UNITY JOURNAL

Volume III, February 2022

Unity Journal
Vol. III, 389-401, 2022
Doi:https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v3i01.43340
Prithvi Narayan Shah Research Center
Directorate General of Military Training, Nepali Army
Kathmandu, Nepal

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tof/ u/]/ /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf hfu[t ug{
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u/]sf x'g\ . dNnx?sf] zf;g kl5 /fhf >L %
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afO;] rf}la;] tyf pkTosfdf ljeflht dNnx?sf]
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:jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf /Iffsf] nflu r'gf}lt v8f u/]sf]
ljifo k|j]z lyof] . o:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f
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;'Gb/tfsf] Hof]ltnfO{ ljZj ;fd" lkmhfp“b} cgflb Pstfsf] bl/nf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

389
 UNITY
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:jfwLg, ;fjf{ef}d ;DkGg d'n's lgdf{0f u¥of] .
/fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf
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lje"ltx?, b]zsf nflu Hofg cfx'lt lbg] zlxbx?
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pkof]u, ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;+j4{g ug]{ Ps lg:jfy{
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cgGt k|]d xf] . k"vf{sf] jlnbfgn] cfh{g u/]sf]
uf}/jdo Oltxf;, cfÎgf] e"uf]n, k|frLgsfnb]lv
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hflt, efiff, wd{, snf, ;+:s[lt tyf k|s[ltsf] ckf/
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390
JOURNAL
Volume III, February 2022
kl/0ffd xf] / o;sf] ljsf; cf}wf]lus s|flGtaf6
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/ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfdf efjgfTds Pstfsf] cfwf/ aGg
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 UNITY
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;+:s[lt, Oltxf;, snf, ;flxTo, /fli6«o lje"lt tyf
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jx';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'St ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf
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/fi6« xf] -wf/f #_ eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
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hu xf] . ljleGg hflt hghfltn] zf;g ub}{
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efiff, wd{, ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
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dgdf g]kfnk|ltsf] ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t x'g'
g]kfnLkgsf] ljsf; xf] / ToxL g]kfnLkgsf] ljsf;
g} g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] ljsf; xf] -u'?ª, @)&$ k'if
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ljsf; ub}{ lnR5jL sfn :j0f{ o'usf] ?kdf kl/lrt
5 . dNn sfn;Dd cfO k'Ubf g]kfn 6's|] /fHo
ljeflht eO ;s]sf] lyof]  . k"j{df ljhok'/, rf}b08L,
klZrddf afO;] rf}lj;] tyf pkTosdf ljeflht
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Tof] cfs|ds /fi6«jfb bAa' /fi6«jfbdf kl/0ft eof] .
lzlyn aGb} uPsf] /fli6«otfnfO{ k'g?Tyfg ub{}
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cfw'lgs /fli6«otfsf] yfngL g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ;“u}
>L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] u/] eGbf cTo'lSt gxf]nf .
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/ :jfwLgtfsf] n8fOdf /fi6«elStn] ;dlk{t ePsf]
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;Ldfgf a9fpg] w/ftn v8f ub}{ >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f
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zq'x?sf] t]hf]aw ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . d'n's lgdf{0fdf
/fli6«otf j|Dxf:qsf] ?kdf v8f x'g' kb{5 . a}/Lx?sf]
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afns[i0f kf]v|]n n]V5g\ æo;df xfd|f k"j{hx?sf]
;':s]/f 5, xfd|f ls;fg / HofdLx?n] aufPsf]
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 UNITY
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n}a/Lsf] 3GsfO{ 5, wfg gfr / 3f6'sf] cfª dsf{O
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pd+u 5, leIf' / ;Gof;Lsf] cfWoflTdstf 5, cd/
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5f“of 5, 8f]sf] / vk{gx?sf] s/fdt 5, rf}tf/L
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zf;g / k~rfotL zf;gn] cGo efiff ;+:s[lt, wd{,
k/Dk/f dfly PsTj nfb\g vf]Hbf g]kfndf zf;s
/fli6«otf / ;fdfGo hgtfsf] /fli6«otfdf cGt/ x'g
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-lzjfsf]6L, @)&^ d+l;/ !*_ . sf]dn / ;+j]bgzLn
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km/s ef}uf]lns :j?k / /xg ;xg tyf hLjg
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ljz]if km/s klxrfgsf aLr g]kfnLTjsf] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . blIf0fL ;Ldf /Iffsf vflt/ 5ftLdf
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wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ax'klxrfg
dfkm{t /+ue]bL ;f]rfOsf] cGTo ub}{ lxdfn, kxf8
/ t/fO{ aLrsf] xft]dfnf]n] dfq ;+d[4 /fli6«otfsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;S5 . lxhf] t/fO{df dfq dgfOg] 56
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/ elStsf ;fy dgfOg yflng'n] ax'/fi6« aLrsf]
pGgt /fli6«otfn] Jojxfl/skg kfPsf] cg'e"lt x'g
392
JOURNAL
Volume III, February 2022
hfG5 . h'g;'s} ef}uf]lns If]qdf dgfOg] rf8kj{,
wd{, ;+:s[lt, vfglkg, Jojxf/ tyf njhsf]
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xf] . ;dfrs]jf / wfg gfr xf];\ jf Nxf];f/ / 56
aLrsf] efOrf/fn] g} xfdLnfO{ ujf{g'e"lt u/fp“5 .
