Name of Student: Grade and Section:

School:
GRADE 11
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MODULE 3: QUARTER 1 (WEEK 3)
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Learning ompetencies (Essential Competencies)

C
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-16).
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of
substance (S11/12PS-IIIc-19).

D
ay 1–INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
Objectives: After finishing the day 1 module, the learners should be able to:
1. Describe general intermolecular forces of attraction.
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.

INTRODUCTION
Remember when you first
discovered that two magnets could snap
together and stick like glue? Remember
the force when you held two magnets
close and felt them either attract (pull
toward one another) or repel (push
away)? The result tells us that there are
forces that pull towards it or the other
way around. It is the same as the
attraction or repulsion of molecules. For
this lesson, molecular attraction and its
effects will be discussed. sigmascience.co.uk

Let’s Recall (Review)

Comparing and contrasting: How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? Use the key wo

covalent ionic
both
Key words: valence electrons, chemical bond, electron transfer, sharing of electrons,
nonmetal to nonmetal, metal to nonmetal, high boiling/melting point, low boiling/melting
point

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

If you could shrink small enough to move among a bunch of water molecules, what would
you find? In the previous lesson, you have learned that the negatively charged oxygen
ends and positively charged hydrogen ends behave like poles of a bar magnet. The
question is, what makes those poles attract?
in a molecule—
intramolecular and intermolecular.
Let's try to understand this difference
through water molecules.

treehugger.com
The answer is FORCE. There are two
kinds of forces or attractions that operate
The covalent bonds between the
hydrogen and oxygen atom s in a water
molecule are called intramolecular bonds
(within). The bonds between the
neighboring water molecules in ice are
called intermolecular bonds. The
intramolecular bonds that hold the atoms
in water molecules together are almost
25 times as strong as the intermolecular
bonds between water molecules.
chem.ucla.edu

So now we can define the two forces:

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES are the forces that hold atoms together within a
molecule. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are types of intramolecular forces.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES are forces that exist between molecules.
Intermolecular forces are much weaker than the intramolecular forces of attraction
but are important because they determine the physical properties of molecules like
their boiling point, melting point, density, and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization.

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES THAT EXIST BETWEEN MOLECULES

DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS: These forces occur between polar molecules when

the partially positively charged part of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively
charged part of the neighbouring molecule. This is a moderately strong type of
intermolecular force.
 digitalchemistry.com

HYDROGEN BONDING: This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs

specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine
atom. The partially positive end of hydrogen is attracted to the partially negative end of
the oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule. Hydrogen bonding is a relatively
strong force of attraction between molecules, and considerable energy is required to
break hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular force of
attraction. This explains the exceptionally high boiling points and melting points of
compounds like water. Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in biology; for
example, hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding nucleotide bases together in DNA
and RNA.

digitalchemistry.com

LONDON DISPERSION FORCES, UNDER THE CATEGORY OF VAN DER

WAAL FORCES: These are the weakest of the intermolecular forces and exist in
all types of molecules, whether ionic or covalent—polar or nonpolar. The more
electrons a molecule has, the stronger the London dispersion forces are.
This force is caused by fluctuations in the electron distribution within atoms or
molecules. For example, bromine has more electrons than chlorine (35 and 17
electrons respectively), so bromine will have stronger London dispersion forces
than chlorine, resulting in a higher boiling point for bromine compared to chlorine.
Also, the electrons from two atoms can be arranged so that they produce
temporary (instantaneous) electric dipoles. Even though the polarization is
temporary, it's enough to affect the way atoms and molecules interact with each
other.
 RELATIVE STRENGTH OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
INTERMOLECULAR OCCURS BETWEEN … RELATIVE STRENGTH
FORCE
DIPOLE-DIPOLE Polar molecules Moderately strong
ATTRACTION
HYDROGEN BONDING Hydrogen atoms and Strongest of the dipole-
oxygen, nitrogen or dipole attractions
fluorine atom
LONDON DISPERSION Temporary dipoles Weakest
ATTRACTION Present in all molecules

Let’s Apply

Read the statements carefully. Write DD for dipole-dipole attraction, HB for hydrogen
bonding, and LD for London dispersion attraction.
1. This strongest intermolecular force resulting in exceptionally high boiling points
and melting points of water.
2. This intermolecular force occurs between polar molecules.
3. This intermolecular force occurs the electrons from two atoms can be arranged
so that they produce temporary electric dipoles.
4. This intermolecular force occurs between two hydrogen and oxygen atom
bond.
5. The weakest of the intermolecular forces and present in all molecules.

. Let’s Analyze

From the following images, try to recollect your thoughts about your knowledge on
intermolecular forces. Determine the intermolecular force for each image. Explain why.

