IU CalculusI Chap5

Chapter 5: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
AM
PH
Duong T. PHAM
T.
g. CALCULUS I
on
Du
Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 1 / 46

Outline
1 Area between curves
AM
2 Volumes
PH
3 Volumes by cylindrical shells
T.
4 Average value of a function
5 Arc length
g.
on
Du
6 Applications to physics and Engineering
7 Applications of integration to Economics and Biology

Area between curves
y
y = f (x)
AM
S
a
PH
x
b
T.
y = g (x)
g.
Let f and g satisfy that g (x) ≤ f (x) for any a ≤ x ≤ b. Let S be the
on
region between the graphs of f and g from a to b, i.e.,
Du
S = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : a ≤ x ≤ b, g (x) ≤ y ≤ f (x).}
The area A of S is Z b
A= [f (x) − g (x)]dx
a
Area between curves
Ex: Find the area of the region bounded above by y = e x , bounded below
by y = x, and bounded on the sides by x = 0 and x = 1.
AM
PH
Ans:
y y = ex
Denote by A the area of the consid-
T.
ered region. Then
g. Z 1
x 2 1

on
x x
A= [e − x]dx = e −
2

0 0
Du
y =x
1 3
=e − −1=e −
0
1 x 2 2

Area between curves
Ex: Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x 2 , bounded below by
y = 2x − x 2 .
AM
Ans: The intersection of these two parabolas satisfies
PH
( ( ( (
y = x2 x 2 = 2x − x 2 x2 = x x =0∨x =1
2
⇐⇒ 2
⇐⇒ 2
⇐⇒
y = 2x − x y =x y =x y = x2
T.
The two parabolas intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
g.
y Denote by A the area of the considered
on
y = 2x − x 2 region. Then
Du
Z 1 Z 1
2 2
A= [2x−x −x ]dx = 2 [x−x 2 ]dx
0 0
y = x2 2 3 1

x x 1
0
=2 − =

1 x
2 3 0 3
Area between curves
Ex: Find the area of the region enclosed by the straight line y = x − 1
and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6.
AM
Ans: The intersection of the straight line and the parabola satisfies
( ( ( (
y =x −1 y =x −1 y =x −1 y =x −1
PH
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒ ⇐⇒
y 2 = 2x+6 (x−1)2 = 2x+6 x 2 −4x−5 = 0 x = −1 ∨ x = 5
T.
The intersection is (−1, −2) and (5, 4).
y y
4
g. 4
on
√
y 2 = 2x + 6 y = 2x + 6
Du
−1 −1
5 x 5 x
y =x −1 y =x −1
√
−2 y = − 2x + 6 −2

Area between curves
AM
y = 2x + 6
A2
PH
−3 A1 −1
5 x
y =x −1
T.
√
y = − 2x + 6 −2
g.
on
Du
Z −1 h√ √ i
A1 = 2x + 6 − (− 2x + 6) dx
−3
Z5 h√ i
A2 = 2x + 6 − (x − 1) dx
−1

Area between curves
AM
2
x = y 2−6
PH
−1
5 x
x =y +1
T.
−2
g.
on
Denote by A the area of the considered region. Then
Du
Z 4h Z 4
y 2 −6 i y2
A= (y +1) − dy = [− +y +4]dy
−2 2 −2 2
3 2

y y 4
= − + + 4y = 18
6 2 −2

Exercises
AM
PH
6.1: 1–4, 5–10, 40, 43
T.
g.
on
Du

Volumes
AM
h Rh
V = A·h = 0
A dx
PH
T.
h A
g. h
on
A
x
Du
0 0 h
Rh
V =A·h = 0
A dx

Volumes
AM
A(t)
PH
T.
0 t x
g. h
on
Du
Z h
V := A(x) dx
0

Volumes
Ex: Show that volume of a sphere of radius R is 34 πR 3
Ans:
AM
Z R
V = A(x) dx, where
−R
PH
y
p
A(x) = area of a circle of radius R2 − x2
T.
= π(R 2 − x 2 )
g.
−R Hence,
on
x R x
A(x)
Du
R R
x 3
Z
2 2 2
V = π(R − x ) dx = π R x −
−R 3 −R
4
= πR 3
3

