CONTEMPORARY WORLD – FINALS
grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty
LESSON 5: A WORLD OF REGIONS (P 51/
33)
∙ REGIONALISM (p 51/33)
- It is often seen as a political and
economic phenomenon
- It encompasses a broader area
- It can be examined in relation to
identities, ethics, religion, ecological
sustainability and health
- It is also a process, and must be treated
as an “emergent, socially constituted
phenomenon”
- It means that regions are not natural or
given; rather they are constructed and
defined by policymakers, economic
actors and even social movements.
∙ REGIONS (P 51/33)
- According to Edward D. Mansfield and
Helen V. Milner, economic and
political definitions of regions vary
1. Regions are “a group of countries
located in the same geographically
specified area” or are “an
amalgamation of two regions (or) a
combination of more than two
regions” organized to regulate and
oversee flows and policy choices
2. Regionalization and Regionalism
should not be interchanged
∙ REGIONALIZATION (P 51/33)
- Regional concentration of economic
flows
∙ REGIONALISM (P 51/33)
- A political process characterized by
economic policy cooperation and
coordination among countries.
∙ NON-STATE REGIONALISM (P 53/34) - It
∙ REASONS FOR REGIONAL
ASSOCIATIONS (P 52/34)
1. Military defense
- The most widely known defense
Organization (NATO) formed during
the cold war.
- WARSAW PACT: soviet union respond
by creating its regional alliance,
consisting of eastern European
countries under soviet domination
2. Countries also from regional
organizations to pool their resources,
get better returns for their exports as
well as expand their leverage against
trading partners
- The Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) was
established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
to regulate the production and sale of
oil.
3. There are countries that form regional
blocs to protect their independence
from the pressures of superpower
politics.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): created
by the presidents of Egypt, Ghana,
India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia in
1961 to pursue world peace and
international cooperation, human
rights, national sovereignty, racial
and national equality, non-
intervention and peaceful conflict
resolution.
4. Economic crisis compels countries to
come together (P 53/34)
- ASEAN: agreed to establish an
emergency fund to anticipate a crisis
that the Asian economies stabilized.
is not only states that agree to work
together in the name of a single cause. -
This “new regionalism” varies in form, they
can be tiny associations that include no
 more than a few actors and focus on a
single issue or huge
continental unions that address a
multitude of common problems from
territorial defense to food security.
- Organizations representing this “new
regionalism” likewise rely on the
power of individuals, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs),
and associations to link up with one
another in pursuit of a particular goal.
- “New regionalism” is identified with
reformist who share the same “values,
norms, institutions and system that
exist outside of the traditional,
established mainstream institutions
and systems.
- Their strategies and tactics likewise
vary. - Some organizations partner with
governments to initiate social change -
“new regionalism” organizations used
this official declaration to pressure
these governments to pass laws and
regulations that protect and promote
human rights.
∙ CITIZEN DIPLOMACY FORUM (p 54/35) -
Tries to influence the policies and
programs of the organization of
American states.
∙ ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human
Rights (p 54/35)
- Was in part the result of non government
organizations and civil society groups
pushing to “prevent discrimination,
uphold political freedom, and promote
democracy and human rights
throughout the region.
∙ REGIONAL INTERFAITH YOUTH
NETWORKS (P 55/35)
- Formed by young Christians across
Asia, Africa, middle east, the
Americas and the Caribbean.
- To promote conflict prevention,
resolution, peace, education and
sustainable development.
-
∙ NOTES ( P 55/35)
- Organizations’ primary power lies in
their moral standing and their ability to
combine lobbying with pressure
politics
- New regionalism differs significantly
from traditional state-to-state
regionalism when it comes to
identifying problems
- Another challenge for new regionalist is
the discord that may emerge among
them
∙ MILITANT NATIONALISM AND
POPULISM (page 56/36)
- Most serious problem faced by
regionalism
∙ BREXIT (P56/36)
- United Kingdom voting to leave the
European Union
∙ NOTES: (P 57/36)
- A final challenge pertains to differing
visions of what regionalism should be for
- Singapore, China and Russia see
democracy as an obstacle to the
implementation and deepening of
economic globalization because
constant public inquiry about economic
projects and lengthy debate slow down
implementation or lead to unclear
outcomes
LESSON 6: THE GLOBALIZATION OF
RELIGION (P. 63/39)
∙ Religion, has the most difficult
relationship with globalism (p 63/39)
1. The two are entirely contrasting belief
 system
- Religion is concerned with the sacred,
while globalism places value on
material wealth.
- Religion follows divine commandments,
while globalism abides by human-
made laws.
- Religion assumes that there is “the
possibility of communication between
humans and the transcendent.”
- God, Allah and Yaweh, defines and
judges human action in moral terms.
Globalism, is how much of human
action can lead to the highest
material satisfaction and subsequent
wisdom that this new status
produces.
2. Religious people are less concerned
with wealth and all that comes along
with it - Religious people are ascetics
precisely because they shun anything