l;?jf / lhltof, Ob xf];\ jf 3f6', ;f]/7L / df?gL,
af“;'/L xf];\ jf ;gfO / 6\ofDkf], uf}/f xf];\ jf of]d/L
k'lGxn] g]kfnLkgnfO{ hLp“bf] agfO/x]sf] 5 . kz'klt,
n'lDagL / :joDe"af6 ;[hgf ePsf] …;Tod\, lzjd\,
;'Gb/dÚ\, zflGt, s?0ff / 1fgsf] ;Gb]zn] xfdL
ljZjnfO{ Pslqt ug{ ;S5f}≤ dfgj / k|s[lt aLrsf]
k|]d c+s'/fpg ;S5f}  . ;[li6nfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg ;S5f},
v8]/L / cfunfuLdf hn aGg ;S5f}, lzv/ jf ;fu/
b'j} ag]/ ljZjnfO{ b]vfpg ;S5f} . lnk'n]sb]lv
;':tf xf];\ jf s~rgk'/b]lv sfs/le§f, s]rgfb]lv
s~rgh+3f xf];\ jf lrof e~Hofgb]lv em'nf3f6 ;a}
xfd|f] ;femf e"ld xf] . hghflt xf];\ jf dw]ifL, cfo{
xf];\ jf d+uf]n ;j} dft[e"ldsf /Ifs xf}+≤ g]kfnL
xf}“ . ;u/dfyfnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ /f/f, km]jf / ??n]
xfdLnfO{ ;lDem/x]sf 5g\ . sfnf xf} jf ;]tf, cUnf
xf} jf xf]rf ;j} d]/f ldq xf} eg]/ 8f“km] d'gfn gfrL
/x]5g\≤ sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nLn] lztntf 5l//
x]5g\ . t/fO{sf] tftf]n] lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbg ;Sg'
kb{5 . lxdfn / kxf8sf] 708fn] t/fOdf lztntf
5s{g ;Sg' kb{5, Tof] g} g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] b]x
/ cfTdf aGg ;S5 . !@% eGbf a9L hflt tyf
!#) eGbf a9L efiffsf] ljljwtfdf x'ls{Psf] d'n'sn]
;a}sf] klxrfg / ;DdfgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sbf dfq
/fli6«otfnfO{ cg'k|fl0ft ug{ ;S5 . ;j{hglxtfosf]
d"n dd{n] g} xfdLnfO{ uGtJodf k'¥ofp“5 . ;j}
ldn]/ /fi6« p7fp eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'g' kb{5 .
b]z elSt t db}{g r'Yof} b]z eP klg eGg] afns[i0f
;dsf] egfOn] ;j} lap“emg' kb{5 .
/fli6«otf eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] :ki6 kfg{ ;lsPdf
dfq /fli6«otf alnof] x'GYof] h:tf] nfU5 . /fli6«otf
eg]sf] oxf“ a:g] hgtf, e"uf]n, ;+:s[lt of s]
 UNITY
xf]< g]kfnsf] e"uf]n dfq xfd|f] /fli6«otf xf] ls <
oxf“sf hgtf /fli6«otf x'g ls < cyjf oxf“sf]
;fdflhs ;f:s[lts kl/j]z /fli6«otf xf] < of]
cGof]n 5 . g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] a'emfOdf ljljwtf
5 . blIf0fkGyLx?sf] /fli6«otfsf] kl/efiffdf bf}/f,
;'?jfn, 6f]kL of k]uf]8f z}nLsf] af:t'snf k¥of] .
/ ljutdf Pp6f lglZrt :j?knfO{ nflbof] .
To:t} jfdkGyL v]dfsf /fhgLlt1 jf ljåfg\x?sf]
;f]rfOdf a9\tf ef/t lj/f]wL s'/f u¥of] eg] Tof]
/fi6«jfbL eof]  . ;'uf}nL ;GwLn] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f
e"uf]n lbof] t/ /fi6« ag]g eGbf la= kL ljjfbdf kg'{
eof] . pxf“ dfly cf}nf p7fOof] . lj=kLsf] egfOdf
/fli6«otf eg]sf] hgtfsf] efjgf;“u, clwsf/;“u
;DalGwt s'/f xf] . hgclwsf/ gx'“bf /fi6« aGg
;Sb}g eGg] pxf“sf] wf/0ff lyof] -k/fh'nL,k[
%#,%$_ . /fHosf ;j} dflg;sf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg /
;zlSts/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf lg:sg] PsLs[t b]zk|]d
g} /fli6«otfsf] pGgt ?k xf] . b]z elStsf] d"n
ldof]df af“lwP/ :jtGqtfk"j{s ljr/0f ug{ kfpg]
cj:yfn] g} /fli6«otfnfO{ ;jn / ;d[4 agfp“5 .