Solid created by rotating about the x-axis
y y
y = f (x) y = f (x)
f (x)
AM
A(x)
f (x)
PH
a x a x b x
b
T.
f (x) ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ [a, b] g.
on
Du
The volume of the solid created by rotating S about the x-axis is

Z b Z b
Vx = A(x) dx= π[f (x)]2 dx
a a

Solid created by rotating about the x-axis
Ex: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis
the region bounded by y = 2x 2 − x 3 and y = 0.
AM
PH
Ans:
We have
T.
y Z 2 Z 2
y = 2x 2 − x 3 Vx = π(2x − x ) dx = π (4x 4 − 4x 5 + x 6 )dx
2 3 2
g.0
2
0
4x 5 4x 6 x7

on

=π − +
5 6 7 0
Du
0 2 x
π27
=
105

Exercises
AM
PH
6.2: 1–5, 50–52
T.
g.
on
Du

Solid created by rotating about the y -axis
y
y = f (x)
y
y = f (x)
AM
S
PH
a b x
T.
a b x
f (x) ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ [a, b] g.
on
The volume of the solid created by rotating S about the y -axis is
Du
Z b
Vy = 2πxf (x) dx
a

Solid created by rotating about the y -axis
Ex: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis
the region bounded by y = 2x 2 − x 3 and y = 0.
AM
PH
Ans:
Applying the shell method, we have
T.
y Z 2 Z 2
y = 2x 2 − x 3 Vy = 2πx(2x 2 − x 3 ) dx = 2π (2x 3 − x 4 ) dx
g. 0
2
0
on
x4 x5

= 2π −
Du
2 5 0
0 2 x
16π
=
5

Solid created by rotating about the x and y -axes
y
y = f (x)
AM
S f (x) ≥ g (x) ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ [a, b]
y = g (x)
PH
a b x
T.
The volume of the solid created by rotating S about the x-axis is
Z b
g.
on
π [f (x)]2 − [g (x)]2 dx

Vx =
Du
The volume of the solid created by rotating S about the y -axis is

Z b
Vy = 2π x [f (x) − g (x)] dx
a

Exercises
AM
PH
6.3: 3–7, 9–12, 37
T.
g.
on
Du

Average value of a function
Given n numbers y1 , y2 , . . . , yn , the average of these numbers is

y1 + y2 + . . . + yn
AM
yave =
n
PH
Given a fuction f : [a, b] → R, the average value of f on [a, b] is
defined by
T.
Z b
1
fave = f (x) dx
g. b−a a
on
Mean value theorem for integrals: If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Du
exists c ∈ [a, b] such that

Z b
1
f (c) = f (x) dx
b−a a

Exercises
AM
PH
6.5: 1–5, 19
T.
g.
on
Du

Arc length
Pn
L≈ Pi−1 Pi
i=1
X n
= lim Pi−1 Pi
n→∞
i=1
y y = f (x)
AM
P2
P1 Pi
PH
Pi−1
Pn
P0
T.
a x1 x2
g. xi−1 xi b x
on
p q
|Pi−1 Pi | = (xi − xi−1 )2 + (yi − yi−1 )2 = (xi − xi−1 )2 + [f 0 (xi∗ )(xi − xi−1 )]2
Du
q
= 1 + [f 0 (xi∗ )]2 ∆x
Xn q Z b p
L = lim 0 ∗ 2
1 + [f (xi )] ∆x = 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
n→∞ a
i=1

Arc length
The arc length formular: If f 0 is continuous on [a, b], then the length of
the curve y = f (x) from x = a to b is
Z bq
AM
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
a
PH
√
Ex: Find the length of the curve y = x 3 from x = 1 to x = 2.
T.
3
y
The derivative y 0 = x 1/2 . The length of the
g. 2
parabola from x = 1 to x = 2 is
on
Z 2q Z 2r
Du
9
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx = 1 + x dx
1 1 4
3/2 2
√ √