material for complete simplicity
- A religious person’s main duty is to live
a virtuous, sin-less life such that
when he/she dies, he/she is assured
of a place in the other world.
3. Globalist are less worried about whether
they will end up in heaven or hell.
- They skills are more pedestrian as they
aim to seal trade deals, raise profits of
private enterprises, improve
government revenue collections, etc.
- If he/she has a strong social conscience,
the globalist sees his/her work as
contributing to the general progress of
the community, the nation and the
global economic system.
∙ PETER BERGER (p 65/40)
4. The religious detests politics and the
quest for power for they are evidence
of humanity’s weakness
- The globalist values them as both
means and ends to open up further
the economies of the world
5. Religion and globalism clash over the
fact that religious evangelization is in
itself a form of globalization
- The globalist ideal, on the other hand,
is largely focused on the realm of
markets. - The religious is concerned
with spreading holy ideas, globally,
while the globalist wishes to spread
goods and services.
∙ RELIGIONS (P63/39)
- Religions regards identities associated
with globalism as inferior and narrow
because they are earthly categories.
- In contrast, membership to a religious
group, organization or cult represents
a superior affiliation that connects
humans directly to the divine and the
supernatural.
∙ Certain groups “flee their communities and
create impenetrable sanctuaries where
they can practice their religions without
the meddling and control of state
authorities.
(p 64/ 40)
- DAI LAMA: Established Tibet and
certain monasteries located away
from civilization so that hermits can
devote themselves to prayer and
contemplation.
- RIZALISTAS of Mount Banahaw
- These groups believe that living among
“non-believers” will distract them from
their mission or tempt them to
abandon their faith and become
sinners like everyone else.
- Argues that far from being secularized,
the contemporary world is furiously
religious.
- In most of the world, there are veritable
explosions of religious fervor,
occurring in one form of another in all
 the major religious traditions and in
imaginative syntheses of one or more
world religions with indigenous faiths.
∙ Religions are the foundations of modern
republics (p 65/40)
1. MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT
- places religion at the center of their
political system;
- ISLAM is the religion of federation and
the rulers of each state was also the
head of the religion of islam
2. AYATOLLAH RUHOLLA KHOMEINI -
Bragged about the superiority of Islamic
rule over its secular counterparts and
pointed out that there is no fundamental
distinction among constitutional,
despotic, dictatorial, democratic and
communistic regimes
- For him, all secular ideologies were the
same- they were flawed and the
Islamic rule was the superior form of
government because it was spiritual
3. IRAN
- Calls itself republic ( a term associated
with secular)
∙ NAHDLATUL ULAMA (P 66/41)
- Moderate muslim association in
Indonesia has islamic schools where
students are not only taught about ∙ RELIGION (P 66/41)
islam but also about modern science,
social sciences, modern banking, etc.
∙ CHURCH OF ENGLAND (P 66/41) - Was
shaped by the rationality of modern
democratic and bureaucratic culture
∙ KING HENRY VIII (P 66/41)
- Broke away from Roman Catholicism
and established his own church to
bolster his own power
∙ UNITED STATES (P 66/41)
- Religion and law were fused together to
help build this “modern secular society”.
- It was observed in the early 1800s by
French historian and diplomat Alexis De
Tocqueville
∙ ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE (P 66/41) -
Wrote that not only do the Americans
practice their religion out of self-interest
but they often even place in this world
the interest which they have in practicing
it.
∙ JOSE CASANOVA (P 66/41)
- Confirms this statement by noting that
historically, religion has always been
at the very center of all great political
conflicts and movements of social
reform
∙ CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM (P
66/41) - Old world religions
- See globalization less as an obstacle
and more as an opportunity to
expand reach all over the world
∙ GLOBALIZATION (P 66/41)
- Has freed communities from all the
constraints of the nation-state, but in
the process, also threatened to
destroy the cultural system that bind
them together
- Seeks to take the place of these broken
“traditional ties to either help
communities cope with their new
situation or organize them to oppose
this major transformation of their lives
- It can provide the groups “moral codes”
that answer problems ranging from
people’s health to social conflict to
even “personal happiness”
- It is thus not the regressive force that
stops or slows down globalization; it is
pro-active force that gives
 communities a new and powerful
basis of identity
- It is an instrument with which religious
people can put their mark in the
reshaping of this globalizing world
although in its own terms
∙ RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM (page
67/41)
- It may dislike globalizations materialism
but it continues to use the full range of
modern means of communication and
organization that is associated with
this economic transformation.
∙ MUSLIM (page 67/41)
- View globalization as a Trojan horse
hiding supporters of western values
like secularism, liberalism or even
communism ready to spread these
ideas in their areas to eventually
displace Islam
∙ WOLRD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES (page
67/41)
- An association of different protestant
congregations
- Criticized economic globalization’s
negative effects
∙ POPE FRANCIS (P 68/42)
