Physics For Engineers II PHYS 1220

Physics for Engineers II (PHYS 1220)
Dr Eldaw Eldukhri (eeldukhri@ksu.edu.sa, Room F108)

College of Engineering, King Saud University
Muzahimiyah Campus
Semester 1, Academic Year 1437/38 (2016/17)

Physics for Engineers II – PHYS 1220
Course Information:
• Course title and code: Physics for Engineers II (PHYS 1220)
• Credit hours: 4(3,0,2)
• Level at which the course is offered: 4th Level
• Pre-requisites:
 Physics for Engineers I1 (Phys 1210)
Calculus for Engineers (AGE 1110)
Dr Eldaw Eldukhri (eeldukhri@ksu.edu.sa , http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/eeldukhri , Room F108) College of Engineering, KSU, Muzahimiyah Campus 2
Learning Resources
• Textbook:
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, by Serway Jewett, 6th Edition, Thomson
Brooks/Cole
• Recommended References:
Fundamentals of Physics, by Halliday, Resnick, Walker, 6th Edition, WILEY.
• Other Resources
The internet (search for relevant topics within the course)
Topics to be covered
Topic Number of Weeks Contact Hours
Electric fields 2 6
Gauss’s Law 1 3
Electric potential 1 3
Capacitance and dielectrics 1 3
Direct Current (DC) circuits 2 6
Magnetic fields 1 3
Sources of magnetic fields 1 3
Faraday’s Law 1 3
Inductance 1 3
Alternating current circuits 2 6
Dr Eldaw Eldukhri (eeldukhri@ksu.edu.sa , http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/eeldukhri , Room F108) College of Engineering, KSU,

4
Muzahimiyah Campus
Course Components:
Lecture Lab Total Contact Hours
3 hours per week 2 hour per week 5 hours per week
Additional private studying/learning hours expected from the student: 4 hours/week
Schedule of Assessment
Assessment Task Week Due Proportion in Final
Assessment
Quizzes (5 – average mark) During week 2, 5, 9, 11, 13 10%
Mid-term exam Within the 6th week 20%
Lab activities including reports Weekly 20%
Final lab exam Within the 12th week 10%
Final exam As schedule by the Registry 40%
Course Policy
General Rules:
• Course materials including lecture notes, presentations, assignments, etc.
will be posted regularly on the University Learning Management System
(LMS) portal at http://lms.ksu.edu.sa
• In addition to the study material posted online and recommended textbook,
the students are also required to consult the other suggested references/
sources on a regular basis.
• Students are required to regularly check their University emails and the
online Learning System (LMS) for course announcements and assignments.
Course Policy
General Rules:
• Use of mobile phones or other electronic devices is not allowed during class.
• Unless permitted by the instructor, all such electronic devices must be
switched off or put on silence during class.
• Students are strongly encouraged to ask questions during lessons when
prompted to do so by the instructor.
• If further clarification is needed, the students could consult the instructor
during his assigned office hours.
Course Policy
General Rules:
• Where applicable, formulas and data sheets will be provided in the exams.
However, students are required to understand them, recognise their
relevance and know how to apply them.
• Transparency, honesty and trustworthiness are expected to be upheld by

both staff and students at all times.
Course Policy
Attendance:
• Punctual attendance of all classes is crucial for achieving the objectives and
learning outcomes of this course.
• The correlation between attendance and performance is well established.
• Attendance is compulsory for all classes including lectures and tutorials.
• All students are required to arrive at least 5 minutes before the start of class.
• Classes will start promptly on time.
• Any student who arrives 10 - 15 minutes late will be considered 50% absent
from that class.
Course Policy
Attendance:
• Any student who arrives after 15 minutes from the start of class will be
considered absent.
• Any student whose overall attendance in a particular course is below 75%
will not be allowed to sit the final exam for that course.
• If a student misses a class due to a medical reason, then he must provide a
medical certificate from a public hospital within 10 days after his return to
University. The certificate must be handed to the course instructor
personally.
• Non-medical reasons for absence will not be accepted unless approved by
the Students’ Affairs.
Course Policy
Coursework:
• All coursework activities including assignments and quizzes will be announced
in class and online together with deadlines for submission.
• All assignments should be submitted on time. Late submission will be
penalized as follows: 20% off attained mark for every day late.
• After 5 days from the submission deadline, no assignment will be accepted
and a zero mark will be recorded for the particular assignment.
• Copying others’ work is plagiarism which is illegal. Plagiarised assignments
will not be marked and instead a zero mark will be given to all involved.
Course Policy
Coursework:
• Marked coursework will be returned to students after one week from the
submission deadline.
• Where practical, coursework solutions (of numerical and multiple choice

