3D Printing Technology

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES
Methods and Materials
Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect

• 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing
technology where a three dimensional object is
created by laying down successive layers of material.
• It is also known as Additive manufacturing.
• 3D printing is achieved using an additive process,

where successive layers of material are laid down in
different shapes.
Manufacturing
SUMMARY: SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING
DEFINITION A process of making products by removing material

from a solid object
USES • Creating 3D models and tooling
• Cutting “2D elements” in stronger or thicker
materials which require a stronger machine
ADVANTAGES • Traditional, well-known method
• Long history of use
• Relatively simple to manufacture
• Milling bits are relatively low-cost
• Can be used to model strong/thick materials
EXAMPLES
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING – SUMMARY
DEFINITION A process for making 3D products by primarily adding

material rather than removing it. It has become
synonymous with 3D printing.
USES • Prototyping and tooling
• Complex designs
• Modeling that requires interlocking parts
ADVANTAGES
• Quick Production • Low-cost manufacturing
• Less waste • Multiple materials
EXAMPLES
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OF THE FUTURE
IN THIS LESSON
• Additive manufacturing (AM) definition and

characteristics
• 3D printing technologies overview
• Determining which 3D printing technology to use
WHAT DOES ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING MEAN?
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
DEFINITION
A process of joining
A process for making materials to make
a 3D solid object by OR objects from 3D
adding material. model data, usually
layer upon layer.*
* The ASTM international committee F42, Wohlers Report 2014

APPLICATION
3D printing
“Fabrication of objects through the deposition of a
material using a print head, nozzle, or other printer
technology. The term is often used synonymously
with additive manufacturing”*

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES WORKING ASPECTS
SLICING SUPPORT INFILL

Model is sliced into Support material is Density of the
horizontal layers so added to support material fill influences
tool paths can be overhangs and other the model’s weight
generated. structures. and strength.
All three appear with nuance in all 3D printing technologies.

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Other Terminology
Hexagonal support
structure built in the
interior of the model
The surface quality of

a 3D print, dictated
by the height of each
layer print adhesion
Outside walls that

make up the perimeter
of your object
Other Terminology
• STL: Stereolithography file format, commonly used in 3D

printing
• Build volume: Maximum physical size you can print on
your printer
• Layout: Arrangement of STL file(s) within the software
• Raft: Flat surface that provides a large foundation for
print adhesion
• Bridge: When a layer prints in the air between two pillars

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Other Terminology
IN THIS LESSON
• Additive manufacturing (AM) definition and

characteristics
• Different 3D printing technologies overview
• Which 3D printing technology to use?
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW
SLA SLS EBM MJ
FDM DMLS BJ Poly Jet

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SL, SLA)
Introduction
Process description
Advantages and disadvantages
Main applications
STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SL, SLA)
Stereolithography
Solid Concepts
https://www.solidconcepts.com/technologies/stereolithography-sla
STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
ADVANTAGES
A wide range of material

Very good accuracy, surface finishes and details
Machines with large build volume enable large
parts
COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
DISADVANTAGES
Only works with photopolymers

Mechanical properties of parts are therefore not
stable over time
Materials are expensive
The build process is slow

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
APPLICATIONS
• Prototypes
• Casting patterns
Painted SLA Trade

Show Figure

FUSED-DEPOSITION-MODELING (FDM)
Introduction
Process description
Main applications
Fused-Deposition Modeling
Solid Concepts
https://www.solidconcepts.com/technologies/fused-deposition-modeling-fdm/

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING (FDM)
ADVANTAGES
Parts have good mechanical properties and are

durable over time.
Can build fully functional parts in standard
plastics.
Parts can be post-processed

DISADVANTAGES
Anisotropy in the z-direction (vertical direction)

Step structure on surfaces
Fine details cannot be realized

APPLICATIONS
• Prototypes
• Support parts
• Small series parts

LASER MELTING (LM, SLM, SLS, DMLS)
Introduction
Process description
Main applications
Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

Solid Concepts
https://www.solidconcepts.com/technologies/direct-metal-laser-sintering-dmls/

ADVANTAGES
Can manufacture parts in standard metals with

high density
A constantly widening set of standard metals is
available
Parts can be further processed