- Condemned globalization’s throw-away
culture that is fatally destined to
suffocate hope and increase risks and
threats.
∙ PETER BAYER AND LORI BEAMAN (P
69/42) - Observed religion, it seems is
somehow outside looking at
globalization as problem or potential
∙ SAMUEL HUNTINGTON (P 69/42) - One
of the strongest defenders of
globalization, admits in his book “the
clash of civilizations, that civilizations
can be held together by religious
worldviews.
∙ JESUITS AND DOMINICANS (P 69/42) -
Used religion as an ideological armature to
legitimize the Spanish empire
∙ MAX WEBER (P 69/42)
- Observed the correlation between
religion and capitalism as an
economic system
∙ CALVINISM (P 69/42)
- A branch of Protestantism, believed that
God had already decided who would
and would not be saved
∙ CALVINISTS (P 69/42)
- Made it their mission to search for clues
as to their fate, and in their pursuit,
they redefined the meaning of profit
and its acquisition.
∙ RELIGION (P 69/42)
- Being a belief system that cannot be
empirically proven is, therefore,
anathema to modernization.
LESSON 7: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
∙ GLOBALIZATION (p 72/44)
- It entails the spread of various cultures
- It also involves the spread of ideas - It
relies on media as its main conduit for
the spread of global culture and ideas -
There is an intimate relationship
between globalization and media which
must be unraveled to further understand
the contemporary world
∙ JACK LULE (p 73/44)
- “could global trade have evolved
without a flow of information on
markets, prices, commodities and
more?”
∙ MEDIA (p 73/44)
- Lule describes it as “a means of
conveying something, such as a
 channel of communication”
- MEDIUM: A person’s voice
- MEDIA: technologies of mass
communication
- It is more difficult to determine what
media do and how they affect societies
∙ PRINT MEDIA (p 74/45)
- Include books, magazines, and
newspapers
∙ BROADCAST MEDIA (p 74/45)
- Involves radio, film, and television
∙ DIGITAL MEDIA (p 74/45)
- Cover the internet and mobile mass
communication
∙ INTERNET MEDIA (p 74/45)
- There are the e-mail, internet sites,
social media and internet-based
video and audio.
∙ MARSHALL MCLUHAN (p 74/45)
- Media theorist who once declared “the
medium is the message”
- His statement was an attempt to draw
attention to how media, as a form of
technology reshape societies
- Television is not a simple bearer of
messages, it also shapes the social
behavior of users and reorient family
behavior.
- Smart phones allows users to keep in
touch instantly with multiple people at
the same time
- The technology (medium), and not the
message, makes for this social
change possible.
- He added that different media
simultaneously extend and amputate
human senses
- The question of what new media
enhance and what they amputate
was not a moral or ethical one,
according to McLuhan
∙ NEW MEDIA (p 74/45)
- It may expand the reach of
communication but they also dull the
users’ communicative capacities.
- New media are neither inherently good
nor bad
∙ CELLPHONES (p 74/45)
- They expand people’s senses because
they provide the capability to talk to
more people instantaneously and
simultaneously.
- They also limit the senses because they
make users easily distractible and
more prone to multitasking
∙ TELEVISION
- McLuhan declared that television was
turning the world into a “global village”
- He meant that as more and more people
sat down in front of their television
sets and listened to the same stories,
their perception of the world would
contract.
NOTES (P 75/45)
- A lot of early thinkers assumed that
global media had a tendency to
homogenize culture
- They argued that as global media
spread, people from all over the world
would begin to watch, listen to and
read the same things
- Commentators, therefore, believed that
media globalization coupled with
American hegemony would create a
form of CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- The cultural imperialism thesis has been
belied by the renewed strength of
regional trends in the globalization
process
∙ CULTURAL IMPERIALISM (P 76/46) -
American values and culture would
overwhelm all others
∙ HERBERT SCHILLER (P 76/46)
- Argued that not only was the world
being Americanized, but that this
process also led to the spread of
“American” capitalist values like
consumerism
∙ JOHN TOMLINSON (P 76/46)
- Culture globalization is simply a
euphemism for “western cultural
imperialism” since it promotes
“homogenized, westernized,
consumer culture.”
∙ NOTES (P 77/ 46)
- Proponents of the idea of cultural
imperialism ignored the fact that
media messages are not just made
by
producers, they are also consumed
by audiences.
- Media consumers are active participants
in the meaning-making process, who
view media texts through their own∙ SOCIAL MEDIA (P 79/47)
cultural lenses.
∙ IEN ANG (P 77/ 46)
- Indonesian cultural critic studied the
ways in which different viewers in the
Netherlands experienced watching
the American soap opera Dallas.
- Rather than simply receiving American
culture in a “passive and resigned
way” she noted that viewers put a “lot∙ CYBERBALKANIZATION (P 79/47) -
of emotional energy” into the process
and they experienced pleasure based
on how the program resonated with
them
∙ ECHO CHAMBER (P 80/ 48)
∙ ELIHU KATZ AND TAMAR LIEBES (P 77/
46) - Decided to push Ang’s analysis
further by examining how viewers from
distinct cultural communities interpreted
dallas - They argued that texts are
received differently by varied interpretive
communities because they derived
different meanings and pleasure from
these texts
- Russians were suspicious of the show’s
content, believing not only that it was
primarily about America, but that it
contained American propaganda
∙ NOTES (P 78/47)
- It is no longer tenable to insist that
