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IU CalculusI Chap2
IU CalculusI Chap2
AM
PH
Duong T. PHAM
T.
g.
CALCULUS I
on
Du
AM
2 The Derivative. Higher-Order Derivatives
PH
3 Rules of Differentiation
T.
5 Implicit differentiation g.
on
6 Differentiation of inverse functions
Du
7 Linear approximation
8 Related Rates
f (xQ ) − f (a)
y = lim (x − a) + f (a)
xQ →a xQ − a
y
AM
t y =
f (xQ ) − f (a)
(x − a) + f (a)
xQ − a
PH
Q
f (xQ )
T.
P Q
f (a)
g. y = f (x)
on
Du
a xQ x
AM
f (x) − f (a)
m = lim
x→a x −a
PH
provided this limit exists.
T.
Ex: Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x 2 at the
point P(1, 1). g.
on
Ans: The slope of the tangent line at the point P(1, 1) is
Du
f (x) − f (1) x2 − 1
m = lim = lim = lim (x + 1) = 2
x→1 x −1 x→1 x − 1 x→1
4 y = 2x − 1
AM
PH
T.
1
g.
on
x
−2 −1 1 2
Du
AM
ball after 5 seconds.
PH
Ans. Denote by s(t) : the distance fallen after t
seconds. Galileo’s law gives
T.
Figure: The CN Tower in Toronto
s(t) = 4.9t 2 .
g.
We can approximate the desired quantity by computing the average
on
velocity over the brief time interval of a tenth of a second from t = 5 to
Du
t = 5.1
change in position s(5.1) − s(5)
average velocity = =
time elapsed 0.1
2
4.9(5.1) − 4.9(5) 2
= = 49.49m/s.
0.1
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 6 / 70
The Velocity Problem
AM
5 ≤ t ≤ 5.1 49.49
5 ≤ t ≤ 5.05
PH
49.245
5 ≤ t ≤ 5.01 49.049
5 ≤ t ≤ 5.001 49.0049
T.
It appears that as we shorten the time period, the average velocity is
g.
becoming closer to 49 m/s. The instantaneous velocity when t = 5 is
on
defined to be the limiting value of these average velocities over shorter and
Du
Definition.
The derivative of a function f at a number x = a, denoted by f 0 (a), is
AM
f (x) − f (a)
PH
f 0 (a) = lim
x→a x −a
T.
if this limit exists
g.
on
Remark: The limit in the above definition can be replaced by
Du
f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h
AM
f (a + h) − f (a)
PH
f 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h
(a + h)2 + 2(a + h) + 3 − (a2 + 2a + 3)
T.
= lim
h→0 h
(a + h)2 − a2 + 2h
g. (2a + h)h + 2h
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
on
= lim (2a + h + 2)
Du
h→0
= 2a + 2
Corollary.
The tangent line to to the curve y = f (x) at the point (a, f (a)) is given by
AM
y − f (a) = f 0 (a)(x − a)
PH
Ex: Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x 2 + 2x + 3
T.
at the point (0, 3)
Ans: In the previous example, we have found that
g.
on
f 0 (a) = 2a + 2.
Du
Thus, f 0 (0) = 2. Applying the above corollary, the desired tangent line is
y − 3 = 2(x − 0) or y = 2x + 3
AM
∆x = x2 − x1
PH
and the correponding change in y is
∆y = f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
T.
The difference quotient
g.
on
∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
=
Du
∆x x2 − x1
is called the average rate of change of y with respect to x over
the interval [x1 , x2 ]
AM
The instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x1 is
f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
PH
instantaneous rate ∆y
= lim = lim
of change ∆x→0 ∆x x2 →x1 x2 − x1
T.
Note here that g.
on
∆y f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
f 0 (x1 ) = lim = lim
∆x x2 − x1
Du
∆x→0 x2 →x1
AM
PH
2.7:
T.
1, 3–8, 11, 13, 18, 21, 25–30, 31–38, 51–52
g.
on
Du
AM
is a function of x and called the derivative of f
PH
Ex: Given f (x) = x 3 − x. Find f 0 (x).
T.
Ans: We have
f (x + h) − f (x)
g. (x + h)3 − (x + h) − (x 3 − x)
f 0 (x) = lim = lim
on
h→0 h h→0 h
h[(x + h)2 + (x + h)x + x 2 ] − h
Du
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (x + h) + (x + h)x + x 2 − 1
2
h→0
2
= 3x − 1
y y
AM
y = x3 − x y = 3x 2 − 1
PH
T.