/fli6«otf s'g} lglZrt ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] lgxLt
:jfy{df k|of]u x'g' x'b}g, of] t cfÎgf] Oltxf;k|lt
uj{ ub}{ eljiok|lt pHofnf] cfzf hufpg] ls/0f
aGg ;Sg' kb{5 . ;fdflhs, ;f+s[lts ljrng /f]Sb}
cfÎgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|yf k/Dk/fsf] ?kfGt/0f /
;+/If0f ug]{ c:q aGg' kb{5 . /fli6«otfsf ;DaGwdf
8f b]j]Gb| /fh kf08] n]V5g\ …xfd|f] Pp6f ;d:of
eg]sf] /fli6«otf af/]sf] xf] . /fli6«otf / /fi6«–/fHo
lgdf{0f x'gsf nflu Tof] /fi6«–/fHo leq ;dflxt
x'g] h'g ;d'bfo x'G5, ltgLx?sf] s]xL g s]xL
dfqfdf ;femf cg'ej x'G5 . ;femf Oltxf; x'G5
h;n] ubf{ pgLx? cfj4 x'G5g\  . cem pgL yK5g\
sltko s'/fx? ca xfdLn] ;+s'lrt wf/0ff g/fvL,
abnfsf] efjgf g/fvL clnslt km/flsnf] eP/
;f]Rg h?/L 5 . lxhf] xfdLnfO{ cGofo ug]{x?nfO{
xfdLn] klg cGofo ug'{ k5{ eGg] lx;fjn] xf]Og
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Volume III, February 2022
ls lxhf] xfdLnfO{ cGofo ul/of] t/ ca ;x“b}gf} .
a? cj xfdL lognfO{ klg Gofo u5f}“ eg]/ cufl8
hfg' k5{ ls h:tf] nfU5Ú - k/fh'nL,k[ ^$,^% _ .
dnfO{ /fli6«otf tLg s'/fdf cl8G5 h:tf] nfU5 .
Pp6f e"ld -6]l/6f]/L_ xf] . csf]{ hflt M ;f] e"ldsf
afl;Gbf . / t];|f] efiff M pSt e"v08sf afl;Gbfsf]
efiff -k/fh'nL, k[ ($_ .
bf}/f, ;'?jfn, sf]6 nufP/ rf]sdf plePsf]
dfG5]nfO{ xfdL k/}af6 x]/]/ cf]xf] slt /fi6«jfbL
elglbG5f}  . x'g ;S5 Tof] dflg; ev{/ 8L=eL= kmf/d
e/]/ cfPsf] xf];\ of eg{ hf“b} xf];\ , xfdL To;
tkm{ x]b}{gf} . bf}/f ;'?jfn 5 . 6f]kL klg 5 t/ 8L
eL k/]g eg]/ rf]sdf lrGtf u/]/ ukm ul//x]sf]
5 eg] Tof] cfj/0fsf] /fli6«otf xf] . xfdLn] ax;
ug{ vf]h]sf] g]kfnLo x'g] s'/f Tof] cfj/0fsf] ljifo
xf]Og . Toxf“ leqsf] cfr/0f;“u ;DaGwL s'/f xf] .
t/ xfd|f w]/} ax; uxg 5}gg\ . xfdL x/]s s'/fnfO{
ef]6df kl/0ft ug]{ dgf]lj1fgsf ;fy dfq x]5f}{ .
tTsfn kmfObf vf]H5f} . /fli6«otfsf] ljifodf ToxL
eGg ;lsG5 -k/fh'nL, k[ !)*_ .
/fhgLltn] xfdLnfO{ ljeflht u5{, wd{n] xfdL aLr
kvf{n v8f u5{, ;+:s[ltn] xfdLnfO{ 6's|f6's|fdf
ljeflht u5{ t/ b]z k|]dn] ;j}nfO{ Ps ;'qdf
afWg ;S5 . cfÎgf] /fi6«k|ltsf] k|]d dflg;sf] bf];|f]
wd{ xf] h;sf] cleJolSt /fli6«otfsf] efjgfdf x'g]
u5{ -d}gfnL,@)&& c;f/ %_ . ctM lgisif{df eGg
;lsG5 /fli6«otf eg]sf] d'n'ssf] e"efu To;leq
a;f]af; ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dflg;, pgLx?sf] efiff, wd{,
;+:s[lt aLrsf] Psfsf/ xf] h'g b]zelStdf ;dlk{t
/x]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«otf Pp6f ;fd"lxs zlSt xf] h'g
/fi6« agfpg] ;+sNkaf6 lgb]{lzt /xG5 . e"uf]nn]
s'g} klg d'n'snfO{ Pp6f cfsf/ k|bfg ub{5
eg] /fli6«otfn] d'n'ssf cGo ljleGg kIfx?nfO{
hf]8\g] tfut /fVb5 . ljleGg ljrf/, wd{, ;Eotf
/ ;+:s[lt aLr /x]sf] leGgtfnfO{ /fli6«o :jfy{df
 UNITY
jf egf} /fli6«o lxtdf s]lGb|t u/fpg], ckgTj jf
Psfsf/ u/fpg], ;/sf/, hgtf / df6f] aLr ;DaGw
;]t'sf] ?kdf /fli6«otf /x]sf] x'G5 .
/fli6«o Pstf / g]kfn
ljrf/, bz{g, efjgf, ljleGg If]q jf PsfO aLr
/xg] ldqjt Jojxf/ / efjgf g} Pstf xf] . s'g}
e"uf]n Ps cfk;df hf]l8g' dfq Pstf xf]Og≤ of]
Ps a[xt\ cjwf/0ff xf] h;n] ljljw hft, hflt,
efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|yf k/Dk/f tyf b[li6sf]0fdf
b]lvg] km/skg aLr xft]dfnf]sf] vf]hL u5{ jf
egf}“ ;femf nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;a}nfO{ PsLs[t
u/fp“5 . /fli6«o Pstfn] efjgfTds / ef}uf]lns
PstfnfO{ hgfp“5 .