globalization is a unidirectional
process of foreign cultures
overwhelming local ones
- Globalization will remain an uneven
process and it will produce inequalities -
Globalization leaves room for dynamism
and cultural change
- The internet and social media are
proving that the globalization of
culture
and ideas can move in different
directions
- Have both beneficial and negative
effects
- These forms of communication have
democratized access
- These media have enabled users to be
consumers and producers of
information simultaneously
- Social also have their dark side
Refer to the various bubbles people
place themselves in when they are
online
- Precludes users from listening to or
reading opinions and information that
challenge their viewpoints, thus,
making them more partisan and
closed-minded
∙ NOTES (P 80/ 48)
- The same inexpensiveness that allows
social media to be a democratic force
likewise makes it a cheap tool of
government propaganda
- Fake information can spread easily on
social media since they have few
content filters
- This dark side of social media shows that
even a seemingly open and
democratic media may be co-opted
towards undemocratic means.
- Global online propaganda will be the
biggest threat to face as the
globalization of media deepens
- As consumers of media, users must
remain vigilant and learn how to
distinguish fact from falsehood in a
global media landscape that allows
politicians to peddle what President
Trump’s senior advisers now call
“alternative facts”
- We must also insist that some sources
are more credible than others
- Every technological change, after all,
creates multiple unintended
consequences.
LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY
∙ GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL (P 84/ 50)
1. Globalization is spatial because it
occurs in physical spaces
- More people are driven out of city ∙ INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY (P 86-89/
centers to make way for the new
developments
2. Globalization is spatial because what
makes it move is the fact that it is based - Economic opportunities in a global city
in places
- Cities act on globalization and
globalization acts on cities
- CITIES: they are the sites as well as
the mediums of globalization
∙ SASKIA SASSEN (P 85/ 50)
- Popularized the term “global city” in the - SINGAPORE: is considered Asia’s most
1990s
- In her work, she initially identified three
global cities: New York, London,
Tokyo, all of which are hubs of global
finance and capitalism
- New York: New York Stock Exchange
(NYSE)
- London: Financial Times Stock
Exchange (FTSE)
- Tokyo: Nikkei
∙ SAN FRANSCISCO (P 85/ 50)
- The home of the most powerful internet
companies: Facebook, twitter and
Google
∙ NOTES: (P 86/ 51)
- Others consider some cities “global
simply because they are great places
to live in.
- SYDNEY: commands the greatest
proportion of capital
- MELBOURNE: it is described as
Sydney’s rival “global city” because
many magazines an lists have now
referred to it as the world’s “most
livable city”
- “Most livable city”: a place with good
public transportation, a thriving
cultural scene, and a relatively easy
pace of life.
51- 52)
- The foremost characteristic is
economic power
make it attractive to talents from
across the world
- ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT:
has added other criteria like market
size, purchasing power of citizens, size
of the middle class, and potential for
growth
 competitive city because of its strong
market, efficient and incorruptible
government and livability
- Global cities are also centers of
authority - Global cities are centers of
higher learning and culture
- HARVARD UNIVERSITY: Boston, the
world’s top university
- LOS ANGELES: the center of
American Film industry
- COPENHAGEN: the capital of Demark;
birthplace of “New Nordic” cuisine.
- Global cities become culturally diverse
∙ CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES (P
89- 91/52-53)
- Global cities conjure up images of fast
paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles -
Global cities can be sites of great
inequality and poverty as well as
tremendous violence
- Global cities create winners and losers
- Cities can be sustainable because of
their density
- RICHARD FLORIDA: Ecologist have
found that by concentrating their
population in smaller areas, cities
and metros decrease human
encroachment on natural habitats.
Denser settlement patterns yield
- GLOBALIZATION: creates high-
income jobs that are concentrated in
global cities
- A large global city may thus be a
paradise for some, but a purgatory for
others
∙ GLOBAL CITIES (P 93/54)
- Are sites and mediums of globalization
- Material representations of the
phenomenon
- Through them we see the best of
globalization; they are places that
creates exciting fusions of culture and
ideas
- They remain sites of great inequality
energy savings, apartment buildings,
for example, are more efficient to
heat and cool that detached
suburban houses
- In cities with extensive public
transportation systems, people tend
to drive less and thereby cut carbon
emissions
- Because of the sheer size of city
populations across the world, it is not
surprising that urban areas consume
most of the world’s energy
∙ THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR (P
91- 92/53-54)
- Economic globalization has paved the
way for massive inequality
- This phenomenon is thus very
pronounced in cities
- As a city attracts more capital and richer
resident, real estate prices go up and
poor residents are forced to relocate
to far away but cheaper areas
- GENTRIFICATION: phenomenon of
driving out the poor in favor of newer,
wealthier residents
- BANLIEUE: ethnic enclaves where poor
Muslim migrants clustered as they are
forced out of Paris
July 7 - Lesson 5