nature) will be posted online one week after the submission deadline.
• Students are required to check their answers against the posted solutions and
immediately inform the instructor of any discrepancies they may find in their
marked coursework.
Course Policy
Makeup Strategy:
• There will be no makeup for missed quizzes or unsubmitted assignments.
• Missed quizzes or unsubmitted assignments will receive zero marks.
• Missed quizzes or unsubmitted assignments for eligible reasons will not be
considered when calculating the average mark of the related coursework.
• Makeup for missed exams will be done according to the University
Examination Policy.
• Any evidence for excused absence must be submitted to the instructor within
one week from the date of the missed exam.
Electric Fields
Electric charge and the structure of the matter
• The particles of the atom are the negative electron,
the positive proton, and the uncharged neutron.
• Protons and neutrons make up the tiny dense

nucleus which is surrounded by electrons.
• The electric attraction between protons and

electrons holds the atom together.
Electric Fields
• A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.
• A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed.
• A negative ion has gained one or more electrons.
Electric Fields
Electric Fields
Electric Fields
Electric Fields
Electric Fields
Electric charge and the structure of the matter:
• q is the standard symbol used for charge as a variable.
• Electric charge exists as discrete packets (quantized).
q = Ne
N is an integer
e is the fundamental unit of charge
|e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C (Coulomb).
Electron: q = -e
Proton: q = +e
Electric Fields
Conductors:
•Electrical conductors are materials in which some of the electrons are free
electrons.
Free electrons are not bound to the atoms.
These electrons can move relatively freely through the material.
Examples of good conductors include copper, aluminum and silver.
When a good conductor is charged in a small region, the charge readily

distributes itself over the entire surface of the material.
Electric Fields
Insulators:
•Electrical insulators are materials in which all of the electrons are bound to
atoms.
These electrons can not move relatively freely through the material.
Examples of good insulators include glass, rubber and wood.
When a good insulator is charged in a small region, the charge is unable to

move to other regions of the material.
Electric Fields
Semiconductors:
• The electrical properties of semiconductors are somewhere between those of
insulators and conductors.
•Examples of semiconductor materials include silicon and germanium.

Semiconductors made from these materials are commonly used in making
electronic chips.
• The electrical properties of semiconductors can be changed by the addition of

controlled amounts of certain atoms to the material.
Electric Fields
Coulomb’s Law:
• It describes the electrostatic force between small (point) electric charges
and at rest (or nearly at rest) and separated by a distance . i.e.
is permittivity of free space (permittivity

constant).
• is called Coulomb constant.

Electric Fields
Coulomb’s Law:
• Charges with the same electrical sign repel each other and charges with
opposite electrical signs attract each other.
• The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges acts along the
line joining them.
Remember that force is a vector quantity.
• If more than two charges are present, the force equation holds for each pair
of charges. The net force on each charge is found using the superposition
principle.
Electric Fields
Nature of electrical forces.
• is a unit vector directed from to .
• Like charges produce a repulsive force

between them.
Electric Fields
Nature of electrical forces.
• The unlike charges produce an
attractive force between them.
• The sign of the product gives the
relative direction of the force between
1 and 2.
• The absolute direction is determined by
the actual location of the charges.
Electric Fields
Example1: The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the
average) by a distance of approximately m. Find the magnitude of
the electric force.
Solution1: From the Coulomb’s Law, the magnitude of the electric force is:
Electric Fields
Example2: Three point charges lie along the -axis as
shown. The positive charge C is at 2.0 m,
the positive charge C is at the origin, and
the resultant force acting on is zero. What is the
coordinate of ?
Solution2: Because is negative and and are

positive, the forces and are both attractive.
From Coulomb’s law, and have magnitudes:
,
Electric Fields
Solution2: For the resultant force on to be zero, must be equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to . Setting the magnitudes of
the two forces equal, yields:
This can be reduced to the following quadratic equation:

≡ ,
Solving this quadratic equation for gives:
m and m.
At m, both forces are in the same direction.
Electric Fields
Suppose charge is constrained to move only along the x-
axis. From its initial position m, it is pulled a very
small distance along the x-axis. When released, will it return
to equilibrium or be pulled further from equilibrium? In
other words, is the equilibrium stable or unstable?
Answer: if is moved to the right, becomes larger

and becomes smaller. This results in a net force to the
right, in the same direction as the displacement. Thus, the
equilibrium is unstable. However,
If is constrained to stay at a fixed x coordinate but
allowed to move up and down, the equilibrium is stable.
i.e., the charge will undergo oscillation.
Electric Fields
• An electric field is said to exist in the region of space around a charged
object.
This charged object is the source charge.
• When another charged object, the test charge, enters this electric
field, an electric force acts on it.
• The electric field is defined as the electric force on the test charge per
unit charge.
• The electric field vector, , at a point in space is defined as the
electric force acting on a positive test charge, , placed at that
point divided by the test charge. i.e.
Newton/Coulomb (N/C)
Electric Fields
• Remember from Coulomb’s Law:
• Then the electric field:

(N/C)
• If is positive, the direction of the field is also away from the positive
source charge.
• If is negative, the direction of the field is also toward the negative
source charge.
Electric Fields
Direction of Electric Force and Field:
Electric Fields
Direction of Electric Force and Field:
Electric Fields
Electric field from multiple charges:
• At any point P, the total electric field due to a group of source charges equals
the vector sum of the electric fields of all the charges.
Electric Fields
Continuous charge distribution:
• Procedure:
Divide the charge distribution into small elements,
each of which contains Δ .
Calculate the electric field due to each one of these

elements at point P.
Evaluate the total field by summing the contributions

of all the charge elements.
Electric Fields
• For the individual charge element, Δ :
The electric field,
• The total electric field at P due to all elements in the charge

distribution is approximately,
Electric Fields
• Because the charge distribution is modelled as continuous, the
total field at P in the limit is:
• The integration is over the entire charge distribution.
Electric Fields
Charge densities:
• Volume charge density: when a charge is distributed evenly throughout a
volume.
 (in units C/m3)
• Surface charge density: when a charge is distributed evenly over a surface
area.
 (in C/m2)
• Linear charge density: when a charge is distributed along a line.
λ ( in C/m)
Electric Fields
Amount of electric charge:
• If the charge is nonuniformly distributed over a volume, surface, or line, the
amounts of charge in a small volume, surface, or length element are given by:
For the volume:
For the surface:
For the length element: λ
Electric Fields
• Example2: A ring of radius carries a uniformly
distributed positive total charge . Calculate the
electric field due to the ring at a point P lying a
distance from its center along the central axis
perpendicular to the plane of the ring.
Electric Fields
• Solution2: The magnitude of the electric field at P
due to the segment of charge is:
• This field has an component, along

the axis and a component, perpendicular to
the axis.
Electric Fields
Solution2:
• The resultant field at P must lie along the axis because
the perpendicular components of all the various charge
segments sum to zero.
• That is, the perpendicular component of the field

created by any charge element is cancelled by the
perpendicular component created by an element on the
opposite side of the ring.
Electric Fields
Solution2:
• Because and , we find that:
Electric Fields
Solution:
• All segments of the ring make the same contribution to the field at P because
they are all equidistant from this point.
• Thus, we can integrate to obtain the total field at P:
• This result shows that the field is zero at .