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns Pstfsf] s'/f ubf{ k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] cu'jfO{df g]kfnL ;]gf / hgtfsf] ;+o'St
k|of;df ePsf] g]kfn PsLs/0fnfO{ ;Demg} kg]{ x'G5  .
oBlk To; PsLs/0fnfO{ JolSt tyf hflt ljz]ifsf]
lj/f]w /x]sf] 5 . lj/f]w hgfpg]x? s] eG5g\ eg] Tof]
g]kfn PsLs/0f geP/ uf]vf{ /fHosf] lj:tf/ dfq
xf], h;n] hghfltsf] clwsf/ vf]l;Psf] 5 . To;
a]nfsf] l:yltsf] s'/f] ubf{ g]kfndf ljleGg e'/] 6fs'/]
/fHo lyP M pQ/ tkm{ d':tf¨b]lv klZrddf jf}4 wd{
k|efljt ef]6] /fHo lyP . sf7df08f}“ vfN8f]df dNn
/fHox? lyP, k"j{df klg o:t} lnDa"jfg\ nufot
cg]sf}+ /fHo lyP . oL /fHox? ;w}“ cfk;df n8fO
uy]{ . ltgL /fHosf /fhf / p;sf cf;]kf;] ;w}“
g;fdf 8'a]/ cGo hfthfltsf] cjx]ngf ug]{, cfÎgf]
/fHosf] pGglt k|ultdf s'g} rf;f] glbg] cflb
sf/0fn] ubf{ tL /fHo c;fWo} sdhf]/ lyP . csf{
lt/ la|l6; ;fd|fHojfbn] ef/tsf ;j} /fHox? cfÎgf]
sAhfdf kfl/;s]sf] lyof] / g]kfnL /fHonfO{ klg
cfÎgf] sAhfdf kfg{ cft'/ lyof] . of] s'/fnfO{ a'em]/
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] ;'?jft u/] .
pgL / pgsf 5f]/fx?n] jL/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fy
lnP/ 7"nf] of]hgf / alnbfgaf6 k"j{sf] l6i6f gbL /
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klZrddf sf“u8f;Ddsf] e"ld PsLs/0f u/] . ;fgf
/fHon] cfÎgf] /fHo arfpg, la|l6;, kGhfa, a+ufn
nufot ef/tLo /fhfnfO{ u'xf/L g]kfnL ;]gf lj?4
7fp“ 7fp“df 7"nf] o'4 ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gfn]
ltgLnfO{ o'4df x/fO{ nv]6]sf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] efiff d} eGbf of] ;fgf b'Mvn] cfh]{sf]
d'n's xf]Og . of] egfO c;fWo} ;f“rf] lyof] . pgn]
ef}uf]lns Pstf dfq u/]gg\, efjgfTds Pstf klg
u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] s'/f s;/L eGg ;slG5 eg] h'g
/fHo g]kfn /fHodf ;fd]n ePsf lyP, Toxf“sf ;]gf
/ hgtf PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf ;fd]n ePsf lyP
- vgfn, @)&& cflZjg !#_ .
g]kfn ax'efifL, ax'hflt, ax';f+:s[lts d'n's xf] .
ef}uf]lns :j?ksf] ljljwtf;“u} ;f+:s[lts tyf
j}rfl/s leGgtf aLr g]kfnn] k|frLgsfnb]lv g}
ljZjdfg lrqdf cfÎgf] klxrfg :yflkt u/]sf]
5 . ljleGg P]ltxfl;s sfn v08df g]kfnsf]
e"uf]n slxn] ;f“u'/f] eof] t slxn] km/flsnf] . s'g}
;dodf sf7df08f}“ pkTosfnfO{ dfq g]kfn egL
;+jf]wg ul/GYof] . ;f“u'/f] / km/flsnf] h] ePtf
klg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfÎgf] b]zsf] :jtGq cl:tTj
slxNo} u'dfpg' k/]g, h;af6 xfdLx?n] uf}/jsf
;fy cfÎgf] lz/ 7f8f] kfg{ kfPsf 5f} - s“8]n,
k[ @&_ . k|frLg tyf dWo sfndf g]kfnnsf]
If]qkmn s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf w]/} dt dtfGt/ /x]
klg cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f >L % k[YjL gf/fo0f
zfxn] u/]sf x'g eGg] ljifodf s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;'? u/]sf] g]kfn PsLs/0faf6
/fli6«o Pstfsf] k|fb'ef{j eof] . 5l/P/ sdhf]/
cj:yfdf /x]sf 6's|] /fHox?nfO{ Pslqt ub}{ /fli6«o
Pstfsf] hu agfpg] sfdsf nflu k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxk|lt x/]s g]kfnLn] >4f / ;Ddfg JoSt ug}{
kb{5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ef}uf]lns PsLs/0f u/]/
/fli6«o Pstfsf] aLhf/f]k0f u/] eg] ;'jfgGb bf;,
efg'eSt cfrfo{ h:tf ;flxTosf/x?n] eflifs
PsLs/0f dfkm{t efjgfTds ?kdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
 UNITY
PstfnfO{ dha'b agfpg] sfd u/] . ax'eflifs
;dfhdf ;Dks{sf] nflu cfO kg]{ hl6ntfnfO{ lrb}{
g]kfnL efiff dfWod efiffsf] ?kdf :yflkt eof] .
