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Enclosed Buildings: Walls & Roofs

Notes:
1. Pressures shown are applied to the horizontal and vertical projections, for exposure
A, at h=9.1m, I=1.0, and Kzt = 1.0. Adjust to other conditions using Equation 6.2.3.
2. The load patterns shown shall be applied to each corner of the building in turn as the reference
corner. (See Figure 6.2.10)
3. For the design of the longitudinal MWFRS use θ = 0°, and locate the zone E/F, G/H boundary at
the mid-length of the building.
4. Load cases 1 and 2 must be checked for 25° < θ ≤ 45°. Load case 2 at 25° is provided only for
interpolation between 25° to 30°.
5. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the projected surfaces,
respectively.
6. For roof slopes other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
7. The total horizontal load shall not be less than that determined by assuming ps = 0 in zones B & D.
8. The zone pressures represent the following:
Horizontal pressure zones – Sum of the windward and leeward net (sum of internal and external)
pressures on vertical projection of:
A - End zone of wall C - Interior zone of wall
B - End zone of roof D - Interior zone of roof
Vertical pressure zones – Net (sum of internal and external) pressures on horizontal projection of:
E - End zone of windward roof G - Interior zone of windward roof
F - End zone of leeward roof H - Interior zone of leeward roof
9. Where zone E or G falls on a roof overhang on the windward side of the building, use EOH and
GOH for the pressure on the horizontal projection of the overhang. Overhangs on the leeward
and side edges shall have the basic zone pressure applied.
10. Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than
either 4% of least horizontal dimension or 0.9 m.
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meters), except that eave height shall be used for roof angles <10°.
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

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Adjustment Factor for Building Height and Exposure, 
Mean roof height (m) Exposure
A B C
4.6 1.00 1.21 1.47
6.0 1.00 1.29 1.55
7.6 1.00 1.35 1.61
9.1 1.00 1.40 1.66
10.7 1.05 1.45 1.70
12.2 1.09 1.49 1.74
13.7 1.12 1.53 1.78
15.2 1.16 1.56 1.81
16.8 1.19 1.59 1.84
18.3 1.22 1.62 1.87

Figure 6.2.2 Design wind pressure for main wind force resisting system- Method 1
(h ≤ 18.3 m)
Enclosed Buildings: Walls & Roofs

Notes:
1. Pressures shown are applied normal to the surface, for exposure A, at h = 9.1m, I = 1.0, and Kzt =
1.0. Adjust to other conditions using Equation 6.2.4.
2. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
3. For hip roofs with θ ≤ 25°, Zone 3 shall be treated as Zone 2.
4. For effective wind areas between those given, value may be interpolated, otherwise use the value
associated with the lower effective wind area.
5. Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4%
of least horizontal dimension or 0.9 m.
h: Mean roof height, in feet (meters), except that eave height shall be used for roof angles <10°.
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

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Roof Overhang Net Design Wind Pressure, Pnet30 (kN/m2)

(Exposure A at h = 9.1 m with l= 1.0)

Roof Zone Effective Basic Wind Speed V (m/s)

Wind area (m2) 40.23 44.7 49.17 53.64 58.11 62.58 67.05 75.99
Pitch

2 0.930 -1.005 -1.239 -1.502 -1.785 -2.096 -2.431 -2.790 -3.584

2 1.860 -0.986 -1.220 -1.473 -1.756 -2.058 -2.388 -2.742 -3.522

Roof 0 to 7 degrees

2 4.648 -0.962 -1.191 -1.440 -1.713 -2.010 -2.330 -2.675 -3.436

2 9.296 -0.947 -1.168 -1.412 -1.680 -1.971 -2.287 -2.627 -3.373

3 0.930 -1.656 -2.043 -2.470 -2.943 -3.450 -4.005 -4.594 -5.905

3 1.860 -1.297 -1.603 -1.938 -2.311 -2.708 -3.144 -3.609 -4.632

3 4.648 -0.828 -1.024 -1.240 -1.474 -1.727 -2.005 -2.302 -2.957

3 9.296 -0.479 -0.584 -0.708 -0.842 -0.986 -1.144 -1.311 -1.684

Figure 6.2.3 Design wind pressure for components and cladding - Method 1 (h ≤ 18.3 m)

Roof Overhang Net Design Wind Pressure, Pnet30 (kN/m2)

(Exposure A at h = 9.1 m with l= 1.0)
Roof Zone Effective Basic Wind Speed V (m/s)
Pitch Wind area 40.23 44.7 49.17 53.64 58.11 62.58 67.05 75.99
(m2)

2 0.930 -1.302 -1.603 -1.943 -2.311 -2.713 -3.144 -3.613 -4.637

2 1.860 -1.302 -1.603 -1.943 -2.311 -2.713 -3.144 -3.613 -4.637

Roof > 7 to 27 degrees

2 4.648 -1.302 -1.603 -1.943 -2.311 -2.713 -3.144 -3.613 -4.637

2 9.296 -1.302 -1.603 -1.943 -2.311 -2.713 -3.144 -3.613 -4.637

3 0.930 -2.187 -2.699 -3.268 -3.885 -4.560 -5.292 -6.072 -7.800

3 1.860 -1.971 -2.436 -2.948 -3.507 -4.115 -4.775 -5.479 -7.039

3 4.648 -1.689 -2.086 -2.526 -3.005 -3.526 -4.091 -4.694 -6.034

3 9.296 -1.479 -1.823 -2.206 -2.627 -3.082 -3.574 -4.106 -5.268

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2 0.930 -1.182 -1.460 -1.766 -2.101 -2.464 -2.861 -3.282 -4.216