ASEAN - Association of South East Asian Nations

Imports > Exports
Asian partner country - China, Japan
Eu trading partner - Germany
Export top product - electronic products
Phil export major partner country - America

Regionalism
• Often seen as political and economic phenomenon.
• Can be examined in relation to identities ethics religion ecological sustainability and
heath
• Treated as an “emergent” socially phenomenon
• Socially constructed
• Defined and constructed by policymakers, social movements, economic actors.
• Not natural or given but created.
• Political entity

Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner

1. REGION - Group of countries located in the same geographically specified area or an
amalgamation of 2 regions or a combination of more than 2 regions.

2. Regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged

• Regionalization refers to the regional concentration of economic flows
• Regionalism is a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and
coordination among countries

“Some are large enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they participate in
process of global integration”

Why countries form regional alliance?

1. 1. Military defense
• NATO formed during Cold War (Western Europe + US vs Soviet Union.
• Warsaw Pact formed by Soviet Union as response.
2. Countries form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns for
their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners.
• OPEC - established by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela - to regulate
production and sale of oil
3. Regional Blocs - to protect their independence from pressures of powerful countries
• Non-Alligned Movement
• Presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia created in 1961
• To pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict
resolution
4. Economic crisis compels countries to come together
July 13 - Lesson 5

Non-State Regionalism
Non only states agree to work together in the name of a single cause or causes
Communities also engage in regional organizing
- non-state actors

New Regionalism
• Tiny associations
• Focuses on a single issue
• Huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems from territorial
defense to food security

New Regionalism:
• Rely on the power of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and
associations to link up with one another in pursuit of a particular goal
• Identified with reformists who share the same values, norms, institutions, and system
that exist outside of the traditional, established mainstream institutions and systems

Strategies and tactics vary: (ex: ASEAN Human Rights Declaration)

- organizations use this official declaration to pressure these governments to pass
laws and regulations that protect and promote human rights
- organizations power primarily lies in their moral standing and their ability to
combine lobbying with pressure politics

What is the difference between state-to-state regionalism and non-state regionalism?

1. Identifying problems - explanation nasa book
• New regionalism advocates such as the NGO Global Forum see these issues as
reflections of flawed economic development and environmental models

Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism:

• European Union - Brexit -
• ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent to which member countries
should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of regional stability
• Laos & Cambodia
- Favoring diplomacy over confrontation
- Dramatic increase of Chinese investment and economic aid of china to these countries
• Western governments may see regional organizations not simply as economic
formations but also as instruments of political democratization.
• Non-western and developing societies, however, may have a different view regarding
globalization, development, and democracy
• Democracy:
• See democracy as an obstacle to the implementation and depending of
economic globalization because constant public inquiry about economic
projects and lengthy debate slow down the implementation or lead to
unclear outcomes.
July 14 - Lesson 6

Globalization of Religion
• Globalization - represents the many processes that allow for expansion and
intensification of global connections
• Globalism - widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of
economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and democracy
across the world.
• Religion – the belief in worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a
personal God or Gods, discusses “the eternal” and usually explains your soul and an
after life.

Religion vs Globalism

Religion Globalism
• Sacred • Material Wealth
• Religion follows divine commandments • Globalism abides to human made laws
• Religion assumes the possibility of • Globalism is how much of human action
communication between humans and can lead to the highest material
transcendent satisfaction and subsequent wisdom that
this new status produces
- A religious person’s main duty is to live a • Globalists are less worried about whether
virtuous sin-less life they will end up in heaven or hell

- They aim to seal trade deals, raise the

profits of private enterprises, improve
government revenue collections
- The religious aspires to become a saint - The globalist trains to be a shrewd
businessperson

- The religious detest politics and the quest - The globalist values them as both means
for power for they are evidence of and ends to open up further the economies
humanity’s weakness of the world

Social Conscience
• if she/he has a strong social conscience, the globalists sees his/her work as contributing
to the general progress of the community, the nation, and the global economic system

Religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious …

• Religions regard identities associated with globalism (citizenship, language, and race)
as inferior and narrow because they are earthly categories.
• Membership to a religious group organization, or cult represents a superior affiliation
that connects humans directly to the divine and supernatural.

Dalai Lama
• devotes themselves to prayer and contemplation
• Living among “non-believers” will distract them from their mission or tempt them to
abandon their faith and become sinners like everyone
• Rizalistas of Mount Banahaw (another example)

Realities: Religious for and against Globalization

• Veritable explosions of religious fervor occurring in one form of another in all the major
religions traditions
• Christianity, islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and even Confucianism

• Religions are foundations of modern republics

• Malaysian government places religion at the center of the political system
• Islam is the religions of the Federation
• The rulers of each state was also the Head of the religion of Islam

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

• Bragged about the superiority of Islamic Rule over its secular counterparts and pointed
out that:
• There are no fundamental distinction among constitutional, despotic, distatorial,
democratic, and communistic regimes
• All secular ideologies were the same
• …

Nahdlatul Ulama in Indonesia

• Has Islamic schools
• Students were taught not only about Islam but also modern science, modern banking,
civic education, rights of women, pluralism, and democracy

Church of England
• Shaped by rationality of modern democratic culture
• King Henry VIII broke away from Roman Catholicism and established his own Church
to bolster his own power

Modern Secular Society - USA - there was a fusion of religion and law
• observed by Alexis de Tocqueville in early 1800s
• Not only do the Americans …
• “Historically, religion has always been at the very center of all great political conflicts
and movements of social reform” - Jose Casanova
• From independence to abolition, from nativism to women’s suffrage, from prohibition to
the civil rights movements, religion has always been the center of these conflicts, but
also on both sides of the political barricades.