dfWod efiff gx'“bf] xf] t z]kf{ / g]jf/ e]6 x'“bf s]
ug]{ † df}lynL efifL / s0ff{nLaf;L e]6 x'“bf ljrf/sf]
cfbfg k|bfg s;/L x'G5 < ax'eflifs d'n'sdf
kg]{ o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ lrb}{ g]kfnL efiffn] xfdLnfO{
;xhtf dfq k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g Ps cfk;df hf]8\b}
cflTdotf ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofgnfO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf]
cfwf/e"ldsf] ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 . 6's|] /fHonfO{
Pstfsf] ;'qdf cfj4 ug'{ Tolt ;xh lyPg . t/
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, jL/ uf]vf{nL ;]gf / hgtfx?sf]
cbDo ;fx; / Pstfj4 k|of;n] g} g]kfnsf]
PsLs/0f ;Dej eof] . …Ps y'sL ;'sL ;o y'sL
gbL eg]Ú em}“ uf]vf{nL ;]gf / hgtfsf] Pstfj4
k|of;jf6 g} cfw'lgs xftxltof/ o'St c+u|]hL
;]gfnfO{ v'“8f / v's'/Lsf] e/df k/f:t ug{ ;Sof] .
dL/sf;Ldsf ;]gf tyf lsgnssf] cleofg -s“8]n,
k[ #&—$)_ dfly g]kfnL ;]gfn] u/]sf] cfs|d0f /
ljhosf] ufyfn] uf}/jflGjt dfq x“'b}gf}, xfdLdf
jlnbfgLk"0f{ efjgf ;d]t hfu[t eP/ cfp“5 .
PsLs[t g]kfn lgdf{0fdf >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx,
axfb'/ zfx, /fh]Gb|nIdL;“u} sfhL sfn' kf08],
j+z/fh kf08], j+z' u'?¨, /fds[i0f s'“j/, cd/l;+x
yfkf, elSt yfkf, jneb| s'“j/ nufot y'k|} jL/
jL/¨gfx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;b}j ;Ddfg / :d/0f ug'{
kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf ax'cfolds 5 . ljleGg
ef}uf]lns :j?kdf /x]sf] ljljwtf aLrsf] Pstf
;“u} hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, k|yf,
k/Dk/f aLr /x]sf] km/s cfsf+Iff aLrsf] bl/nf]
/fli6«o Pstf . dxfslj nIdL k|;fb b]jsf]6fn] eg]
em“} g]kfn o:tf] e"ld hxf“ jgf/; 5, dSsf dlbgf
5, h]?;n]d 5 / 5 cfÎg} j'4e"ld n'lDagL . g]kfn
395
JOURNAL
Volume III, February 2022
;fgf] 5 t/ k"0f{ 5 . lxGb',jf}4, ls/f“t, O:nfd,
O;fO cflb ljleGg wd{ dfGg]x? aLrsf] Pstf /
wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfn] g} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] dlxdf
r'lnPsf] 5 . g]kfn o:tf] d'n's xf] hxf“ lxGb'x?
x\ofKkL ls|;d; eGb} zx/sf rf]s rf]sdf ?v
;hfp“5g, O;fOx? z/b\ Ct'sf] ;':t xfjf;“u} lk¨
v]Nb} bz“}df dUg x'G5g\ . j'l4i6x? kz'klt k'U5g\,
lxGb' :joDe"nfO{ >4f u5{g . pwf}nL / pef}nLdf
;f/f g]kfnL em'D5g\ clg Nxf];f/df /¨Lla/¨L kf]zfs
nufP/ /dfp“b} gfRg yfN5g\ . r08L xf];\ jf wfg
gfr, 3f6', ;f]/7L / afng xfd|f ;femf ;Dklt x'g\ .
log} wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf aLrsf] Pstfn]
g} g]kfnsf] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ cIf'0f agfPsf] 5 .
hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt aLrsf] P]Soj4tfn] g}
ef}uf]lns cv08tfnfO{ ;'/lIft /fv]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf
/ :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ /fli6«o Pstf cIf'0f
/fVg] gLlt c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 -wf/f %!s_ . /fli6«o
Pstf s]jn e"uf]nsf] PsLs/0f dfq xf]Og of]
t /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu JoSt x'g] ;femf wf/0ff,
b[li6sf]0f / ljrf/sf] PsfTdstf klg xf]  . d'n'snfO{
cu|udg k|bfg ug{ /flvg] ;femf wf/0ffn] g} /fli6«o
Pstf sfod ub{5 . b]zelSt jf /fi6« pTyfg g}
ljleGgtfnfO{ Pstfdf hf]8\g] ;]t' xf] . of] b]z d]/f]
jf xfd|f] xf], xfd|f nflu b]zn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5
eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'g' kb{5 . e"uf]nsf] PsLs/0f
/ ;]gfsf] pkof]u dfkm{t /fli6«o Pstf sfod
ug]{ dfGotfsf ;fy} cfly{s ;+d[l4 tyf klxrfg
;d]t cfhsf] o'udf /fli6«o Pstfsf] sf/s tTj
aGg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ df wd{,
;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/, k|yf,k/Dk/f, k|rng jf cGo s'g}
klg cfwf/df x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf lje]b zf]if0f /
cGofosf] cGTo u/L ;Eo / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ Pj+ /fli6«o uf}/j, nf]stGq, hgkIfLotf,
>dsf] ;Ddfg, pBdzLntf, cg'zf;g, dof{bf /
;lxi0f'tfdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts d"Nox?sf]
 UNITY
ljsf; ug]{ tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{
;fdflhs ;b\efj, P]Soj4tf / ;df~h:o sfod
u/L /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ /fHosf] ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts p2]Zo x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 -wf/f %)-@_ .