Electric Fields
Electric field lines:
• Positive charge:
The field lines radiate outward in all directions.
The lines are directed away from the source charge.
A positive test charge would be repelled away from the
positive source charge.
• For a negative charge:

The lines are directed radially inward.
Electric Fields
Electric field lines:
• In either case:
the lines are along the radial direction and extend all the
way to infinity.
the lines become closer together as they leave/approach
the charge.
the strength of the field increases as we move toward the
source charge.
Instead of the “flat wheel” shown, the lines are actually
spherically distributed.
Electric Fields
Rules for electric field lines:
• The lines must begin on a positive charge and terminate on a negative charge.
In the case of an excess of one type of charge, some lines will begin or
end infinitely far away.
• The number of lines drawn leaving a positive charge or approaching a negative
charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
• No two field lines can cross.
• Field lines are not material objects, they are a pictorial representation used to
qualitatively describe the electric field.
Electric Fields
Electric field lines: Dipole
• The charges are equal and opposite.
• The number of field lines leaving the positive

charge equals the number of lines terminating on
the negative charge.
Electric Fields
Electric field lines: Like charges
• The charges are equal and positive.
• The same number of lines leave each charge
since they are equal in magnitude.
• At a great distance, the field is approximately
equal to that of a single charge of .
• Since there are no negative charges available, the
field lines end infinitely far away.
Electric Fields
Electric field lines: Unequal charges
• The positive charge is twice the magnitude of
the negative charge.
• Two lines leave the positive charge for each line
that terminates on the negative charge.
• At a great distance, the field would be
approximately the same as that due to a single
charge of .
Electric Fields
Motion of charged particles in uniform electric field
• When a particle of charge and mass is placed in an electric field :
the electric force exerted on the charge is .
If this is the only force exerted on the particle:
it must be the net force and causes the particle to accelerate according
to Newton’s second law. Thus the acceleration, is obtained as:
Electric Fields
Motion of charged particles in uniform electric field
• If is uniform (that is, constant in magnitude and direction), then the
acceleration is constant.
• If the particle has a positive charge, its acceleration is in the direction of the .
• If the particle has a negative charge, its acceleration is in the direction opposite
the electric field.
Electric Fields - Summary
56
Dr Eldaw Eldukhri (eeldukhri@ksu.edu.sa , http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/eeldukhri , Room F108) College of Engineering, KSU, Muzahimiyah Campus

Physics For Engineers II PHYS 1220

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Physics for Engineers II (PHYS 1220)

Dr Eldaw Eldukhri (eeldukhri@ksu.edu.sa, Room F108)

Semester 1, Academic Year 1437/38 (2016/17)

• Credit hours: 4(3,0,2)

• Level at which the course is offered: 4th Level

Dr Eldaw Eldukhri (eeldukhri@ksu.edu.sa , http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/eeldukhri , Room F108) College of Engineering, KSU,

Additional private studying/learning hours expected from the student: 4 hours/week

• Transparency, honesty and trustworthiness are expected to be upheld by

• Where practical, coursework solutions (of numerical and multiple choice

• Protons and neutrons make up the tiny dense

• The electric attraction between protons and

• A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed.

• A negative ion has gained one or more electrons.

These electrons can move relatively freely through the material.

Examples of good conductors include copper, aluminum and silver.

When a good conductor is charged in a small region, the charge readily

Examples of good insulators include glass, rubber and wood.

When a good insulator is charged in a small region, the charge is unable to

•Examples of semiconductor materials include silicon and germanium.

• The electrical properties of semiconductors can be changed by the addition of

is permittivity of free space (permittivity

• is called Coulomb constant.

• is a unit vector directed from to .

• Like charges produce a repulsive force

Solution2: Because is negative and and are

This can be reduced to the following quadratic equation:

Answer: if is moved to the right, becomes larger

• Then the electric field:

Calculate the electric field due to each one of these

Evaluate the total field by summing the contributions

• The total electric field at P due to all elements in the charge

• The integration is over the entire charge distribution.

For the surface:

For the length element: λ

• This field has an component, along

• That is, the perpendicular component of the field

• Thus, we can integrate to obtain the total field at P:

• This result shows that the field is zero at .

• For a negative charge:

• The number of field lines leaving the positive

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