Religion for and against globalization

• Christianity and Islam
• Old world religions
• See globalization less as an obstacle and more as an opportunity to expand their
reach all over the world.
Globalization has freed communities from the constraints of the nation-state but in the
process, also threatened to destroy the cultural system that bind them together

Religion seeks to take the place of these broken traditional ties to either help communities
cope with their new situation or organize them to oppose this major transformation of their
lives
- provide moral code
- Not regressive force
- Pro-active force

Religious fundamentalism may dislike globalization’s materialism, but it continues to use

the full range of modern means of communication and organization that is associated with
economic transformation.

Some Muslims view globalization as a trojan horse hiding supporters of western values
lie secularism, liberalism, or even communism ready to spread these ideas in their areas
to eventually displace Islam

Pope Francis likewise condemned globalizations’ throw-away culture that is fatally

destined to suffocate hope and increase risks and threats

Conclusion
For a phenomenon that is about everything, it is odd that globalization is seen to have
very little to …

Religion is anathema to modernization

Thesis: modernization will erode religious practice - secularization theory

Max Weber observes the correlation between religion and capitalism as an economic
system
• Calvinism a branch of Protestantism believed that God had already decided who would
and would not be saved
• Calvinists made it their mission to search for clues as to their fate, and in their pursuit
PPT 2 – GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION

What are the most known religions across the world?

- Catholicism
- Islam
- Buddhism – Buddha is respected as a great teacher in Buddhism

How does Globalization affect religious practices and beliefs?

- Religion has entered the “information age” and has globalized at accelerating rates,
in the methods religions use for teaching and in belief systems
- Religion epitomizes the definition of globalization due to the fact that it can be
spread more efficiently than ever before through the use of different technological
tools
o Education, Films, Charity, Social Media Applications, Gadgets
- Through the use of magazines, the media, fb, twitter, YouTube, commercials,
podcasts, cell phone apps and much more.

What is the importance of understanding the relationship of Religion and Globalization?

- Walay importance CHAR AHAHAHAHHA WALAY NKA BUTANG SA PPT NI MAM

July 19 - Lesson 7
Influence of Technology in Recent Times

What is MEDIA?
• Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or
promotional messages are disseminated.
• Could global trade have evolved without a flow of information on markets, prices,
commodities, and more?
• Lule describes media as a means of conveying something, such as a channel of
communication.

Functions of Media:
• Providing political forum
• Media plays a common carrier role
• Socializing people
• Acting as public representative

Examples of Media:
• Print media – lightweight, portable, disposable publications printed on paper and are
circulated as physical copies in forms of books, newspapers, magazines, newsletters.
• Broadcast media – GMA, ABS-CBN
• Internet media - email, sites, social media,

McLuhan - Philosopher foresaw the tremendous, transformative nature of the web. But he
had a chilling warning about how it might be abused
“The medium is the message” - addressing how media reshapes our society
• Way someone receives information that mattered as much as more that the actual
information itself
• Demonstrated both the power of and the problems with the way the media can shape
our understanding

“Once we have surrendered our senses and nervous systems to the private manipulation
of those who would try to benefit by taking a lease on our eyes and ears and nerves, we
don’t really have any rights left”

4 Stages ni McLuhan:
• Acoustic Age
• Written Age
• Mass Production
• Global Village or Electronic Age

“Television is not a simple bearer of messages; it also shapes the social behavior of users
and reorient family behavior”

Smart phone allows users to keep in touch instantly with multiple people at the same time
- Prior to the cellphone, there was no way for couples to keep constantly in touch, or
to be updated on what the other does all the time.
- The technology (medium), and not the message, makes for this social change
possible.

McLuhan added that different media simultaneously extend and amputate human
senses.
New media may expand reach of communication, but they also dull the user’s
communicative capacities.

LESSON: Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

- McLuhan declared that television was turning the world into a “global village”

As more and more people sat down in front of their television sets and listened to the
same stories, their perception of the world would contract.

Global media had a tendency to homogenize culture in a way that global media spread,
people from all over the world would begin to watch, listen to, and read the same things.

Cultural Imperialism and the Media

• media also constitute a potential tool for control by dominant western cultures over
those of developing countries.
Herbert Schiller - not only was the world being Americanized, but this process also led
to the spread of American capitalist values like consumerism.

• Consumerism - idea that the increasing consumption of goods and services purchased
in the markets is always a desirable goal and that a person’s wellbeing and happiness
depends fundamentally on obtaining consumer goods and material possessions.

Cultural globalization is simply a euphemism for Western cultural imperialism.

Critiques of Cultural Imperialism

Proponents of the idea of cultural imperialism ignored the fact that media messages are
not just made by producers, they are also consumed by audiences.