To;} u/L ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf]
/Ifs eg]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf,
ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf]
/Iffsf nflu o; ;+ljwfgk|lt k|ltj4 ;dfj]zL g]kfnL
;]gfsf] Ps ;+u7g /xg] 5 -wf/f @^&_ eGg] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o Pstf o:tf] efj jf zlSt xf],
h;n] cfk;L snx / åGåsf] cGTo u/L efOrf/fsf]
Gofgf] ;DaGw :yflkt u5{ . o; efjsf] ljZjf;df
/fi6«sf ;j} ;fgf 7"nf ;fdflhs PsfOx?n] cfÎgf]
;+s'lrt ;Ldf eGbf dfly p7L cfkm"nfO{ /fi6«sf]
lxtdf :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 -clwsf/L, @)&& cflZjg
!(_ . slj dfwj k|;fb l3ld/]sf] …g]kfnL xfdL
/xf}nf sxf“ g]kfn} g/x], pRrfO xfd|f] r'lnG5 sxf“
lxdfn} g/x]Ú eGg] uLtsf] efjn] egL /x]5, ltd|f]
klxrfg ltd|f] b]z xf], e]if xf] . ha b]z /xG5 ltdL
/xG5f} . ltdL lagf b]z /xnf t/ b]z lagf ltdL
/xGgf}  . Pstf /x];Dd b]]z /xG5 ha Pstf vl08t
x'G5 tj b]z g/xg ;S5 . :jfwLgtf / :jtGqtfsf]
nf]e nfUbf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; af]s]sf] xfd|f] /fli6«o
PstfnfO{ arfO /fVg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . b]z
;d[4 ag] JolSt :jtM ;d[4 aGb} hfG5 . Pstfsf]
ann] g} b]z cufl8 a9\5 clg alnbfgLk"0f{ Oltxf;
?kL km"nsf] u'R5faf6 ;'uGw k|ikm'l6t x'g yfN5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / o;sf tTjx?
kmut Pp6f O§f t df6f]df k'l/g ;S5,
kfgLn] aufpg ;S5 t/ hj O§fx? ldN5g\ tj df6f]
/f]lsG5 clg kfgL 5]lsG5 . O§fx? ldn] 3/ aG5,
O§fx? 5'6] 3/ eTsG5 . To;}n] O§fx? g5'6fp 3/
geTsfp . 5fgf] eTsfP/ tfk]sf] cfuf]n] ltdLnfO{
Gofgf] lbg ;Sb}g . /fi6« ltd|f] 3/ xf], /fli6«otf /
/fli6«o Pstf 5fgf] clg oxf“sf hflt, efiff, wd{,
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;Eotf / ;+:s[lt O§f x'g\ . To;}n] ltdL O§fx?
hf]8, 3/ agfp / bl/nf] 5fgf] xfn tf ls s'g} xfjf
x'08/Ln] p8fpg g;sf];\ . oxf“ /fli6«otf / /fli6«o
Pstf sfod ug]{ tTjx?nfO{ ;+If]kdf pNn]v ug]{
k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
-s_ df6f]sf] dfof
Plzog xf];\ jf clk|msg, cd]l/sg xf];\ jf
ci6«]lnog xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] klxrfg df6f]n] lbPsf]
x'G5 . df6f]nfO{ e"efu jf e"If]q klg eGg
;lsPnf . lglZrt e"efusf] klxrfgsf sf/0f
xfdL g]kfnL aGg ;s]sf xf} . d]rL / sfnLn]
5]s]sf] e"efu leq hlGdPsf, a;]sf sf/0f
g} xfdL g]kfnL aGg ;s]sf xf+} . To;}n] xfd|f]
klxrfg df6f];“u 5 . oxL df6f]sf] ddtf pln{P/
/fli6«o Pstf sfod x'g hfG5 . /fli6«o Pstf
sfod ug{ d]rLn] sfnL ;':tfPsf] ;'Gg' kb{5 .
sf7df08f}n] sfnfkfgL lnk'n]s lrGg' kb{5 .
;':tf ?“bf ;u/dfyf sfg 7f8f] kf/]/ v8f
x'g' kb{5 . ;Ldfsf vDaf ef“lrbf sf]zL, u08sL
/ s0ff{nL s'ln{g ;Sg' kb{5 . /fli6«o em08f
Rofltb} k[YjLsf ;flnsx? 9fln“bf xfQL, u}8f
/ af3n] uh{g ;Sg' kb{5 . kxf8sf :jR5Gb
gbLgfnfn] t/fO{nfO{ l;l~rt ug'{ k5{ clg
t/fO{sf rf/sf]z] emf8Ln] b]z}e/ k|f0fjfo'
lbg ;Sg' kb{5 . oxL efjgf g} df6f]sf] dfof
xf] h;n] xfd|f] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o PstfnfO{
cIf'0f /fVg ;Sb5 .
