TS402 Analisa Struktur Statis

Tak Tentu

Analysis of Indeterminate
Structures: Flexibility Method
Ronny H. Purba, Ph.D.
Dosen Program Studi Teknik Sipil
UNIVERSITAS BANDAR LAMPUNG

Genap 2020 | Pertemuan 10-11 | 4-6 Mei 2020

Outline of Lecture
❑ Stability of Structures
– Stable and un-stable structures

❑ External Determinacy of Structures

– Determinate and indeterminate structures

❑ Internal Stability and Determinacy of Structures

– Truss structures, beams, and frames

❑ Flexibility Method
– Concept of redundants, and application to solve indeterminate
structures, impact of structure imperfections: support settlements,
temperature change, and fabrication errors
Flexibility Method
❑ Introduction
– Limitation of static equilibrium, concept of Redundant

❑ Fundamentals of the Flexibility Method

– Release structure, compatibility equations, analysis examples

❑ Flexibility Method for Multiple degrees of

Indeterminacy
– Analysis examples

❑ Impact of Structure Imperfections

– Support settlements, temperature change, and fabrication errors
Stability of a Structure

Unstable, horizontal restraint

missing

Unstable, free to rotate about A

Stability of a Structure, Cont’d

Unstable, free to Unbalanced moments produce failure

rotate about A
Stability of a Structure, Cont’d

Stable: horizontal, vertical, and

rotational restraints available

For a planar (two-dimensional) structure to be stable the

supports provided must satisfy the three equations of static
equilibrium noted earlier.
3 Eqns. Requires minimum 3
Equilibrium reactions for a stable planar
to be satisfied structure
Improper Constraints = Unstable

Total 3 reactions, BUT all of them are

parallel (horizontal restraint missing)

Total 3 reactions, BUT all of them are concurrent

to one point (rotational restraint missing)
Criteria for Stability
A structure is stable if:
• It has minimum 3 reactions (R  3). The
three equations of static equilibrium are
satisfied.
• Reactions are not parallel nor concurrent
to a point

Stable Unstable
 Determinate vs. Indeterminate
Supports supply a total of 3 Supports supply more than 3
reactions (R = 3). reactions (R > 3).

The values of the three One or more of the reactions

reactions are uniquely cannot be determined using the
determined using the static static equilibrium equations.
equilibrium equations.

Statically Determinate Structure Statically Indeterminate Structure

Influence of Internal Hinge
Stable and
determinate
structure
Stability and Determinacy

The number “3” in those equations

reflects the total number of static
equations (i.e., Fx, Fy, Mo)
Classifying Structures R?3+C
Identify the stability and determinacy of each structure:

R = 3, C = 0, 3 = (3 + 0)
Statically determinate
Stable

R = 3, C = 0, 3 = (3 + 0)
“Statically determinate”
Unstable – concurrent forces

R = 3, C = 2, 3 < (3 + 2)
Unstable

(c)
Classifying Struct., Cont’d R?3+C
Identify the stability and determinacy of each structure:
R = 6, C = 2 (internal roller), 6 > (3 + 2)
Statically indeterminate 1st degree
Stable
“Reaction” at B is an internal force of
the structural system

R = 4, C = 1, 4 = (3 + 1)
“Statically determinate”
Partially Unstable (CD)

R = 3, C = 0, 3 = (3 + 0)
Statically determinate
Stable
Member BC is a link (supports axial
load only)
Structure can be thought of as a
truss with a pin-roller support
Classifying Struct., Cont’d R?3+C
Identify the stability and determinacy of each structure:

Indeterminate to first degree

Stable and determinate

Classifying Struct., Cont’d R?3+C
Identify the stability and determinacy of each structure:

Indeterminate to
second degree

Indeterminate to
first degree
Classifying Struct., Cont’d R?3+C
Identify the stability and determinacy of each structure:
R = 3, C = 1, 3 < (3 + 1)
Unstable

R = 4, C = 1, 4 = (3 + 1)
“Statically determinate”
Unstable (parallel forces)

M B  0  inconsistent
Classifying Struct., Cont’d R?3+C
Identify the stability and determinacy of each structure:

Stable and determinate Unstable, reactions on ABCDE

equivalent to a parallel force system
Comparison between DS vs. IS
Effects on Stiffness and Internal Force Distribution:

(Determinate Beam) (Indeterminate Beam)

Indeterminate structures much stiffer

Comparison, Cont’d
Effects on Stiffness and Internal Force Distribution:

Support B settles,
creating reactions

Moment curve produced

by support settlement

(Indeterminate Beam)

Indeterminate structures more sensitive to differential

settlements
Comparison, Cont’d
Construction Tolerance:

Column extends beyond support Reactions produced by forcing the

because girder is too long bottom of the column into the
supports – internal stresses
develop
Indeterminate structures more sensitive to construction
tolerance
Comparison, Cont’d
Effects of Temperature Difference:

Right end is free to expand Both ends are restrained,

laterally, no stresses created compressive and bending
by temperature change stresses develop in beam
Comparison, Cont’d
Redundancy is Good:

Base Structure

Alternate Load Path #1

Bridge with single span beams

after 1964 Nigata earthquake Alternate Load Path #2
Internal Stability and Determinacy
Since two equilibrium equations available per joint, internal
stability and determinacy of truss structures are determined as
follows:
r + b < 2n unstable
r + b = 2n stable and determinate truss
r + b > 2n stable and indeterminate truss
degree of Indeterminacy = (r + b) – (2n)
where:
r = number of reactions,
b = number of truss members (bars)
n = number of joints
Stability and Determinacy, Cont’d
r=3 r+b=8 Stable r+b ? 2n
b=5 2n = 8 Statically determinate
n=4

r=4 r + b = 18 Stable
b = 14 2n = 18 Statically determinate
n=9 (Compound Truss)

r=3 r+b=9 Internally unstable

b=6 2n = 10 What would you do
n=5 to make this truss
Not a joint stable?
Stability and Determinacy, Cont’d
r=3 r + b = 22 Stable r+b ? 2n
b = 19 2n = 22 Statically determinate
n = 11

r=3 r + b = 12 Stable
b=9 2n = 12 Statically determinate
n=6

r=3 r + b = 15 Internally unstable

b = 12 2n = 16
What would you do
n=8 to make this truss
stable?
Stability and Determinacy, Cont’d
r + b ? 2n
r=4 r + b = 18 Indeterminate to
b = 14 2n = 16 the 2nd Degree
n=8 (1 extra member +
1 extra reaction)

r=3 r + b = 24 Indeterminate to
b = 21 2n = 20 the 4th Degree
n = 10 (4 extra members)

r=4 r + b = 12 Even though r + b = 2n

b=8 2n = 12 Unstable due to
n=6 rectangular geometry
Internal Stability and Determinacy
Since three equilibrium equations available per section, internal
stability and determinacy of beam/frame structures are
determined as follows:
r + 3m < 3n + c unstable
r + 3m = 3n + c stable and determinate beam/frame
r + 3m > 3n + c stable and indeterminate beam/frame
degree of Indeterminacy = (r + 3m) – (3n + c)
where:
r = number of reactions
m = number of members
n = number of joints
c = number of constraints (e.g., internal hinge)
Stability & Determinacy: Example 04
r + 3m ?
3n + c
counts as
a joint

Free body of upper left. You can

find the three internal forces
using static equilibrium.

r=3
m=5 r + 3m = 18
Stable and internally determinate frame
n=6 3n + c = 18
c=0 Externally stable (r = 3 + c)
Example 04, Cont’d r + 3m ?
If we add an internal hinge at point D then: 3n + c

Free body of upper left corner of

hinged frame (5 unknowns, with
r=3 only 3 equations)
m=5 r + 3m = 18
Stable and internally indeterminate frame
n=5 3n + c = 16
to second degree
c=1
 r + 3m ?
Example 04, Cont’d 3n + c
If beam CDE is continuous creating a “closed ring” then:

Free body of upper left (6 unknowns,

with only 3 equations.)
r=3
m=4 r + 3m = 15
Stable and internally indeterminate frame
n=4 3n + c = 12
to third degree
c=0
a closed ring is indeterminate internally to the third degree
More Examples
r=4
m=4
Determinate
r=3 n=5 Structure
Determinate
m=3 c=1
n=4 Structure
c=0
Indeterminate m = 18 n = 17
Structure Indeterminate
r = 6, m = 1
n = 2, c = 0 (3rd degree) Structure
r=9 c=8 (4th degree)
Indeterminate
Structure
(1st degree) r = 6, m = 7
n = 7, c = 0
Indeterminate
Indeterminate Structure
r=3 n=6 (6th degree)
m=7 c=0
Structure
(6th degree)
Removing Restraints: IS → DS
The degree of indeterminacy = the number of restraints
(redundants). Restraints can be:
1. External – extra supports
2. Internal – extra member forces
3. Or a combination of both

Essential to analyze indeterminate structures using force method.

r = 6, m = 3
n = 4, c = 0

Indeterminate Frame
(3rd degree) Given Bx, By, MB, the frame can be analyzed as
determinate frame
Removing Restraints, Cont’d

OR

Internal release = 6
External release = 3

DOI = 9

Indeterminate Frame
(9th degree)
Limitation of Static Equilibrium

MA
Ax Indeterminate
to the 1st degree
(R = 4 > 3)

Ay By

Fx = 0; Ax = 15 kips
MA = 0; 20·6 – By·10 – MA = 0; MA + 10By = 120
MB = 0; -20·4 + Ay·10 – MA = 0; MA – 10Ay = -80
Fy = 0; Ay + By – 20 = 0; Ay + By = 20
CAN’T be solved
(i.e., non unique solutions)
 Limitation of Static Eq., Cont’d

MA
Ax Indeterminate
to the 1st degree
(R = 4 > 3)

Ay By

CAN’T complete the reactions → CAN’T complete the internal force diagrams

The situation will be much different, if we know one of the

unknown reactions. For example,
By = 8.64 kips → Ay and MA
→ complete the internal force diagrams
Fundamental of the Flexibility Method
1. Determine degree of indeterminacy

Beam indeterminate to
the first degree

2. Select and remove the redundant from the indeterminate

structure to produce a stable and determinate structure
One of the options:
REMOVE reaction at B (RB)
Flexibility Method, Cont’d
"Released" structure
loaded with load w and
redundant RB = XB

3. Problem Statement

Forces and displacements

produced by load w in the
released structure

CASE 0
 Flexibility Method, Cont’d
4. Compatibility Equations
CASE 1

Forces and displacements

of released structure
produced by redundant XB

DB0 + DBB = DB
where
DB0 = Deflection of the release structure at the location of the
redundant (CASE 0)
DBB = Deflection of the structure due to the redundant (CASE 1)
DB = Actual deflection of the structure
Flexibility Method, Cont’d
5. Solve for the Redundant

DB0 + DBB = DB

Knowing that DB = 0 (at the

roller support)

DB0 + DBB = 0

Solve for XB = RB
Flexibility Method, Cont’d
6. Complete the remaining calculation using static equilibrium

XB = RB = 3wL/8

Alternatively, you can add

CASE 0 + CASE 1 to obtain
the same reactions and
internal forces
 More on Redundant (CASE 1)

Forces and displacements Forces and displacements in

of released structure released structure produced by a
produced by redundant XB unit value of the redundant

DB0 + DBB = 0
Where DBB = XBdBB dBB = flexibility coefficient,
deflection of a structure
Compatibility Equation: DB0 + XBdBB = 0 per unit load (e.g., in/kip or
mm/kN)
Alternative View of Flexibility Method
Properties of beam. Find
the reactions and internal
force diagrams

Released structure

Gap B0 produced by load w

CASE 0
Flexibility Method, Cont’d

Gap B0 produced by load w

CASE 0

Closing of gap by a unit

value of redundant

CASE 1

Compatibility Equation: DB0 + XBdBB = 0

7.96 + XB·(–0.442) = 0 XB = 18 kips
Flexibility Method: Example 01
For the beam shown in the figure below, compute the reactions and
draw the shear and moment diagrams. EI is constant.
Design Aids for Deflections
Design Aids for Deflections, Cont’d
Flexibility Method: Example 02
Determine the reactions of the continuous beam in the figure below by
the flexibility method. Given: EI is constant.
Example 02, Cont’d
• Arbitrarily select the reaction at B
as the redundant.