√1
3
−1
√
3
x −1
√
3
√1
3
x
g.
on
Du
Definition.
AM
A function f is differentiable at x = a if f 0 (a) exists.
It is differentiable on an interval (a, b) or (−∞, a) or (a, ∞) or
PH
(−∞, ∞) if it is differentiable at every point in the interval
T.
Remark: The following notations can be used to indicate the the
g.
derivative of a function y = f (x) at the number x:
on
Du
dy df d
f 0 (x) = y 0 = = = f (x) = Df (x) = Dx f (x)
dx dx dx
x > 0: then f (x) = |x| = x and for sufficiently small |h|, we have
x + h > 0. Thus
f (x + h)−f (x) |x + h| − |x| x + h−x
AM
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
PH
= lim 1 = 1
h→0
T.
=⇒ f is differentiable on (0, ∞)
g.
x < 0: then f (x) = |x| = −x and for sufficiently small |h|, we have
on
x + h < 0. Thus
Du
=⇒ f is differentiable on (−∞, 0)
x = 0: then
f (0 + h)−f (0) |0 + h| − |0| h
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ 1 = 1
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0
AM
and
PH
f (0 + h)−f (0) |0 + h| − |0| −h
lim = lim = lim = lim (−1) = −
h→0− h h→0 − h h→0 − h h→0−
T.
We note here that
g.
f (0 + h)−f (0) f (0 + h)−f (0)
on
lim+ 6= lim
h→0 h h→0 − h
Du
f (0 + h)−f (0)
=⇒ lim does not exist f is NOT differentiable at
h→0 h
x =0
Theorem.
If f is differentiable at a then f is continuous at a
AM
f (x) − f (a)
Proof: f is differentiable at a =⇒ lim exists ( = L )
x→a x −a
PH
Then f (x) − f (a)
lim [f (x) − f (a)] = lim · (x − a)
x→a x→a x −a
T.
f (x) − f (a)
= lim · lim (x − a)
g. x→a x −a x→a
= L · 0 = 0.
on
Du
=⇒ f is continuous at a.
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 19 / 70
Higher derivatives
If f is a differentiable function, then f 0 is also function. If f 0 also has a
derivative, we then denote f 00 = (f 0 )0 , and f 00 is called the second deriva-
tive of f . We can write
d 2f
AM
00 d df
f = = 2
dx dx dx
PH
Ex: Given f (x) = x 3 − x. Find f 00 (x).
T.
Ans: On slide 52, we have found that f 0 (x) = 3x 2 − 1. Thus
f 0 (x + h) − f 0 (x)
g. 3(x + h)2 − 1 − (3x 2 − 1)
f 00 (x) = lim = lim
on
h→0 h h→0 h
3h(2x + h)
Du
AM
PH
2.8:
T.
1, 13, 17, 18, 19–24, 31, 45–46, 54
g.
on
Du
AM
d
(c) = 0
dx
PH
Proof: We have f (x) = c. Then
T.
d f (x + h) − f (x) c −c
(c) = lim
g. = lim
dx h→0 h h→0 h
on
0
= lim = lim 0
Du
h→0 h h→0
= 0.
AM
dx
PH
Proof: If f (x) = x n , then
T.
d n f (x + h) − f (x) (x + h)n − x n
(x ) = lim = lim
dx h→0 h g. h→0 h
n−1 + (x + h) x + . . . + (x + h)x n−2 + x n−1
n−2
h (x + h)
on
= lim
h→0 h
Du
AM
d α
(x ) = αx α−1
dx
PH
d √
d 1
Ex: Find and x
T.
dx x2 dx
Ans: g.
d 1 d −2
on
x −2 = (−2)x −2−1 = −2x −3 = 3
=
dx x2 dx x
Du
d √ d 1/2 1 1 1 1 1
x = x = x 2 −1 = x − 2 = √
dx dx 2 2 2 x
AM
[cf (x)] = c f (x)
dx dx
PH
Proof: Let g (x) = cf (x), then
d g (x + h) − g (x) cf (x + h) − cf (x)
T.