-v_ ;lxi0f'tf
g]kfn hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt aLr ljljwtf
/x]sf] d'n's xf] . cg]stfdf Pstf oxf“sf]
df}lns klxrfg xf] . lxGb', jf}4, ls/ft, O:nfd,
O;fO nufotsf wd{ dfGg] dflg; aLr wfld{s
;lxi0f'tf 5 . Ps csf{sf] wd{k|lt >4f / ;Ddfg
5 . lxGb'x? jf}4 u'Dafdf ç dl0f kWd] x'“ eGb}
x'G5g\ clg jf}4x? kz'kltdf ç gdM lzjfodf
 UNITY
nLg x'G5g\ . s] jf}4x? s] lxGb', kz'klt,
n'lDagL, :joDe" g]kfnL hgsf] cf:yfsf] ;femf
s]Gb| ag]sf] b]lvG5 . kmfNu'gGbk|lt ls/f“tsf]
dfq xf]Og ;f/f g]kfnLsf] >4f e]l6G5 . bz},
ltxf/, Nxf];f/, 56, pwf}nL, pef}nL, j'4 hoGtL,
ls|;d; cflb ljleGg rf8kj{x?df of] d]/f] rf8
of] t]/f] rf8 gegLsg ;f/f g]kfnL xflb{stfsf
;fy ;xefuL x'g] u5{g\ . !#! dft[efiff /x]sf]
d'n's -j8'jfn, k[ #!_df g]kfnL efiff Ps csf{
aLr hf]8\g] dfWod efiff jf ;Dks{ efiffsf]
?kdf /x]sf] 5 . Ps ju{ / If]qsf efiffx?
csf]{ ju{ / If]qsf dflg;x?n] af]ln/x]sf x'G5g\≤
xflb{stf ;fl6/x]sf x'G5g\  . h;n] eflifs Pstf
/ ;lxi0f'tf a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 . emg cfhsf]
kl/j]zdf t cGt/ hftLo ljjfx a9\b} uPsf]
b]lvG5 . lxhf] n'sLl5kL dfq x'g] u/]sf o:tf
ljjfx cfh v'Nnd v'Nnf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts
dfGotf cg'?k x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ljleGg
hfthflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt aLr kfl/jfl/s
cGt/3'ng u/fOlbPsf] 5 . hflt, efiff, wd{,
;+:s[lt aLrsf] o:t} ;lxi0f'tfn] g} /fli6«otf /
/fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;jn agfp“5 .
-u_ ;+:sf/o'St /fhgLlt
/fHo ;+rfng ug]{ gLlt /fhgLlt xf] . d'n'ssf
h'g;'s} ljifosf] ;DaGw /fhgLlt;“u /x]sf] x'G5  .
cem egf} /fhgLlt d"n xf]  . d"n ;kmf geP;Dd
gbL ;kmf aGg ;Sb}g . b]z ;~rfngsf nflu
km/s km/s ljrf/ af]s]sf /fhg}lts bnx?
cl:tTjdf /x]sf x'G5g\  . o:tf bnx? aLr Pstf
k|fo c;Dej b]lvG5 . t/ b]zsf] :jtGqtf,
:jfwLgtf, /fli6«o lxt / Pstfsf ljifodf
;a} /fhg}lts bnx? aLr ;xdlt / ;xsfo{
cfjZos kb{5 h'g ;+:sf/ o'St /fhgLltsf]
Ps cfwf/ :tDe xf]  . hj g]kfnL /fli6«otf /
/fli6«o Pstfsf] ljifo p7\5 tj bnx? cfÎgf
ljkl/t :jfy{x? Tofu]/ /fli6«o lxtsf vflt/
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uf]naGb ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL e"ld sfnfkfgL,
lnk'n]s, lnlDkofw'/f ;d]6]/ g]kfnsf] gS;f
hf/L ug]{ / To;nfO{ cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ug]{
ljifodf b]lvPsf]] ce"tk"j{ /fhg}lts ;xdltn]
g]kfnsf] cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfk|lt /fhg}lts
bnx? slt ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ eGg] k|i6 kf/]sf]
5 . ;Ldfsf ljifodf xf];\ jf cGo k|sf/sf s'g}
afXo x:tIf]ksf] la/f]wdf s'g} hflt, efiff,wd{,
ljrf/ jf bn gegL ;a} hgtf / /fhg}lts
bnx? Ps ePsf] b]lvG5 . s'g} ju{, If]q jf
kf6L{sf] :jfy{ eGbf /fli6«o :jfy{nfO{ ;jf]{k/L
7fGg] ;+:sf/ o'St /fhgLltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]
g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ cfsfzdf
rGb| ;"o{ /x];Dd s;}n] klg eTsfpg ;Sb}g≤
eTsfpg] sNkgf ;d]t ug{ ;Sb}g .
-3_ Oltxf;, bz{g, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt / ;flxTo
Oltxf; ljutsf] j0f{g dfq xf]Og eljiosf]
dfu{ bz{g klg xf] . d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o
Pstfsf] nflu Oltxf;n] Pp6f cfwf/e"ld
tof/ u5{ . xfd|f] jL/tfk"0f{ Oltxf;n] xfdLnfO{
:jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf / Pstfsf] kIfdf nfUg
k|]l/t u5{  . g]kfn ltAat o'4 xf];\ jf c+u|]h;“usf]
le8Gt, ld/sfl;dsf] kmf}h xf];\ jf lsgnssf]
cleofg lj?4 jf egf} c+u|]hx?sf] ;fd|fHojfbL
gLltsf] lj?4df g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] Pstfj4
xdnf / ;fdgfsf] ulj{nf] Oltxf;n] g} xfdLnfO{
Pstfsf] ;'qdf af“wL /xG5 . k|frLg sfnb]lv
ljsf; ePsf cfÎg} df}lns ;Eotf, bz{g /
;+:s[ltn] xfdLnfO{ Pstfj4 aGg l;sfO /xG5 .
xfdLnfO{ efiff, ;flxTo / ;[hgfn] Pstfsf]
;'qdf af“lw/x]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«o uLtx? aHbf
xfd|f 5ftL uj{n] km'N5g\ clg ;+uLtsf] w'g;“u}
lje]b / ljefhgnfO{ e'Nb} /fli6«otfsf] dLof]df
Pstfj4 x'G5f} / eG5f} xfdL g]kfnL≤ xfd|f] b]z
g]kfn  .