1. digitalchemistry.com
 2.

3.

Day 2- EFFECT OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ON

THE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCE
Objectives: After finishing the day 2 module, the learners should be able to:
Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substance.

INTRODUCTION

Nearly all compounds fall into one of two

categories: hydrophilic ('water-loving')
and hydrophobic ('water-hating'). Water
and anything that will mix with water are
hydrophilic. Oil and anything that will mix
with oil are hydrophobic. When water
and oil are mixed they separate.
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds
just don't mix. Why? It is because the
properties of molecules depend on the
type and strength of their intermolecular
forces of attraction.
chemistryworld.com

Let’s Recall
 Determine the intermolecular forces of attraction present in the following compounds.
Explain your answer.

Which has higher boiling point, H2O or H2S?

_
_
_

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

The properties of molecules depend on the type and strength of their intermolecular
forces of attraction.

PROPERTIES DEPENDENT ON INTERMOLECULAR FORCE OF

ATTRACTION

PHASE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

When molecules have strong

MERCURY
intermolecular forces of attraction, they
are packed close together. They often
exist as condensed phase (solid or liquid)
at room temperature.

When molecules have weak

intermolecular forces of attraction, they
are far apart from each other. They often
exist as gas at room temperature.
chemistryworld.com

SOLUBILITY

Solubility refers to the ability of a

substance to dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a specified temperature. Recall
the rule “like dissolves like.” When the
solute and the solvent both exhibit the
same intermolecular forces of attraction,
they form a solution.
ThoughtCo.com

MELTING POINT
 Melting point is the temperature at which
the substance changes from solid to liquid.
Stronger intermolecular forces means
greater amount of energy is needed to
break the attractive forces between
molecules. Substances with stronger
intermolecular force of attraction have
higher melting points compared to those
with weaker intermolecular force of
attraction.
pinterest.com

higher boiling points compared to those

with weaker intermolecular force of
attraction.
medium.com

BOILING POINT

Boiling point is the temperature at which

the substance changes from liquid to gas.
Similar to melting point, stronger
intermolecular forces means greater
amount of energy is needed to break the
attractive forces between
molecules. Substances with stronger
intermolecular force of attraction have
SURFACE TENSION

Surface Tension is the tendency of a fluid

to acquire the least possible surface area.
Molecules with stronger intermolecular
forces will exert greater cohesive forces
and acquire less surface area (higher
surface tension) than those with weaker
intermolecular force of attraction
ThoughtCo.com

VISCOSITY

Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s

resistance to flow. Molecules
with stronger intermolecular
forces have greater resistance to flow,
and thus, higher viscosity compared to
those with weaker intermolecular force of
attraction.
TimesNow.com
 VAPOR PRESSURE

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted

by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid
phase in a closed system. Molecules
with stronger intermolecular
forces have less tendency to escape as
gas, and thus lower vapor
pressure compared to those with weaker
intermolecular force of attraction.

STRENGTHS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

When comparing the strengths of intermolecular forces, check the difference in molecular
weight. If the difference is too large (>1000), then generally, the molecule with greater
molecular weight has stronger intermolecular forces. Otherwise, you may use the
following strategy:

1. Check which molecule exhibits hydrogen bonding. This molecule will have stronger
intermolecular forces.
2. Check which molecule is polar. Polar molecules have stronger intermolecular forces.
3. Compare London dispersion forces. More massive molecules have
stronger intermolecular forces.

Let’s Apply
Read the question carefully. Write T if the statement is true. If the statement is false,
underline the incorrect word and write the correct answer.

Which is most likely solid, F2 or I2?

__ 1. Both fluorine and iodine are nonpolar molecules.
2. They exhibit hydrogen bonding forces only.
3. Iodine has higher molecular mass, it has stronger London dispersion forces.
4. Therefore, Iodine musg ta mlieks em alyr t zt.oc o mbe solid.
5. Fluorine, on the other hand, is liquid at room temperature.

Let’s Analyze
 Compare the intramolecular forces of attraction (ionic, covalent, or metallic)
present in the following compounds and answer the questions. Explain why.

1. Which has higher melting point, HBr or HF?

2. Which is most likely gas at room temperature, CH4 or CH3Cl?

Day 3 – Let’s Create!

Getting involved in your community: One important application of the concept of
effects of intermolecular force of attraction to the properties of substances is to make your
knowledgeuseful to you and your community to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Goal: Your goal is to make a liquid hand soap at home to observe the effect of
intermolecular forces on the properties of substance. Explain to family member/s the
importance of knowing the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substance
in creating new products that can be helpful to your community. The presentation will be
video recorded to serve as an output.

