Digital Fundamentals

CHAPTER 3
Logic Gates
Logic Gates

Inverter

AND Gate

OR Gate

Exclusive-OR Gate

NAND Gate

NOR Gate

Exclusive-NOR Gate

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The Inverter

Truth table Boolean expression

0 = LOW
Pulsed waveforms
1 = HIGH

The output of an inverter is always the complement (opposite) of the input

3
 The AND Gate 1

Boolean expression

Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms

The output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH 4
The AND Gate 2

3-Input AND Gate

4-Input AND Gate

5
The OR Gate 1

Boolean expression

Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms

The output of an OR gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are HIGH
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The OR Gate 2

3-Input OR Gate

4-Input OR Gate
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 The NAND Gate 1

Boolean expression

Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms

The output of a NAND gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are LOW
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The NAND Gate 2

3-Input NAND Gate 4-Input NAND Gate

9
 The NOR Gate 1

Boolean expression

Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms

The output of a NOR gate is LOW whenever one or more inputs are HIGH10
The NOR Gate 2

3-Input NOR Gate 4-Input NOR Gate

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 Exclusive-OR Gate

Boolean expression

Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms

The output of an XOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are different
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 Exclusive-NOR Gate

Boolean expression

Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms

The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are identical
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Programmable Logic

Programmable AND array

Programmable link technology

Device programming

In-system programming (ISP)

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Programmable AND Array

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Programmable Link Technology

Fuse technology

Anti-fuse technology

EPROM technology

EEPROM technology

SRAM technology

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Device Programming

Design entry

Text entry

Graphic (schematic) entry

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In-System Programming (ISP)

Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)

Imbedded processor

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Fixed-Function Logic

CMOS

TTL

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