g (x) = lim = lim
dx h→0
h h→0
h
f (x + h) − f (x)
g. f (x + h) − f (x)
= lim c = c lim
on
h→0 h h→0 h
d
Du
= c f (x)
dx
d d
Ex: (3x 4 ) = 3 (x 4 ) = 3 · 4x 3 = 12x 3
dx dx
AM
Proof: Let k(x) = f (x) + g (x), then
PH
d k(x + h) − k(x) f (x + h) + g (x + h) − [f (x) + g (x)]
k(x) = lim = lim
dx h→0 h h→0
h
T.
f (x + h) − f (x) g (x + h) − g (x)
= lim +
h→0 h h
g.
f (x + h) − f (x) g (x + h) − g (x)
on
= lim + lim
h→0 h h→0 h
Du
d d
= f (x) + g (x)
dx dx
Remark: The sum rule can be extended to sums of any number of
functions. For example,
(f + g + k)0 = f 0 + g 0 + k 0
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 26 / 70
Derivative of exponential functions
(e x )0 = e x
AM
(ax )0 = ax ln a
1
PH
(ln x)0 =
x
0 1
T.
(loga x) =
x ln a
g.
Exercises 3.1:
on
3–32, 45–46
Du
AM
dx dx dx
PH
Proof: Let k(x) = f (x)g (x), then
T.
k(x) = lim = lim
dx h→0 h h→0 h
= lim
g.
[f (x + h) − f (x)]g (x + h) f (x)[g (x + h) − g (x)]
+
on
h→0 h h
f (x + h) − f (x) g (x + h) − g (x)
Du
AM
PH
Proof: Exercise
x2 − x + 3
Ex: Let y = . Find y 0 .
T.
x +2
Ans:
g.
(x 2 − x + 3)0 (x + 2) − (x 2 − x + 3)(x + 2)0
y0 =
on
(x + 2)2
Du
(2x − 1)(x + 2) − (x 2 − x + 3)
=
(x + 2)2
x 2 + 5x − 5
=
(x + 2)2
AM
d d α
dx (c) =0 dx (x ) = αx α−1
PH
d x d
dx (e ) = ex x
dx (a ) = ax ln a
T.
(cf )0 = cf 0 (f ± g )0 = f 0 ± g 0
g. 0
f 0 g −fg 0
on
(fg )0 = f 0 g + fg 0 f
g = g2
Du
AM
PH
3.2:
T.
1–26, 27–30, 31–32, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50,
g.
on
Du
1 1
Recall that sec x = and csc x = . The following identities are
AM
cos x sin x
true:
PH
(sin x)0 = cos x (cos x)0 = − sin x
T.
(tan x)0 = 1
cos2 x
(cot x)0 = − sin12 x
g.
(csc x)0 = − csc x cot x (sec x)0 = sec x tan x
on
Du
AM
Proof: We have
PH
(g ◦ f )(a + h) − (g ◦ f )(a) g (f (a + h)) − g (f (a))
(g ◦ f )0 (a) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0
h
T.
g (f (a + h)) − g (f (a)) f (a + h) − f (a)
= lim ·
h→0 f (a + h) − f (a)
g. h
on
g (f (a + h)) − g (f (a)) f (a + h) − f (a)
= lim · lim
f (a + h) − f (a) h
Du
h→0 h→0
0 0
= g (f (a)) · f (a)
Note that in the last argument we use the fact that f is continuous at a
because it is differentiable at a, and thus f (a + h) → f (a) as h goes to 0.
Ans:
AM
√
Denote f (x) = x 2 + 1 and g (x) = x. Then
PH
k(x) = g (f (x)) = (g ◦ f )(x).
T.
Applying the Chain Rule,
g.
k 0 (x) = g 0 (f (x)) · f 0 (x).
on
√
x =⇒ g 0 (x) = 1
=⇒ g 0 (f (x)) = √1 1
Du
g (x) = √
2 x
= 2(x 2 +1)
2 f (x)
f (x) = x 2 + 1 =⇒ f 0 (x) = 2x
2x x
=⇒ k 0 (x) = = 2
2(x 2 + 1) x +1
AM
d α du
u = αu α−1
dx dx
PH
Ex: Differentiate y = (x 3 − 1)100 .
T.
Ans: We have
dy
=
d g.
[(x 3 − 1)100 ] = 100(x 3 − 1)100−1 (x 3 − 1)0
on
dx dx
= 100(x 3 − 1)99 (3x 2 )
Du
= 300(x 3 − 1)99 x 2
AM
PH
3.4:
T.