8 9 1
= 1+ x = (80 10 − 13 3)

1 2 x
27 4 27
1

Exercises
AM
PH
8.1: 1, 2, 7–10, 19, 20
T.
g.
on
Du

Hydrostatic force and pressure
Deep-sea divers realize that water pressure increases as they dive deeper.
This is because the weight of the water above them increases.
AM
Suppose that a thin horizontal plate with area
A square meters is submerged in a fluid of
density ρ kilograms per cubic meter at a
PH
depth d meters below the surface of the fluid
The fluid directly above the plate has volume V = Ad. Its mass is
T.
m = ρV = ρAd. The force exerted by the fluid on the plate is therefore
g.
F = mg = ρgAd, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
on
The pressure P on the plate is defined to be the force per unit area:
Du
F
P= = ρgd.
A
The SI unit for measuring pressure is newtons per square meter, which is
called a pascal (abbreviation: 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa). 1 kilopascal (kPa) = 1000
Pa.
AM
PH
T.
g.
on
Du
Son La hydroelectric power station:

- Concrete Gravity Dam 138m high, 90m wide at the base, length
> 1, 000m
- Capacity: 2, 400Mw , annual generation: 10, 246Gwh. The cost was
US$2 bil.
Example: A dam has the shape of the trapezoid shown in the Figure. The
height is 20m, and the width is 50m at the top and 30m at the bottom.
Find the force on the dam due to hydrostatic pressure if the water level is
AM
4m from the top of the dam.
PH
50m
4m
T.
20m
g. 30m
on
Du
Why it is so important to find the total force on the dam?

- Decides demanded strength of the dam.
- Decides cost, safety level and endurance of the dam.
- etc.
−4 15 B 10 C
0 - Divide [0, 16] into

subintervals
xi−1 15
AM
xi∗ H a K
[xi−1 , xi ] for
xi i = 1, . . . , n.
PH
ith strip
16 - Choose
15
A xi∗ ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]
T.
x
- The ith horizontal strip of the dam is approximated by a rectangle with

g.
height ∆x and width wi .
on
a 10 x∗
=⇒ a = 8 − i . The width: wi = 2(15 + a) = 46 − xi∗
Du
- Then ∗ =
16 − xi 20 2
- If Ai is the area of the ith strip, then Ai ≈ wi ∆x = (46 − xi∗ )∆x
- ∆x : small ⇒ the pressure Pi on the ith strip is almost constant
Pi = 1000 g xi∗ .

Hydrostatic force Fi on the ith strip is
Fi = Pi ∗ Ai ≈ 1000 g xi∗ (46 − xi∗ ) ∆x.
AM
The total force on the dam:
PH
n
X n
X
F = lim Fi = lim 1000 g xi∗ (46 − xi∗ ) ∆x
n→∞ n→∞
i=1 i=1
T.
Z 16
= 1000 g x(46 − x) dx
0 g. 16
on
Z
= 1000(9.8) (46x − x 2 ) dx
Du
0
16
x3

2
= 1000(9.8) 23x −
3 x=0
≈ 4.43 × 107 N.

Moments and Centers of Mass
Two masses m1 and m2 are attached to a rod of

negligible mass on opposite sides of a fulcrum
and at distances d1 and d2 from the fulcrum
AM
The rod will balance if m1 d1 = m2 d2 .
PH
Suppose that the rod lies along the x-axis with m1 at x1 and m2 at x2 and
the center of mass at x̄.
T.
g.
on
Du
We then have
m1 x1 + m2 x2
m1 (x̄ − x1 ) = m2 (x2 − x̄) =⇒ x̄ =
m1 + m2

In general, if we have a system of n particles with masses m1 , m2 , . . . ,mn

located at the points x1 , x2 , . . . , xn on the x-axis, it can be shown similarly
that the center of mass of the system is located at
AM
Pn Pn
i=1 mi xi m i xi
= i=1
PH
x̄ = Pn
i=1 im m
Pn
T.
where m = i=1 mi is the total mass of the system.
Pn
The sum of the individual moments M = i=1 mi xi is called the moment
g.
of the system about the origin .
on
We then have
Du
mx̄ = M.
This means that if the total mass m were considered as being concentrated
at the center of mass x̄, then its moment would be the same as the moment
of the system.