2 1.860 -1.148 -1.416 -1.713 -2.038 -2.393 -2.775 -3.182 -4.091

Roof >27 to 45 degrees 2 4.648 -1.101 -1.359 -1.641 -1.952 -2.292 -2.660 -3.052 -3.924

2 9.296 -1.062 -1.311 -1.587 -1.890 -2.220 -2.574 -2.952 -3.795

3 0.930 -1.182 -1.460 -1.766 -2.101 -2.464 -2.861 -3.283 -4.216

3 1.860 -1.148 -1.416 -1.713 -2.038 -2.393 -2.775 -3.182 -4.091

3 4.648 -1.101 -1.359 -1.641 -1.952 -2.292 -2.660 -3.053 -3.923

3 9.296 -1.062 -1.311 -1.589 -1.890 -2.220 -2.574 -2.952 -3.795

Adjustment Factor for Building Height and Exposure, 

Mean roof height (m) Exposure

A B C

4.6 1.00 1.21 1.47

6.1 1.00 1.29 1.55

7.6 1.00 1.35 1.61

9.15 1.00 1.40 1.66

10.7 1.05 1.45 1.70

12.2 1.09 1.49 1.74

13.7 1.12 1.53 1.78

15.2 1.16 1.56 1.81

16.8 1.19 1.59 1.84

18.3 1.22 1.62 1.87

Unit Conversion – 1.0 ft =0.3048 m; 1.0 ft2 = 0.0929 m2; 1.0 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2

Figure 6.2.3 (Contd.) Design wind pressure for components and cladding-Method 1
(h ≤ 18.3 m)

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Topographic Multipliers for Exposure B

H/Lh K1 Multiplier x/Lh K2 Multiplier z/Lh K3 Multiplier
2-D 2-D 3-D 2-D All 2-D 2-D 3-D
Ridge Escarp. Axisym. Escarp. Other Ridge Escarp. Axisym.
Hill Cases Hill
0.20 0.29 0.17 0.21 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.25 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.50 0.88 0.67 0.10 0.74 0.78 0.67
0.30 0.43 0.26 0.32 1.00 0.75 0.33 0.20 0.55 0.61 0.45
0.35 0.51 0.30 0.37 1.50 0.63 0.00 0.30 0.41 0.47 0.30
0.40 0.58 0.34 0.42 2.00 0.50 0.00 0.40 0.30 0.37 0.20
0.45 0.65 0.38 0.47 2.50 0.38 0.00 0.50 0.22 0.29 0.14
0.50 0.72 0.43 0.53 3.00 0.25 0.00 0.60 0.17 0.22 0.09
3.50 0.13 0.00 0.70 0.12 0.17 0.06
4.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.09 0.14 0.04
0.90 0.07 0.11 0.03
1.00 0.05 0.08 0.02
1.50 0.01 0.02 0.00
2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Notes:
1. For values of H/Lh, x/Lh and z/Lh other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
2. For H/Lh > 0.5, assume H/Lh = 0.5 for evaluating K1 and substitute 2H for Lh for evaluating K2 and
K3 .
3. Multipliers are based on the assumption that wind approaches the hill or escarpment along the
direction of maximum slope.
4. Notation:
H: Height of hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters.
Lh: Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill
or escarpment, in meters.
K1: Factor to account for shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect.
K2: Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance upwind or downwind of crest.
K3: Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with height above local terrain.
x: Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in meters.
z: Height above local ground level, in meters.
W: Horizontal attenuation factor.

Equation:
γ: Height attenuation factor

0/" 5 (1 + 01 0 02 ) ; K1 determined from Table below; 0 5 ¸1 −

| |
¹ ; 02 5
P Òë//B Á êBÁ

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Parameters for Speed-Up Over Hills and Escarpments

Hill Shape K1/(H/Lh) γ μ

Upwind of Downwind
Exposure A Exposure B Exposure C
crest of Crest

2-dimensional ridges 1.30 1.45 1.55 3 1.5 1.5

(or valleys with negative

H in K1/(H/Lh)

2-dimensional 0.75 0.85 0.95 2.5 1.5 4

escarpments

3-dimensional axisym. 0.95 1.05 1.15 4 1.5 1.5

Hill

Figure 6.2.4 Topographic factor, Kzt - Method 2

Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Buildings: Walls & Roofs

Enclosure Classification GCpi Notes:

1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting
Open Building 0.00
toward and away from the internal surfaces,
Partially Enclosed Building +0.55
respectively.
-0.55
2. Values of GCpi shall be used with qz or qh as
Enclosed Building +0.18 specified in Sec 2.4.11.
-0.18 3. Two cases shall be considered to determine the
critical load requirements for the appropriate
condition:
(i) a positive value of GCpi applied to all internal
surfaces

(ii) a negative value of GCpi applied to all internal

surfaces.

Figure 6.2.5 Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi main wind force resisting system
component and cladding - Method 2 (All Heights)

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Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings: Walls & Roofs

Wall Pressure Coefficients, Cp

Surface L/B Cp Use With
Windward Wall All values 0.8 qz
Leeward Wall 0-1 -0.5 qh
2 -0.3
>4 -0.2
Side Wall All values -0.7 qh

Figure 6.2.6 External Pressure Coefficients, Cp main wind force resisting system -
Method 2 (All Heights)

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