SOUTHERN MINDANAO COLLEGES

Pagadian City
FINAL EXAM
ED 229

Student: Mary Ann D. Martinez

Professor: Gloria S. Arcamo Ed.D

1. Differentiate the ff:

a. Administration and management
b. Educational administration and educational governance
c. Efficiency and effectiveness

a. Administration & management

Answer:
Administration and management are both processes, but they are
different in a sense. Administration is a systematic process of
administering and dealing with a group of people. Administration takes
certain decisions, but the management executes them. On the other hand,
management is an act of managing and dealing with mere people. It is also
defined as an act of managing people and their work, for achieving a
common goal by using the organization’s resources. It creates an
environment under which the manager and his subordinates can work
together for the attainment of group objective. However, Administration
and management are part of each other.

b. Educational administration & educational governance

Answer:
Educational Administration is regarded as the process of
integrating the appropriate human and material resources that are
made available and made effective for achieving the purposes of a
programmed of an educational institution whereas, educational
governance is both taken to mean as the process of restructuring
how education activities are performed and who performs it, and the
resulting arrangements where non-state actors and other levels of
the government perform a greater role in education service delivery.
Educational administration gets into the role of setting up of goals
of education, review, feedback and evaluation.
 c. Efficiency & effectiveness

Answer:
Efficiency and effectiveness are two terms that are most
commonly used in management. Efficiency refers to the act of
performing activities with minimum wastage of time and optimum
usage of resources, so that the work done is faster and, in an error,
free manner. In terms of education system, efficiency is related to
ratio of input-output. It can be measured in terms of number. On
the other hand, effectiveness is a broader concept than efficiency
and it is related to the extent to which work is done in order to
achieve the desired or targeted outcomes. In education system,
effectiveness is doing things right. It deals with outcomes, or the
quality results of knowledge and skills acquired by the students.
Example, it has been found that in our country engineers,
nursing are not getting jobs. The reason given by experts is that
these engineers, nurses do not have the skills which are required for
industry most especially in the other country. It means we may have
been able to produce a greater number of engineers and nurses, but
system has failed in developing the skills required by industry.
Therefore, the said courses in education system is efficient but not
effective.

2. Why is the administrative process a social process?

Answer:
Administrative process is a social process because it is a
method in which the administrator has to work with other people
within the school system or within the organization and be able to
inspire them to work cooperatively with him to achieve the
educational objectives.
He also needs to engage in some other activities related to
teaching and learning to foster adequate relationships and great
achievements. Such activities include; extra-curricular activities;
professional meetings, conferences and various types of community
activities. He may also interact with people in other professions of
public life. Performing these complex activities which have to be
planned, organized and properly coordinated in order to attain the
goals.
3. What concept is the key to the scientific management approach?

Answer:
The key concept to the scientific management approach is to
improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity and it is
also a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes
workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency,
especially labor productivity.

* Who is the father of the scientific management movement? Why was he

given this honor?
Answer:
The father of the scientific management movement is Frederick
Winslow Taylor. He was given this honor because of his contribution to
management theory, which also came to be known as “Taylorism.” He
believed that productivity would be increased through the optimization
and simplification of work and not by forcing workers to work harder. He
also proposed cooperation between managerial executives and workers.
There was very minimal interaction between managers and workers at that
time, but Taylor changed that narrative. Additionally, Taylor also believed
that it was the role and responsibility of manufacturing plant managers to
determine the best way for the worker to do a job, and to provide the proper
tools and training.

4. Explain: " Without theory, there is virtually no foundation of knowledge

because lack of theory produces little meaningful research."

Answer:
A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon,
or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rational
thinking is often associated with such processes as observational study or
research. Without it, it is difficult for us to design a research, interpret
the data and propose explanations of the underlying causes or influences
of observed phenomena. So, in order to produce a meaningful research we
need to use the very essential tool which is the theory.

5. Summarize the interrelationships among theory, research & practice

Answer:
The interrelationships among theory, research and practice are
complex, interlinked, and influenced by political, economic and social
order concerns represented in policy interventions, public scrutiny,
accountability, marketisation and globalization. Theory, research, and
practice are a continuum along which the skilled professional should move
with ease. Not only are they related, but they are each essential to health
education and health behavior.
6. Is it possible for an educational manager to develop a personal
philosophy of educational management? Explain how it may be done.
Answer:
Yes, it is possible for an educational manager to develop a personal
philosophy of educational management. Educational manager must be
able to build relationships with all stakeholders, discover and play to the
strengths of their staff and school community members, build leadership
capacity by empowering students and educators to embrace an innovator’s
mindset, be REAL, and lead by doing. With this, it will be done by
addressing the challenges in education, such as closing the achievement
gap and ensuring that diverse student populations meet national
standards, leaders in education must develop evidence-based approaches.
With a thoughtful educational manager philosophy, school leaders can
tackle the obstacles that prevent students from thriving.

7. Why does an educational manager need to gain perspective regarding not

only the values of society but also his own value system as well as the value
system of others with whom he works?

Answer:
An educational manager needs to gain perspective regarding not
only the values of society but also his own value system as well as the
value system of others with whom he works in order for him to motivate
employees and improve their attitudes and behaviors. It does so by
modeling appropriate conduct “through personal actions and
interpersonal relationships” promoted via “two-way communication,
reinforcement and decision-making.” Educational managers can inspire
those around them to behave ethically. By setting an example and giving
the direction for ethical behavior, others will observe and act similarly. In
this way, he can positively influence many others, presenting them with a
set of actions that they can adopt for the greater good. Educational
manager must be able to build relationships with all stakeholders,
discover and play to the strengths of their staff and school community
members, build leadership capacity by empowering students and
educators to embrace an innovator’s mindset, be REAL, and lead by doing.