A system of particles with masses m1 , m2 , . . . ,

mn located at the points (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), . . . ,
(xn , yn ) in the xy -plane
AM
PH
We define the moment of the system about the y -axis and x-axis to be
n
X n
X
T.
My = m i xi and Mx = m i yi
i=1 i=1
g.
Then My measures the tendency of the system to rotate about the y -axis
on
and Mx measures the tendency to rotate about the x-axis.
Du
The center of mass are given in terms of the moments by the formulas
My Mx
x̄ = and ȳ =
m m
Pn
where m = i=1 mi is the total mass.

Ex. Find the moments and center of mass of the system of objects that have
masses 3, 4, and 8 at the points (−1, 1), (2, −1), and (3, 2), respectively.
Ans. The moments:
AM
My = 3 × (−1) + 4 × 2 + 8 × 3 = 29
PH
Mx = 3 × 1 + 4 × (−1) + 8 × 2 = 15
The total mass is m = 3 + 4 + 8 = 15. The center of mass is
T.
My 29 Mx 15
x̄ = =g. and ȳ = = = 1.
m 15 m 15
on
Du

Suppose that R is a flat plate with uniform

density ρ. Here, R lies between the lines x = a
and x = b, above the x-axis, and beneath the
AM
graph of y = f (x), where f is a continuous
function.
PH
The moment of R about the y - and x-axes:
T.
Z b Z b
1
My = ρ xf (x)dx and Mx = ρ [f (x)]2 dx.
a g. a 2
on
Rb
The mass of the plate: m = ρ a
f (x)dx = A, where A is the area of R.
Du
The center of mass:

Z b Z b
1 1 1
x̄ = xf (x)dx and ȳ = [f (x)]2 dx
A a A a 2

Ex. Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r .
Ans.
The √plate is above the x-axis, below the graph
y = r 2 − x 2 , and between the two lines
AM
x = −r and x = r . The area of the plate is
PH
πr 2
A=
2
T.
1
Rr √
The center of mass: x̄ = g.A −r
x r 2 − x 2 dx = 0 (Why?) and
on
Z r Z r p 2 Z r
1 1 2 1 1 1
(r 2 − x 2 )dx
Du
ȳ = [f (x)] dx = 1 2 2
r −x 2 dx = 2
A −r 2 2 πr −r 2 πr −r
x 3 r

1 4r
= 2 r 2x − = .
πr 3 3π

x=−r
4r

Hence, the center of mass is located at the point 0, 3π .
Consumer Surplus
Demand function p(x) is the price that a company
has to charge in order to sell x units of a
commodity
AM
Usually, p(x) is a decreasing function
If X is the amount of the commodity that is
PH
currently available, then p(X ) is the current selling
price
T.
Divide [0, X ] into n subintervals, each of length
X /n, and let xi∗ = xi .
g.
on
If, after the first xi−1 units were sold, a total of
only xi units had been available and the price per
Du
unit had been set at p(xi ) dollars, then the

additional ∆x units could have been sold (but no
more).
The consumers who would have paid p(xi ) dollars
placed a high value on the product; they would
Duong T. PHAM
have paid what it was worth to them.
December 2, 2020 36 / 46
Consumer Surplus
So, in paying only P dollars they have saved an amount of
(savings per unit)(number of units) = (p(xi ) − P)∆x
AM
n
X
The total savings: [p(xi ) − P] ∆x
i=1
PH
The consumer surplus of the commodity is
Z X n
T.
X
[p(x) − P] dx = lim [p(xi ) − P] ∆x
0 n→∞
i=1
g.
on
Du
The consumer surplus represents the amount of

money saved by consumers in purchasing the
commodity at price P, corresponding to an amount
demanded of X .