Materials:
Antibacterial soap
Grater/shredder
1 cup of water
Glycerin (optional)
lotion
essential oil (optional)

Directions:
1. Choose a clean place and wash your hands thoroughly before making the liquid hand
soap. Wear gloves if possible.
2. Grate the soap into a bowl. You can cut the soap into chunks if that helps you grate it
more easily. Let it sit for 10 seconds. Observe.
3. Boil 1 cup (235 mL) of water, then pour the grated soap. Whip the water and
soap until it takes on the consistency of paste.Record the time. Observe.
4. Mix 1 tablespoon of glycerin, stirring until it is thoroughly combined. Let it sit for
20 seconds. Observe. (optional: Glycerin acts as a moisturizer for the skin)
5. Mix in lotion to add moisture. Let it sit for 10 seconds.
 6. Stir in a few drops of essential oil to scent the soap. (optional)

Guide Questions:
Observe the finished product. Explain the molecular properties observed. Write your
observations in the table below.

phase at normal room Solubility melting point viscosity

temperature

Role: Your job is to act as a health and safety advocate/youtubevlogger.

Audience: You are to present your product to your teacher and classmates, and/or to
your family member/s.

Situation: The challenge involves applying your knowledge on the concept of

intermolecular force of attraction and its effects to the properties of substances in
connection to creating products that could help your community stop the spread of an
infection.

Product, Performance, and Purpose: Your video presentation will be judged by your
teacher and/or family member/s.

Standards and Criteria

Excellent Good Fair Poor

 10 points 8 points 6 points 5 point

Content Extremely well Presented in a Most Format was

organized; thoughtful transitions difficult to
logical format manner, but at were easy to follow;
that was easy times ideas follow, but at transitions of
to follow; were unclear; times ideas ideas were
enhanced the “solid” product were unclear; abrupt
effectiveness solid” product
of the project

Creativity Extremely Was clever at Fairly unique Little creative

and clever and times, presentation energy used
unique uniquely
Neatness presentation presented

Day 4 - Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following properties affects the melting and boiling points
of molecules?
A. color
B. volume
C. polarity
D. mass
2. Which of the following refers to the temperature at which a solid turns
into a liquid?
A. boiling point
B. melting point
C. solubility
D. polarity
3. Which of the following properties is not influenced by the type of
intermolecular forces?
A.solubility
B. molar mass
C. melting point
D. boiling point
4. Which phase of matter has the strongest intermolecular force
of attraction?
A. solid
B. liquid
C. gas
D. plasma
5. What happens to the boiling point as you increase the strength
of intermolecular force of attraction?
A. It remains the same.
B. It increases.
C. It decreases.
D.It becomes zero.
6. Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?
A. F2

B. H2O
C. HCl

D. H2
7. Which of the following substances has the lowest melting point?

A. H2O
B. HCl
C. NH3

D. H2
8. Which of the following is a type of intermolecular forces present in
all molecules?
A. Dipole-dipole
B. London dispersion
C. Hydrogen bonding
D. Covalent bonding
9. Which of the following compounds exhibit dipole-dipole forces?

A. H2O
B. HCl

C. CO2
D. SO2

10. Which of the following are the intermolecular forces present in H2O?
 A. Dipole-dipole forces
B. London dispersion forces
C. Hydrogen bonding
D. Coulombic forces

REFERENCES:
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Focus on Physical Science, California Edition,
2425 Walnut Creek, California 94596
Moncada, M.N.,Ed.D., Physical Science for Senior High School, Educational
Resources Corporation, 11-B Sunrise Drive, Barangay BagongLipunanngCrame,
Cubao, Quezon City
Cervantes and Dizon, General Chemisty for Senior High School, LORIMAR
Publishing, Inc., 776 Aurora Boulevard, cor. Boston Street, Cubao, Quezon City
Quipper.Com
https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/5ea787696e54250c12a79461/curric
Molecular Polarity
https://chem.libretexts.org
Intermolecular Forces
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/intermol/intermol.html
Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/covalent-
bonds/a/intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces
Intermolecular Forces
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/trident-boundless-
chemistry/chapter/intermolecular-forces/
Intermolecular Forces
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/10-1-intermolecular-forces
Magnetism
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/magnetism.html
Chemistry: The Effects of Intermolecular Forces
https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/chemistry/chemistry-the-effects-of-
intermolecular-forces
Intermolecular Forces
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/160Aintermolec.html#:~:text=The%20ph ysical
%20properties%20of%20melting,forces%20are%20called%20Intermolecular
%20Forces.
 IRENE B. JAPLOS, RRT, LPT
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
PARAÑAQUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL - MAIN

JULY 2020