64–67 – reduplication of 585
– of geminates 71 – stative perfective 286
– of implosives 77 Particles
– of loanwords 66, 68–70, 74 – emphatic 535, 595
– of nasalization 71, 76, 197, 281 – in contracted pronominal forms 596

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 Index | 609

– hortative 294, 487, 527 – possessive pronouns 190

– inclusive 596 – types of 568
– topic marker 597 – with genitive postpositional phrase 90
Partition of India 16 – see also Nouns; possessive
Pashto 12, 61, 79 Postpositions 243–277
Persian 12, 17, 79, 80, 86–88, 135, 200 – ablative 103, 143, 193, 258, 263, 495
Phonology 19–60 – expressing casuation 571
– allophones 24, 35 – agentive see Postpositions ergative
– assimilations 24 – and animacy of goal 262
– consonants 21–33 – assigning oblique case 97
– aspirated 28, 47, 48 – comparative 144, 146, 147
– geminate 50, 52–56, 71 – dative-accusative 198, 244–246, 259,
– implosive 28, 60 539–541
– retroflex 24, 26, 28, 57 – in purpose clauses 573
– diphthongs 38–43 – marking definiteness 564
– epenthesis 58–60 – marking direct and indirect objects 450
– Hindko 21–27, 33–34, 39, 44–45, 47–49, – obviates verbal agreement 434
53, 56 – with animate referents 451
– nasalization 44, 121, 137, 197, 217 – with dative subjects 445
– of loanwords 21, 56, 58–60 – derived from nouns 254, 257
– Panjabi 21–24, 35–36, 39–40, 45, 48–59 – derived from verbs 254
– phonotactics 55–60 – ergative 196, 244–246, 442, 443
– Saraiki 28–33, 36–38, 41–43, 46, 49, 52, – intransitive verbs taking 444, 452
55, 59–60 – marking agentivity 554
– segment inventory of Hindko 26, 33–35, – genitive 89, 90, 248
44 – expressing inalienable possession 568
– segment inventory of Panjabi 35, 45 – in infinitive clauses 488, 494
– segment inventory of Saraiki 30, 37, 46 – in purpose clauses 575
– sound correspondences 26, 27, 47, 57 – instrumental 271
– stem vowel alternation – Layer I 243
– as reduplicative process 588 – Layer II 243–253
– stress 46, 49–53, 55, 58 – Layer III 253, 266, 267, 273
– syllables 50, 52, 56–57, 59 – Layer IV 258, 267, 273
– tone 46–49, 72 – locative 254
– transcription 19, 20, 25, 36 – adverbs as 256
– vowels 33–43 – of accompaniment 269
– centralized 33, 35, 36, 39, 42–44, 46, – of purpose 273
55, 57, 58 – of similarity 275
– elision of 34, 37, 58 – reduplication of 582
– harmony 502 – temporal 258
– length 35, 36, 50 – with infinitive complements 493
– nasalized 33, 43–46, 57, 71 Pothwari 15
– peripheral 33, 35, 36, 39–41, 43–46, 57, Prefixes see Affixes
58 Pronouns
– stem vowel alternation 120, 123, 128, – demonstrative see Demonstrative
137, 139, 538 pronouns
Plurals see Number – emphatic 596
Possession – indefinite 212
– of abstract entities 568 – adjectival use of 214
– possessive adjectives 137

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– compound forms of 216 Sandhi see Phonology vowels elision of

– specific vs non-specific 426, 452 Sanskrit 16
– with inclusive meaning 214 Saraiki
– with partitive meaning 214 – literature 16, 17
– interrogative 207, 211, 463 – name 10
– case marking with 207, 209, 212 – promotion of 14
– pronominal suffixes as 234 – speakers 14
– reduplication of 465 – where spoken 12, 14
– omission of (pro-drop) 428, 430 Sindhi 12, 16, 61, 79, 221
– personal 55, 191, 198 Split ergativity see Case ergative, 431, 441
– as direct objects 453 Suffixes see Affixes
– genitive 190, 193, 196, 568 Syntax
– with negative particle 288 – complex durative constructions 529
– pronominal suffixes 218–240 – conditional clauses 479
– and transitivity 221 – irrealis 482
– and word order 434 – realis 479
– as imperatives 233 – conjunctive participal clauses 500
– as interrogatives 234 – coordination 466
– enabling pro-drop 429 – direct objects 450
– in negative sentences 233 – in direct case 451
– summary of functions 240 – infinitives as 489
– with auxiliaries 236 – marked by postposition 450
– reciprocal 203 – indirect objects 450
– reflexive 199 – in ergative case 229
– as emphatic 200, 201 – marked by postposition 450
– spelling of 76 – preferential marking of 452
– with dative subjects 445 – infinitive clauses 488
– relative 217 – pro-drop 428
– relative clauses 471 – questions
– rhetorical 462
Quantifiers 155 – with interrogative words 463
– order of 426 – yes-no 460
– relative clauses 471
Reduplication 577 – infinitival clauses as 497
– -o- reiteration 584 – of comparison 474
– echo formations 587 – omission of correlative in 477
– in indefinite and relative adverbials 183 – subjects
– intransitive-causative doublets 593 – agreement of 441
– of adjectives 580 – dative 549
– of adverbs 183, 582 – see also Case dative dative subjects
– of interrogatives 465 – ergative 229
– of nouns 577 – experiencer 446
– of oblique imperfective participle 505 – impersonal 540
– of participles 573, 585 – stative vs inchoative 448
– of postpositions 582 – types of 445
– of verb forms in complex iterative – subordination 468
constructions 535 – non-finite clauses 488
– semantic 591 – word order 421, 434
Referentiality 564 – cleft constructions 425
– in noun phrases 425