Consumer Surplus
Ex. The demand for a product, in dollars, is
p = 1200 − 0.2x − 0.0001x 2 .
AM
Find the consumer surplus when the sales level is 500.
Ans. Since the number of products sold is X = 500, the corresponding price is
PH
P = 1200 − 0.2 × 500 − 0.0001 × 5002 = 1075.
T.
The consumer surplus is
Z 500
g. Z 500
on
[p(x) − P] dx = (1200 − 0.2x − 0.0001x 2 − 1075)dx
0 0
Du
Z 500
= (125 − 0.2x − 0.0001x 2 )dx
0
500
2x 3
= 125x − 0.1x − 0.0001 = $33, 333.33
3 0

Blood Flow
P 2
The law of laminar flow: v (r ) = 4η` (R − r 2)
which gives the velocity of blood that flows along a blood vessel with radius
R and length ` at a distance r from the central axis, where P is the pressure
AM
difference between the ends of the vessel and η is the viscosity of the blood
PH
We want to compute the rate of blood flow, or flux (volume per unit time)
We divide the radius [0, R into smaller equally spaced radii
T.
0 < r1 < r2 < · · · < rn−1 < rn = R.
g.
on
The area of the ring with inner radius ri−1 and outer
radius ri is
Du
π(ri2 − ri−1
2
) = π(ri + ri−1 )(ri − ri−1 ) ≈ 2πri ∆r .
If ∆r is small, then the velocity is almost constant

throughout this ring and can be approximated by
v (ri )
Blood Flow
Thus the volume of blood per unit time that flows across the ring is
approximately (2πri ∆r )v (ri ) = 2πri v (ri )∆r .
The total volume of blood that flows across a cross-section per unit time is
AM
approximately Xn
2πri v (ri )∆r .
PH
i=1
The volume of blood that passes a cross-section per unit time (the flux) is
T.
n Z R Z R
X P
F = lim 2πri v (ri )∆r = 2πrv (r ) dr = 2πr (R 2 − r 2 ) dr
n→∞ g. 0 0 4η`
i=1
on
Z R 2 4
πPR 4

πP πP r r R
= (R 2 r − r 3 ) dr = R2 − =
Du
2η` 0 2η` 2 4 0 8η`

The equation
πPR 4
F =
8η`
is called Poiseuille’s Law; it shows that the flux is proportional to the fourth
power of the radius of the blood vessel.
Probability
In reality, we are often interested in questions like the probability that a

blood cholesterol level is greater than 250, or the probability that the height
AM
of an adult female is between 60 and 70 inches, or the probability that the
battery we are buying lasts between 100 and 200 hours.
PH
If X represents the lifetime of that type of battery, we denote this last
probability as follows
T.
P(100 ≤ X ≤ 200)
g.
Every continuous random variable X has a probability density function f .
on
This means that the probability that X lies between a and b is found by
integrating f from a to b:
Du
Z b
P(a ≤ X ≤ b) = f (x)dx
a

Probability
Ex. The below figure shows the graph of a model for the probability density
function f for a random variable X defined to be the height in inches of an adult
female in the United States (according to data from the National Health Survey)
AM
PH
The probability that the height of a woman
chosen at random from this population is
between 60 and 70 inches is equal to the
T.
area under the graph of f from 60 to 70.
g.
on
In general, the probability density function f of a random variable X satisfies the
Du
condition f (x) ≥ 0 for all x. Because probabilities are measured on a scale

from 0 to 1, it follows that
Z ∞
f (x)dx = 1.
−∞

Probability
Ex. Let f (x) = 0.006x(10 − x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 and f (x) = 0 otherwise.
(a) Verify: f is a probability density. (b) Find P(4 ≤ x ≤ 8).
AM
Ans.
(a) We first have f (x) = 0.006x(10 − x) ≥ 0 for all 0 ≤ x ≤ 10. Thus, f (x) ≥ 0
PH
for all x. Furthermore,
Z ∞ Z 10 Z 10
f (x)dx = 0.006x(10 − x)dx = 0.006 (10x − x 2 )dx
T.
−∞ 0 0
x 3 10

g. 1000
= 0.006 5x 2 − = 0.006 500 − = 1.
3 0 3
on
Hence, f is a probability density.
Du
(b) The probability that X lies between 4 and 8 is