DISADVANTAGES
The technology is rather slow and expensive

Tolerances and surface finishes are limited

• Prototypes
• Support parts
• Small-series parts
• Tools for injection molds
ELECTRON BEAM MELTING (EBM)
Process description
Main applications

ADVANTAGES
Parts can be manufactured in some standard

metals with high density by electron
beam melting.
Parts in standard metals with high density
(above 99%) and good mechanical properties
Requires less support structure
(compared to LM)
Builds parts faster (compared to LM)

DISADVANTAGES
Electron beam is slow, expensive and works with

limited set of metals
Parts usually require quite a lot of post-
processing
Does not achieve equally good surface finishes
to laser melting

APPLICATIONS
• Small-series parts
• Prototypes
• Support parts

ELECTRON BINDER JETTING (BJ)
Process description
Main applications

ADVANTAGES
Fast and cheap technology

Wide arrange of material types
Works with almost any material that is available
in powder form
Parts in full color are possible.

DISADVANTAGES
Parts coming directly from the machine have

limited mechanical characteristics.
Parts are basically particles glued together
resulting in fragile parts with limited mechanical
properties (if not further processed).

APPLICATIONS
• Prototypes
• Green parts
• Molds and cores

MATERIAL JETTING (MJ, DOD)
Introduction
Process description
Main applications
3D Printing Process
Solidscape
www.solidscape.com
Also available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gM86qxW7vP8

ADVANTAGES
Good accuracy
Good surface finish

DISADVANTAGES
Limited number of wax-like materials

Fragile parts
Slow build process

APPLICATIONS
• Prototypes
• Lost wax casting
(jewelry and dental)

PHOTOPOLYMER JETTING (POLYJET)
Introduction
Process description
Main applications
PolyJet
Solid Concepts
https://www.solidconcepts.com/technologies/polyjet/

ADVANTAGES
Multiple materials can be jetted together

allowing multi-material and multi-color parts
Functionally graded materials are possible.
Multi-material and/or multi-color parts
Can achieve good accuracy and surface finishes

DISADVANTAGES
Does not work with standard materials but with

UV-active photopolymers which are not durable
over time (thermoset)
Works with UV-active photopolymers.
Therefore, parts are not durable over time and
have limited mechanical properties

APPLICATIONS
• Prototypes
• Tools for injection molding

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING THE 3D TECHNOLOGY
My application
Material
Surface finish
Details
Durability

SUMMARY – TECHNOLOGIES SUMMARY

THE FUTURE
In the future,
will additive
manufacturing
include only
layering
technologies?
BioPrinting
BioPrinting Process
BioPrinting Different Areas of the Body
Examples
BioPrinters
BioPrinting Engineering Flow Chart
Thank you.
Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect

3D Printing Technology

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3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES

Methods and Materials

Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect

• It is also known as Additive manufacturing.

• 3D printing is achieved using an additive process,

DEFINITION A process of making products by removing material

DEFINITION A process for making 3D products by primarily adding

• Additive manufacturing (AM) definition and

* The ASTM international committee F42, Wohlers Report 2014

* The ASTM international committee F42, Wohlers Report 2014

SLICING SUPPORT INFILL

All three appear with nuance in all 3D printing technologies.

The surface quality of

Outside walls that

• STL: Stereolithography file format, commonly used in 3D

* The ASTM international committee F42, Wohlers Report 2014

• Additive manufacturing (AM) definition and

SLA SLS EBM MJ

FDM DMLS BJ Poly Jet

Advantages and disadvantages

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

A wide range of material

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Only works with photopolymers

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Painted SLA Trade

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Advantages and disadvantages

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

Parts have good mechanical properties and are

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Anisotropy in the z-direction (vertical direction)

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Advantages and disadvantages

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

Can manufacture parts in standard metals with

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

The technology is rather slow and expensive

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Advantages and disadvantages

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

Parts can be manufactured in some standard

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Electron beam is slow, expensive and works with

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Advantages and disadvantages

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

Fast and cheap technology

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Parts coming directly from the machine have

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Advantages and disadvantages

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Limited number of wax-like materials

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

COURTESY OF ADDITIVELY LTD

Advantages and disadvantages

Illustration courtesy of Additively.com