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 Index | 611

– in realis conditionals 481 – irrealis I 381

– in relative clauses 473, 476
– indicating definiteness 564
– of discourse particles 426
– of negatives 456
– of non-finite subordinate clauses 488
– scrambling 424
– with compound subjects 436
– with pronominal suffixes 434
Tense 279
– continuous 279
– continuous future 397
– continuous II forms 298
– continuous irrealis 342
– continuous past 309, 338, 396
– continuous present 308, 337, 395
– habitual continuous past 339
– indicating definiteness 565
– past continuous II forms 298
– present continuous II 298
– subjunctive 340, 398
– future 280, 296, 297, 335, 379
– hypothetical, with infinitive 562
– of ‘to be’ 289
– pro-drop in 428
– pronominal suffixes in 226
– habitual 280
– indicating indefiniteness 565
– imperfect
– agreement in 431
– future imperfect 307, 349, 391
– future imperfect passive 384
– imperfective participle 285
– past imperfect 304, 346, 389
– past imperfect passive 384
– past imperfect-habitual 305, 347, 390
– present imperfect 301, 302, 344, 387
– present imperfect passive 383
– present imperfect-habitual 303, 345,
388
– subjunctive imperfect 306, 348, 392
– imperfective
– imperfective participial clauses 504
– in complex durative constructions 529
– in irrealis conditionals 483
– irrealis
– imperfect irrealis 350, 393
– in conditional clauses 482
– in prospective expressions 558
– passive 385
– simple irrealis 343
– past
– negation in 428
– of ‘to be’ 290, 328
– perfect
– agreement in 432
– future perfect 317, 357, 411, 412
– future perfect-stative 413
– irrealis perfect 315, 316, 358, 418, 419
– irrealis perfect-stative 420
– of ‘to be’ 290
– past perfect 314, 315, 354, 407
– past perfect-stative 355, 408, 409
– past stative habitual perfect 410
– perfective participle 286
– present perfect 311, 352, 400–402
– present perfect-stative 313, 353, 403,
404
– present stative habitual perfect 405,
406
– pro-drop in 429
– simple perfect 219, 351
– stative perfective participle 286
– subjunctive perfect 356, 414, 415
– subjunctive perfect-stative 416, 417
– perfect-stative 280
– perfective
– expressive mirativity 567
– in complex durative constructions 532
– in irrealis conditionals 483
– perfective participial clauses 505
– present
– negation in 427
– of /hoṇā/ 328
– of ‘to be’ 287
– present perfect 312
– realis
– in conditional clauses 479
Transitivity 382
– and pro-drop 429
– and volition 537
– and word order 421
– derived intransitives 538
– in conjunctive participial clauses 500
– in light verb constructions 507
– intransitive-causative doublets 593
– of vector verbs 509
– split ergativity 431, 441

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612 | Index

– verbs of body functions (unergative – with gerundival function 285

verbs) 444 – light verb
– ‘beat/kill’ 519
Urdu 12, 79 – light verbs
– influence of 12, 16, 58, 73, 79, 80, 88, 90, – in compound verb constructions 509
196, 244, 487, 513, 544 – in conjunct verb constructions 507
– orthography 18, 19, 61, 71, 76, 77 – in experiencer constructions 448
– phonology 21, 26, 51, 53 – order of 424
– sound correspondences 47, 57, 58 – vector verbs 509
– status of 17 – ‘come’ 515, 521, 545, 549
Verbs 280 – ‘fall, lie’ 307, 369, 396, 510, 517, 521
– agreement of 435 – ‘give’ 517, 523
– split ergativity 431 – ‘go’ 284, 509, 514, 520
– with addressee 516 – ‘leave, let go’ 511, 519, 524
– with dative subjects 446 – ‘lift, raise’ (invariant) 525
– with direct objects 434 – ‘put/keep’ 513, 519, 523
– causative 284, 382 – ‘sit’ 516, 522
– intransitive-causative doublets 593 – ‘take’ 512, 518, 522
– transitivity sets 536 – ‘throw, cast’ 524
– compound 509 – ‘throw’ 513, 518, 524
– expressive mirativity 567 – ‘to be able’ 545
– on passive stems 543 – ‘to be wanted’ 550
– passive stems in 521 – passive 539, 541
– conjunct 507 – in compound verbs 521
– derivation of – morphological 381, 541, 543, 544, 549
– intransitive 538 – periphrastic 284, 286, 475, 539–542,
– finite 281 544, 546
– imperative 280, 294 – with infinitive + ‘to be’ 541
– distanced (softened) 294, 562, 563 – postpositions derived from 254
– pronominal suffix reanalyzed as 233 – principal parts 281
– with conjunctive participles 501 – roots see Verbs stems
– infinitive 285 – stems 284, 321
– ablative 103, 495 – passive 521, 543
– as distanced imperative 562 – subjunctive 280, 295, 380
– as marked adjective 496 – of ‘to be’ 292
– direct 491 – passive 385
– expressing ability 546 – table of forms 319, 361, 371
– expressing presumption 558 – Hindko 282
– expressing prospective meanings 552, – this grammar’s naming conventions for
554 280
– in inceptive constructions 493 – transitivity
– in nominalized phrases 499 – derived with causative affixes 284
– in purpose clauses 573 – see also Participles
– infinitive clauses 488 – see also Tense
– inflection of 97 – ‘to be’ see Auxiliaries; ‘to be’
– oblique 490, 492 – future tense forms 289
– verbal noun 83 Vowels see Phonology vowels
– with adjectival inflection (agreeing
Writing systems see Orthography
infinitive) 491

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