1–12, 47–50, 68, 75
g.
on
Du
s = f (t) = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t
AM
where t is measured in seconds and s in meters.
(i) Find the velocity at time t.
PH
(ii) What is the velocity after 2 s? After 4 s?
T.
(iii) When is the particle at rest?
(iv) When is the particle moving forward (that is, in the positive direction)?
g.
on
(v) Draw a diagram to represent the motion of the particle.
Du
(vi) Find the total distance traveled by the particle during the first five seconds.
(vii) Find the acceleration at time and after 4s.
(viii) Graph the position, velocity, and acceleration functions for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.
(ix) When is the particle speeding up? When is it slowing down?
AM
(ii) The velocity after 2s means the instantaneous velocity when t = 2,
that is,
PH
ds
v (2) = = 3 × 22 − 12 × 2 + 9 = −3m/s.
dt t=2
T.
The velocity after 4 s is
g.
v (4) = 3 × 42 − 12 × 4 + 9 = 9m/s.
on
Du
(iii) When is the particle at rest? The particle is at rest when v (t) = 0 ,
that is
AM
The particle is moving backward when 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 .
PH
(v) Draw a diagram to represent the motion of the particle.
T.
g.
on
Du
AM
|f (1) − f (0)| = |4 − 0| = 4.
PH
From t = 1 to t = 3 the distance traveled is
T.
|f (3) − f (1)| = |0 − 4| = 4.
g.
From t = 3 to t = 5 the distance traveled is
on
Du
AM
(viii) the graphs of s, v and a:
PH
T.
g.
on
Du
AM
PH
T.
g.
on
Du
AM
PH
T.
The mass of the part of the rod that lies between x = x1 and x = x2 is
given by ∆m = f (x2 ) − f (x1 ), so the average density of that part of the
rod is
g. ∆m f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
on
average density = =
∆x x2 − x1
Du
AM
If ∆Q is the net charge that passes through this surface during a time
PH
period ∆t, then the average current during this time interval is defined as
Q2 − Q1
T.
∆Q
average current = =
∆t t2 − t1
g.
If we take the limit of this average current over smaller and smaller time
on
intervals, we get what is called the current I at a given time t1 :
Du
∆Q dQ
I = lim =
∆t→0 ∆t dt
Thus the current is the rate at which charge flows through a surface. It is
measured in units of charge per unit time (often coulombs per second,
called amperes).
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 44 / 70
Physics
AM
Remark. Velocity, density, and current are not the only rates of change that are
PH
important in physics. Others include power (the rate at which work is done), the
rate of heat flow, temperature gradient (the rate of change of temperature with
T.
respect to position), and the rate of decay of a radioactive substance in nuclear
physics. g.
on
Du
AM
product.
The concentration of a reactant A is the number of moles (1 mole
PH
= 6.022 × 1023 molecules) per liter and is denoted by [A].
The concentration varies during a reaction, so [A], [B], and [C] are all
T.
functions of t.
The average rate of reaction of the product C over a time interval
g.
t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 is
on
∆[C] [C](t2 ) − [C](t1 )
Du
=
∆t t2 − t1
Instantaneous rate of reaction is
∆[C] d[C]
rate of reaction = lim =
∆t→0 ∆t dt
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 46 / 70
Chemistry
Consider the reaction: A + B −→ C.
Since the concentration of the product increases as the reaction
proceeds, the derivative d[C]/dt will be positive, and so the rate of
AM
reaction of C is positive.
The concentrations of the reactants, however, decrease during the
PH
reaction. Thus, d[A]/dt and d[B]/dt are negative.
Since A and B each decrease at the same rate that C increases, we
T.
have
g. d[C] d[A] d[B]
rate of reaction= =− =− .
on
dt dt dt
Du
AM
growth during the time period is
∆n f (t2 ) − f (t1 )
PH
average rate of growth = =
∆t t2 − t1
T.
The instantaneous rate of growth is
g. ∆n dn
growth rate = lim = .
on
∆t→0 ∆t dt
Du
Strictly speaking, this is not quite accurate because the actual graph of a
population function n = f (t) would be a step function that is
discontinuous whenever a birth or death occurs and therefore not
differentiable. However, for a large animal or plant population, we can
replace the graph by a smooth approximating curve as in the figure.
