Digital Fundamentals

CHAPTER 2
Number Systems, Operations, and Codes
Decimal Numbers

The decimal number system has ten digits: 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

The decimal numbering system has a base of
10 with each position weighted by a factor of
10:

2
 Binary Numbers

The binary number system has two digits:
0 and 1

The binary numbering system has a base of 2 with each

position weighted by a factor of 2:

3
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion

Sum-of-weights method

Repeated division-by-2 method

Conversion of decimal fractions to binary

4
Binary Arithmetic

Binary addition

Binary subtraction

Binary multiplication

Binary division

5
Complements of Binary Numbers

1’s complements

2’s complements

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Complements of Binary Numbers

1’s complement

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Complements of Binary Numbers

2’s complement

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Signed Numbers

Signed-magnitude form

1’s and 2’s complement form

Decimal value of signed numbers

Range of values

Floating-point numbers

9
Signed-magnitude form

The sign bit is the left-most bit in a signed
binary number

A 0 sign bit indicates a positive magnitude

A 1 sign bit indicates a negative

magnitude

10
Complement Form

1’s complement form

A negative value is the 1’s complement of the
corresponding positive value

2’s complement form

A negative value is the 2’s complement of the
corresponding positive value

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Decimal Value of Signed Numbers

Sign-magnitude

1’s complement

2’s complement

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Range of Values

2’s complement form:

– (2n – 1) to + (2n – 1 – 1)

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Floating-Point Numbers

Single-precision (32 bits)

Double-precision (64 bits)

Extended-precision (80 bits)

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Arithmetic Operations with Signed
Numbers

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

15
Addition of Signed Numbers 1

The parts of an addition function are:

Addend

Augend

Sum

Numbers are always added two at a time.

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Addition of Signed Numbers 2

Four conditions for adding numbers:

Both numbers are positive.

A positive number that is larger than a
negative number.

A negative number that is larger than a
positive number.

Both numbers are negative.

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Signs for Addition 1

When both numbers are positive, the sum is

positive.

When the larger number is positive and the

smaller is negative, the sum is positive. The
carry is discarded.

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Signs for Addition 2

When the larger number is negative and the

smaller is positive, the sum is negative (2’s
complement form).

When both numbers are negative, the sum is
negative (2’s complement form). The carry bit
is discarded.

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Subtraction of Signed Numbers

The parts of a subtraction function are:

Subtrahend

Minuend

Difference

Subtraction is addition with the sign of the subtrahend changed.

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Subtraction

The sign of a positive or negative binary

number is changed by taking its 2’s
complement

To subtract two signed numbers, take the 2’s

complement of the subtrahend and add.
Discard any final carry bit.

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Multiplication of Signed Numbers 1

The parts of a multiplication function are:

Multiplicand

Multiplier

Product

Multiplication is equivalent to adding a number to itself a

number of times equal to the multiplier.

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Multiplication of Signed Numbers 2

There are two methods for multiplication:

Direct addition

Partial products

The method of partial products is the most commonly used.

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Multiplication of Signed Numbers 3

If the signs are the same, the product is

positive.

If the signs are different, the product is

negative.

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Division of Signed Numbers 1

The parts of a division operation are:

Dividend

Divisor

Quotient

Division is equivalent to subtracting the divisor from the

dividend a number of times equal to the quotient.

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 Division of Signed Numbers 2

If the signs are the same, the quotient is

positive.

If the signs are different, the quotient is

negative.

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 Hexadecimal Numbers 1

Decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers

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Hexadecimal Numbers 2

Binary-to-hexadecimal conversion

Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion

Decimal-to-hexadecimal conversion

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Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

Break the binary number into 4-bit groups

Replace each group with the hexadecimal

equivalent

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Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion

Convert the hexadecimal to groups of 4-

bit binary Hexadecimal-to-decimal
conversion

Convert the binary to decimal

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Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

Repeated division by 16

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Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

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Digital Codes

Gray code

ASCII code

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Gray Code

34
ASCII Code (Control Characters)

35
ASCII Code (graphic symbols 20h – 3Fh)

36
ASCII Code (graphic symbols 40h – 5Fh)

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ASCII Code (graphic symbols 60h – 7Fh)

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Extended ASCII Code (80h – FFh)

Non-English alphabetic characters

Currency symbols

Greek letters

Math symbols

Drawing characters

Bar graphing characters

Shading characters

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Error Detection and Correction Codes

Parity error codes

Hamming error codes

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Parity Error Codes

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Hamming Error Codes
0000000 0

Hamming code words 0000111 1
0011011 2
0011110 3

Hex equivalent of the 0101010 4
0101101 5
data bits 0110011 6
0110100 7
1001011 8
1001100 9
1010010 A
1010101 B
1100001 C
1100110 D
1111000 E
1111111 F

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