Z 8 Z 8
P(4 ≤ x ≤ 8) = f (x)dx = 0.006 (10x − x 2 )dx
4 4
x 3 8

2
= 0.006 5x − = 0.544.
3 4
Average Values
In general, the mean of any probability density function f is defined to be

Z ∞
AM
µ= x f (x)dx
−∞
PH
The mean can be interpreted as the long-run average value of the random
variable X . It can also be interpreted as a measure of centrality of the
T.
probability density function.
Phenomena such as waiting times and equipment failure times are
g.
commonly modeled by exponentially decreasing probability density functions
on
(
Du
0 if t < 0,
f (t) = 1 − t
µe
µ if t ≥ 0,
where µ is the mean value of the probability density function f .

Normal Distribution
Many important random phenomena such as test scores on aptitude tests,
heights and weights of individuals from a homogeneous population, annual
rainfall in a given location are modeled by a normal distribution. This means
AM
that the probability density function of the random variable X is a member
of the family of functions
PH
1 (x−µ)2
f (x) = √ e − 2σ2
σ 2π
T.
The mean value for this f is µ (can be verified).
The positive constant σ is called the standard deviation; it measures how
g.
spread out the values of X are.
on
Du

Probability
Ex. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores are distributed normally with mean 100
and standard deviation 15. (Figure below shows the corresponding probability
AM
density function.)
(a) What percentage of the population has an IQ score between 85 and 115?
PH
(b) What percentage of the population has an IQ above 140?
T.
g. Since IQ scores are normally distributed,
we use the probability density function
on
given by
Du
1 (x−100)2
−
f (x) = √ e 2×152
15 2π

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Chapter 5: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 1 / 46

1 Area between curves

6 Applications to physics and Engineering

7 Applications of integration to Economics and Biology

Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 2 / 46

S = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : a ≤ x ≤ b, g (x) ≤ y ≤ f (x).}

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Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 11 / 46

Ex: Show that volume of a sphere of radius R is 34 πR 3

Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 12 / 46

The volume of the solid created by rotating S about the x-axis is

Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 13 / 46

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Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 15 / 46

Duong T. PHAM December 2, 2020 16 / 46

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The volume of the solid created by rotating S about the y -axis is

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Given n numbers y1 , y2 , . . . , yn , the average of these numbers is

exists c ∈ [a, b] such that

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Son La hydroelectric power station:

Why it is so important to find the total force on the dam?

0 - Divide [0, 16] into

- The ith horizontal strip of the dam is approximated by a rectangle with

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Hydrostatic force Fi on the ith strip is

Fi = Pi ∗ Ai ≈ 1000 g xi∗ (46 − xi∗ ) ∆x.

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Two masses m1 and m2 are attached to a rod of

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In general, if we have a system of n particles with masses m1 , m2 , . . . ,mn

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A system of particles with masses m1 , m2 , . . . ,

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Ans. The moments:

The total mass is m = 3 + 4 + 8 = 15. The center of mass is

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Suppose that R is a flat plate with uniform

The center of mass:

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unit had been set at p(xi ) dollars, then the

The consumer surplus represents the amount of

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p = 1200 − 0.2x − 0.0001x 2 .

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If ∆r is small, then the velocity is almost constant

2η` 0 2η` 2 4 0 8η`

In reality, we are often interested in questions like the probability that a

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condition f (x) ≥ 0 for all x. Because probabilities are measured on a scale

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