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 48 / 70
Biology
AM
PH
T.
g.
on
Du
AM
The population function is n = 2t n0 . So the rate of growth of the bacteria
PH
population at time t is
T.
dn d
= (2t n0 )= n0 2t ln 2.
dt dt
g.
on
For example, if n0 = 100 bacteria. The rate of growth after 4 hours is
Du
dn
= 100 × 24 ln 2 ≈ 1109.
dt t=4
AM
PH
Because of friction at the walls of the tube, the velocity v of the
blood is greatest along the central axis of the tube and decreases as
T.
the distance r from the axis increases until v becomes 0 at the wall.
The relationship between v and r is given by the law of laminar flow
g.
discovered by the French physician Jean-Louis-Marie Poiseuille in
on
1840.
Du
AM
∆v v (r2 ) − v (r1 )
=
PH
∆r r2 − r1
Velocity gradient, i.e. the instantaneous rate of change of velocity v
T.
w.r.t. r is: ∆v dv Pr
velocity gradient = lim
g. = =−
∆r →0 ∆r dr 2ηl
on
Du
AM
The velocity gradient at that point is
PH
dv 4000 × 0.002
=− ≈ −74(cm/s)/cm.
dt t=0.002 2 × 0.027 × 2
T.
(1cm = 10, 000µm). Then the radius of the artery is 80µm. The
g.
velocity at the central axis is 11, 850µm/s, which decreases to
on
11, 110µm/s at a distance of r = 20µm.
Du
AM
If the number of items produced is increased from x1 to x2 , then the
additional cost is ∆C = C (x2 ) − C (x1 ).
PH
The average rate of change of the cost is
∆C C (x2 ) − C (x1 ) C (x1 + ∆x) − C (x1 )
T.
= = .
∆x x2 − x1 ∆x
g.
The instantaneous rate of change of cost w.r.t. the number of items
on
produced, is called the marginal cost by economists:
Du
∆C dC
marginal cost = lim = .
∆x→0 ∆x dt
Remark. Since x often takes on only integer values, it may not make
literal sense to let ∆x approach 0, but we can always replace C (x) by a
smooth approximating function as in the previous example.
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 54 / 70
Economics
AM
C 0 (n) ≈ C (n + 1) − C (n)
PH
Thus the marginal cost of producing units is approximately equal to
the cost of producing one more unit [the n + 1st unit]
T.
It is often appropriate to represent a total cost function by a
polynomial g.
C (x) = a + bx + cx 2 + dx 3
on
Du
AM
The marginal cost at the production level of 500 items is
PH
C 0 (500) = 5 + 0.02 × 500 = $15/item.
T.
This gives the rate at which costs are increasing with respect to the
production level when x = 500 and predicts the cost of the 501st
item.
g.
on
The actual cost of producing the 501st item is
Du
AM
E.g., given y = x + 1. Then y 0 = 2√1x+1
PH
However, if the function y is given implicitly as a relation between x
and y , then we need to use the method of implicit differentiation
E.g., given x 3 + y 3 = 6xy . We need to find y 0 ?
T.
E.g., Differentiating both sides, noting that y is a function of x,
g.
on
(x 3 + y 3 )0x = (6xy )0x ⇐⇒ 3x 2 + 3y 2 y 0 = 6y + 6xy 0
Du
⇐⇒ (y 2 − 2x)y 0 = 2y − x 2
2y − x 2
⇐⇒ y 0 =
y 2 − 2x
Ex: Find y 00 if x 4 + y 4 = 16
AM
x3
(x 4 + y 4 )0x = (16)0x ⇐⇒ 4x 3 + 4y 3 y 0 = 0 =⇒ y 0 = −
y3
PH
Differentiating both sides of the blue equation
T.
0
x3 (x 3 )0x y 3 − x 3 (y 3 )0x 3x 2 y 3 − 3x 3 y 2 y 0
00
y =− =−g. = −
y3x y6 y6
on
3
3x 2 y 3 − 3x 3 y 2 − yx 3 4 4
2x + y
Du
=− = −3x
y6 y7
48x 2
=− 7
y
AM
(sin−1 x)0 = √ 1 (cos−1 x)0 = − √1−x
1
PH
1−x 2 2
T.
(tan−1 x)0 = 1
1+x 2
(cot−1 x)0 = − 1+x
1
2
(sec−1 x)0 = √1
g. (csc−1 x)0 = − x √x12 −1
on
x x 2 −1
Du
AM
PH
3.5
T.
1–4, 21–22, 33–36, 40
g.
on
Du
AM
dx dy
· = 1.
dy dx
PH
Hence,
0 1
f −1 (a) =
T.