• Analysis of audience-viewing experiences - she noted that viewers put “a lot of

emotional energy” into the process and they experience pleasure based on the program
resonated with them. (Ien Ang)
• Watching Dallas (movie)
• They argued that texts (content of any medium) are received differently by varied
interpretative communities because they derived different meanings and pleasures
from the texts. (Elihu Katz & Tamar Liebes)
• Russians were suspicious of the show’s content, believing not only that it
was primarily about America, but that it contained American propaganda
• American viewers believed that the show was primarily about the lives of the
rich.

Global Popular Culture

(Wla nag present rag mga iba iba na film)

Social Media and the Creation of Cyber Ghettoes

Cyber Ghettoes - A place on the internet where a social group is marginalized.

• Supporters tout blogs as superior to traditional media in promoting democracy
because blog fosters a sense of community among users who can share their
viewpoints with likeminded individuals. (Papacharissi)
• Critiques however, content that because of the strong ideological perspectives of
blogs, they are creating communication ghettoes where people go to support their
own opinions and attack opposing ones, leading to increase polarization of political
views. (Stroud)
• very few media scholars argue that the world is becoming culturally homogenous
• the internet and social media are proving that the globalization of culture and ideas
can move in different directions
• media production is still controlled by a handful of powerful Western corporations,
the internet, particularly the social media
Social media have both beneficial and negative effects:
• These forms of communication have democratized access
• Anyone with an internet connections or smartphone can use fb or twitter for free

The media enabled users to be consumers and producers of information

• Arab Spring 2011 used twitter to organize and disseminate information
• Women’s march against the newly installed US President Donald Trump

“Cyberbalkanization” - various bubbles people place themselves in when they are online
• The division of the internet into narrowly focused groups of like-minded individuals who
dislike or have little patience for outsiders.

- The Internet became the ultimate tool for finding like minds and blocking out others
long before supporters of candidates began seeking one another out on
Meetup.com. With online dating sites where searches can be tailored by age and
income, e-mail forums for the narrowest band of subjects, bookmarked sites and
even spam filters, the Web allows users to tailor the information they consume
more than any other medium. Social scientists even have a term for it:
cyberbalkanization.

• Fake information can spread easily on social media since they have few content filters.
• Unlike newspapers, fb does not have a team of editors who are trained to sift through
and filter information.
• If a news article, even a fake one, gets a lot of shares, it will reach Manu people with
Facebook accounts.

LESSON: Global City

Why globalization is a spatial phenomenon?
• occurs in physical spaces
• foreign investments and capital move through a city
• companies build skyscrapers
• Filipinos working abroad

• Cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities

• Cities became mediums of globalization

Global city
• Hubs of global finance and capitalism
• Centers of higher learning and culture
- One of the culinary capitals of the world
Indicators for Globality
• Economic power
• Purchasing power
• Market size
• Size of middle class
• Potential for growth

Challenges of Global Cities

• Conjure up images of fast paced exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles
• Global cities have undersides
• Sites of great inequality and poverty

CITIES COMPILATION

Three Global Cities - New York, London, and Tokyo

New York
Have the largest stock market in the world.
Headquarters of the United Nations.
Los Angeles
The home of Hollywood, is where movies are made for global consumption.
Tokyo
The main headquarters of Sony, the company coordinates the sale of its various
electronics goods to branches across the world.
Houses the most number of corporate headquarters.
San Francisco
Another global city because it is the home of the most powerful internet companies
– Facebook, Twitter, and Global.
Sydney
Commands the greatest proportion of capital in Australia.
Melbourne
Described as Sydney’s rival “global city” because many magazines and lists have
now referred to it as the world’s “most livable city.”
Shanghai
Has the world’s busiest container port, moving over 33 million container units in
2013.
Singapore
Considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its strong market, efficient and
incorruptible government and livability.
Is slowly becoming a cultural hub for the Southeast Asia.
Washington D.C.
Is the seat of American state power.
Canberra
A sleepy town and is the home to the Australia’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and
policy advisors.
Jakarta
Capital of Indonesia and location of the main headquarters of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations.
Brussels
Headquarters of the European Union.
Frankfurt
Base of the European Central Bank, which oversees the Euro.
Copenhagen
Considered one of the culinary capitals of the world, with its top restaurants
incommensurate with its size.
The birthplace of “New Nordic” cuisine.
 QUIZZES COMPILATION