• Superimpose the deflections at B

produced by the external load and
a unit value of the redundant
multiplied by the magnitude of the
redundant XB
Example 02, Cont’d
• Compute the displacements at B.

• Substituting ∆B0 and δBB

Example 02, Cont’d
• Compute the balance of the reactions
by adding, at the corresponding points,
the forces multiplied by XB:
Flexibility Method: Example 03
Determine the bar forces and reactions in the truss shown in the figure
below. Note that AE is constant for all bars.
Example 03, Cont’d
• Arbitrarily select as the redundant the roller
reaction at C. Load the released structure
with the actual loading and the redundant

• Evaluate ∆C0 and δCC by virtual work

Example 03, Cont’d

• To compute δCC produced by the 1-kip load at C, use the loading

above as a Q system.
Example 03, Cont’d
• Substituting ∆C0 and δCC

• Reactions and bar forces are computed

by superimposing those in Figure 11.8b
with 1.49 times those produced by the
unit load in Figure 11.8c
Flexibility Method for Multiple
degrees of Indeterminacy
Beam indeterminate to
second degree with RB and
RC selected as redundants

Deflections in released
structure due to actual
load

CASE 0
Flexibility Method for Multiple
degrees of Indeterminacy, Cont’d

CASE 1

CASE 2
Flexibility Method for Multiple
degrees of Indeterminacy, Cont’d
Point B: DB0 + XBdBB + XCdBC = DB
Point C: DC0 + XBdCB + XCdCC = DC
where
DB0, DC0 = Deflection of the released structure at the
location of the 1st and 2nd redundant
(CASE 0)
dBB, dBC = Deflection of the structure at the location
of the 1st and 2nd redundant due to 1 unit
load applied at the 1st redundant location
(CASE 1)
dCB, dCC = Deflection of the structure at the location
of the 1st and 2nd redundant due to 1 unit
load applied at the 2nd redundant location
(CASE 2)
DB, DC = Actual deflection of the structure at the
location of the 1st and 2nd redundant
Flexibility Method for Multiple
degrees of Indeterminacy, Cont’d
Point B: D10 + X1d11 + X2d12 = D1
Point C: D20 + X1d21 + X2d22 = D2
where
D10, D20 = Deflection of the released structure at the
location of the 1st and 2nd redundant
(CASE 0)
d11, d12 = Deflection of the structure at the location
of the 1st and 2nd redundant due to 1 unit
load applied at the 1st redundant location
(CASE 1)
d21, d22 = Deflection of the structure at the location
of the 1st and 2nd redundant due to 1 unit
load applied at the 2nd redundant location
(CASE 2)
D2, D1 = Actual deflection of the structure at the
location of the 1st and 2nd redundant
Flexibility Method: Example 04
For the beam shown in the figure below, compute the reactions and
draw the shear and moment diagrams. EI is constant.

3 kip/ft

25 ft
Impact of Structure Imperfections
DB0 + XBdBB = DB

Knowing that DB = 0 (at the

roller support)

DB0 + XBdBB = 0

Solve for XB = RB

This compatibility relationship is

for perfect structures ONLY,
meaning NO support settlements
Impact of Structure Imperfections
DB = 0 if NO support settlements (FIRM foundation)
DB = values of support settlement if THERE IS support
settlements

flickr.com
Leaning Tower Pisa
Compatibility equation
DB0 + XBdBB = support settlement (i.e., = -1)
Impact of Structure Imperfections
DB = values of spring displacement if support is
attached to an elastic support/spring (not a firm
foundation)

Beam AB with an elastic Elastic support idealized as a

support at B linear elastic spring (P = K∆)
Impact of Structure Imperfections

Compatibility equation
DB0 + XBdBB = spring settlement = – XB/K (i.e., = – XB/10)