.
f 0 (f −1 (a))
g. √
Example. y = x 2 (for positive x) has inverse x = y . We have
on
dy dx 1 1
Du
= 2x, = √ =
dx dy 2 y 2x
0
y = f (a)(x − a) + f (a)
y
t
AM
f 0 (a)(x ∗ − a) + f (a))
PH
f (x ∗ )
P Q
f (a)
y = f (x)
T.
g.
on
a x∗ x
Du
AM
Ans:
The linearization at x = 1 is
PH
1 √ x 7
L(x) = f 0 (1)(x − 1) + f (1) = √ (x − 1) + 1 + 3 = +
2 1+3 4 4
T.
The corresponding linear approximation is
g.
on
√ x 7
x +3≈ + (when x is near 1)
Du
4 4
√ √ 0.95 7
In particular, 3.95 = 0.95 + 3 ≈ 4 + 4 = 1.9875
√ √ 1.05 7
and 4.05 = 1.05 + 3 ≈ 4 + 4 = 2.0125
AM
PH
3.10:
T.
1–10
g.
on
Du
If we are pumping air into a balloon, both the volume and the radius
AM
of the balloon are increasing and their rates of increase are related to
each other. But it is much easier to measure directly the rate of
PH
increase of the volume than the rate of increase of the radius.
T.
In a related rates problem the idea is to compute the rate of change
of one quantity in terms of the rate of change of another quantity
g.
(which may be more easily measured).
on
The procedure is to find an equation that relates the two quantities
Du
and then use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides with respect
to time.
Ex. Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume in-
creases at a rate of 100 cm3 /s. How fast is the radius of the balloon
AM
increasing when the diameter is 50 cm?
Given information: the rate of increase of the volume of air is 100
PH
cm3 /s
Unknown: the rate of increase of the radius when the diameter is 50
T.
cm?
g.
Denote V (t) : volume of the balloon at time t
on
r (t) : radius of the balloon at time t.
The rate of increase of the volume V (t) w.r.t. time is dV /dt
Du
4
We have V = πr 3 . Differentiate with respect to t
3
AM
dV dV dr dr dr 1 dV
= = 4πr 2 =⇒ = .
PH
dt dr dt dt dt 4πr 2 dt
dV
T.
When r = 25 and = 100, we have
dt
g.
dr 1 1
on
= 2
100 =
dt 4π25 25π
Du
AM
x(t), y (t)
dx
PH
When =1
dt
ft/s, x = 6 ft ,
T.
dy
=?
dt
g.
on
Pythagorean Theorem: x 2 + y 2 = 102 . Differentiate both sides w.r.t. t,
Du
dx dy dy x dx p
2x + 2y = 0 =⇒ =− when x = 6, y = 102 − 62 = 8,
dt dt dt y dt
dy 6 3
thus =− ·1 =− ft/s
dt 8 4
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 68 / 70
Ex. A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base
radius 2 m and height 4 m. If water is being pumped into the tank at a
rate of 2 m/min, find the rate at which the water level is rising when the
water is 3 m deep.
Denote V (t) : volume of water at time t
r (t) : radius of the surface at time t
AM
h(t) : height of water at time t
PH
Given dV 3 dh
dt = 2m /min. Q: dt when
h = 3m?
1
T.
We have V = πr 2 h
3
2 π
r
h = 24 =⇒ r = h
2 =⇒ V = 31 π h2 h = h3 . Differentiate both sides
g. 12
on
w.r.t. t,
Du
dV π dh dh 4 dV dV
= h2 =⇒ = 2
. Substitute h = 3m, = 2m3 /min
dt 4 dt dt πh dt dt
dh 4 8
= 2 ·2 = . The water level is rising at a rate of
dt π3 9π
8
9π ≈ 0.28m/min
Duong T. PHAM September 29, 2020 69 / 70
Related Rates
Strategy:
Read the problem carefully.
AM
Draw a diagram if possible.
Introduce notation. Assign symbols to all quantities that are
PH
functions of time.
Express the given information and the required rate in terms of
T.
derivatives.
Write an equation that relates the various quantities of the problem.
g.
If necessary, use the geometry of the situation to eliminate one of the
on
variables by substitution
Du
Use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides of the equation with
respect to t.
Substitute the given information into the resulting equation and solve
for the unknown rate.