The gold standard compelled countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves. True
The goal of the adoption of gold standard was to create a universal system that would False
extend the influenced of the mercantilist era.
The world leaders believed that the creation of global financial institutions will promote False
economic dependence.
The "oil embargo" was a response of Arab countries to the decision of United States to False
intervene in the Yom Kippur War by resupplying military arms to Syria.
The world economy today operates based on fiat currencies. True
According to IMF, economic globalization is a historical process representing the result True
of human invention and technological progress.
Global Keynesianism emphasizes the active role of private companies in the False
management of economic market.
Neoliberalists believed that the increased of the demand of products were made because False
people were allowed to purchase more goods.
The World Trade Organization led to reduction of trade barriers or also called "trade True
liberalization.
Silk Road was not only international but also global. False
Western countries used the oil embargo to stabilize their economies and growth. False
Mercantilism period was a system of international trade with multiple restrictions. False
Neoliberalism was a codified strategy of the World Trade Organization only. False
The followers of Keynesianism argued that government intervention in economies distort False
the proper functioning of the market.
Washington Consensus also advocates privatization of government-controlled services. True
The League of Nations realized the concept of liberal internationalism. True
Not all states are nations but all nations are states. False
According to Benedict Anderson, imagined community is limited because it goes beyond False
an official boundary.
The Socialist International was a union of European capitalist and labor parties False
established in Paris in 1889.
Internationalization is an occurrence concerning with the deepening of interactions False
between nations.
Nation and state are closely related because sovereignty facilitates state formation. False
Globalization is major a part of internationalization. False
The Communist Information Bureau was re-established as Communist International by False
Joseph Stalin.
The concept nation-state is remarkably a modern phenomenon in human history. True
There are countries or states that are not independent but they can govern themselves False
International non-governmental organizations have formal state power. False
International organizations like IMF was able to promote a particular form of economic True
doctrine that mainly came from the beliefs of professional economists.
The International Criminal Court is tasked to settle legal disputes in accordance with False
international law.
A military intervention of a state into another state needs to obtain an approval from the False
General Assembly.
All members of Security Council hold a veto power over the council's decisions. False
The International Court of Justice is an independent organization of United Nation. False
States are accountable to one organization in the world. False
The members of the secretariat are not state representatives. True
Global government refers to the various intersecting processes. True
International organizations are the most visible symbols of global governance. True
It refers to the internal and external authority exercised by one state. Sovereignty
It is the study of political, military and other diplomatic engagements between two or International
more countries. Relations
It is a very crucial aspect of globalization because global interactions are heightened by Internationalism
the increased Interdependence of states.
It refers to a country and its government. State
These are the key drivers of global processes. States /
Governments
They have the power to spread their ideas across the world. International
Organization
It is the most representative organization in the United Nation. General Assembly
It is perhaps the biggest challenge of the United Nations. Security
According to some commentators, it is the considered as the most powerful organ of Security Council
United Nation.
The number of states that have seats in the General Assembly. 193
Globalization values both the means and ends to spread or expand the economies of the False
world.
Politics and the quest for power are evidence of humanity's strength for the religious False
group.
He was one of the strongest defenders of globalization that believed civilizations can be Samuel Huntington
held together by religious worldviews.
It is a theory that believes modernization will erode religious practices. Secularization
Theory
It is a belief system that cannot be proven empirically. Religion
Globalization ideas focused on the hope of spreading goods and services. False
It is a branch of Protestantism that believed salvation is predestined. Calvinism
Globalism is not the foundation of modern republics. True
Religion is concerned with the sacred while globalization places value on material wealth. False
Some Muslims view "globalization" as a Trojan horse hiding supporters of Western True
values like secularism.
Religious evangelization is a form of globalism process. True
According to Khomeni, Islamic rule was the superior form of government because it was False
material.
Christianity and Islam see "globalism" as less obstacle and more as an opportunity to False
expand their reach all over the world.
It is a term described by Catholic Church leader Pope Francis on the condemnation of Throw-Away
globalization that suffocates hope and increases risks and threats. Culture
Globalism is concerned with how much human action can lead to the highest material True
satisfaction.
It describes as the medium that reshapes our societies. Technology
These include radio, film and television. Broadcast Media
The voice of a person refers to the content of any medium according to the critics of False
cultural imperialism.
The critics of cultural imperialism believed that media are made by producers. False
It refers to the increasing consumption of people and becoming conscious on the Consumerism
acquisition of those goods for material satisfaction and happiness.
These refer to the expansion of communication, but they also dull the people's New Media
communicative capacities.
It refers to a phenomenon where people separate themselves into a certain group with Cyberbalkanization
the same views or interests when they are online.
It describes the American hegemony of culture that spreads across the world and Cultural
overwhelm other cultures. Imperialism
It refers to the content of any medium based on the cultural lenses. Text
It is where people became interconnected due to the spread of media technologies and Global Village
the feeling of living in a single community.
The cultural imperialism thesis failed to justify the strength of the regional trends in the True
globalization process.
It covers the internet and mobile mass communication. Digital Media
According to Mcluhan, television is not a simple bearer of messages because it does not False
reorient family behavior.
According to Tomlinson, American consumerism is simply a euphemism for Western False
cultural imperialism.
These include books, magazines, and newspapers Print Media
It is described as the rival of Sydney as a "global city" in Australia. Melbourne
Globalization is spatial because it is not based in places. False
The main headquarter of Sony company. Tokyo
It is described as having the busiest container port in the world. Shanghai
It is a phenomenon that drives out the people, most especially the poor in favor of the Gentrification
wealthier residents.
It is described as a sleepy town but it is the home of top politicians and bureaucrats. Canberra
It is the home of the most powerful internet companies. San Francisco
Globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical spaces. True
It is the home of Hollywood movies. Los Angeles
Singapore is slowly becoming a cultural hub for the region. True
Global cities are largely determined in terms of political authority. False
It served as the headquarters of the United Nations. New York
Globalization is the center of higher learning and culture. False
It refers to a country that became the manufacturing center of the world. China
It becomes the home for culinary trends. Copenhagen