 UNITY
-ª_ cGo
;fdflhs ;'/Iff, Gofo, ;dfgtf / ;dtfn]
gful/snfO{ b]zk|ltsf] ckgTj efj hfu[t
u/fp“5 . lje]b, zf]if0f / cGofon] ;dfhdf
ljefhg Nofp“5 . ha ;dfhdf hftLo, eflifs,
wfld{s, If]qLo , cfly{s jf cGo s'g} :j?ksf
lje]bx? /x“b}gg\ ta ;dfh PsLs[t x'G5,
d'n's ;d[4 aG5 clg /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf
;an aG5 . gful/ssf] ;xeflutf, :jfldTj,
k|hftflGqs zf;g k4lt, dfgj clwsf/,
sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f,
zf;sLo zlStsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;]jf k|jfxdf
;/ntf, ;xhtf, u'0f:t/Lotf tyf e|i6frf/d'St
zf;g k4lt ePdf d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o
Pstf dha'b aGb} hfG5 . /fhg}lts bn tyf
ltgsf] g]t[Tjdf b]lvg] OdfGbfl/tf, ;bfrfl/tf,
cg'zf;g, b]z / hgtfk|lt ;dlk{t efjgf, b"/
b[li6, ljsf;sf] :ki6 dfu{lrq tyf cGt/fli6«o
d~rdf b]lvg] b/f] pkl:yltn] /fli6«otfsf] efjgf
hfu[t u/fp“b} d'n'snfO{ Pstfj4 agfp“5 .
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s
x'g\ . dfgf} Pp6} z/L/sf c¨ em}≤ s'g} Ps c¨n]
dfq sfd gu/]df z/L/ lg/y{s aGg k'U5 jf
egf} z/L/ nf;df kl/0ft x'G5 . dflg;x?sf]
;xsfo{, ;b\efj, k|]d, :g]x, /fi6«k|ltsf] ;dk{0f
efjn] /fli6«otfsf] ljsf; u5{ . ha /fli6«otf
k|jn x'G5 ta /fi6« Pstfj4 x'G5 . ljleGg
hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, ljrf/, bz{g,
If]qsf dflg; aLrsf] Pstfn] /fli6«otfsf]
k|j4{g ul//x]sf] x'G5  . b]zsf] :jtGqtf,
:jfwLgtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf,
;Ldgfsf] ;'/IFf tyf /fli6«o lxtk|lt ;dlk{t
hgtfsf] efjgfTds Pstfn] g} /fli6«o Pstf
sfod ub{5 . Pstfj4 d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf
klg bl/nf] aGg k'U5 . jt{dfg g]kfndf ;+3Lo
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JOURNAL
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zf;g Joj:yf nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lo Joj:yf
dfkm{t hgtfsf] efjgf ;+jf]wg ug]{ tyf ;|f]t
;fwgsf] kl/rfng dfkm{t ul/jL, clzIff / ;a}
k|sf/sf lje]bx?sf] cGTo ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf]
5 . ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf,
ef}uf]lns cv08tf / :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{
/fli6«o Pstf cIf'0f /fVg] -wf/f %! s_ tyf
;+3Lo OsfO aLr lhDd]jf/L, ;|f]t, ;fwg /
k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/L ub}{ ;'dw'/ / ;xof]ufTds
;DaGwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ - wf/f %! v_
gLlt lnPsf] 5 . h;n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx aLr ;dembf/L / ;xsfo{ a9fp“b} /fli6«o
Pstf sfod ug]{ tyf /fli6«otfsf] efjgfnfO{
;an agfpg] nIo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L
;+ljwfgn] dfu{ bz{g u/]sf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo
-===/fli6«o hLjgsf ;j} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf
sfod ub]{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo oj:yf :yfkgf
ug]{===_, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts p2]Zo -===;fdflhs
;b\efj, P]Soj4tf / ;df~h:o sfod u/L
/fli6«o Pstf sfod ug]{===_, cfly{s p2]Zo -===
/fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/ , :jtGq tyf
pGgltzLn agfp“b} ;dfhjfb pGd'v :jtGq
/ ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ _ tyf ljZj
;d'bfodf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ tkm{
/fHosf] cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 - wf/f
%)_ eGg] Joj:yfn] ;d]t g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf /
/fli6«o PstfnfO{ cIf'0f / cAan agfpg] 5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;DaGwdf
b]lvPsf r'gf}ltx?
clwsf/sf nflu em08f prfNb} ubf{ st{Joaf]w klg
x'g' kb{5 gq b]zn] cwf]ultsf] ofqf to ug{ k'U5 .
zlStsf] b'?kof]u x'“bf, efjgfdf axls“bf, OdfGbf/
tyf b"/b[li6o'St g]t[Tjsf] cefj x'“bf, cfÎgf]
Oltxf;, k"vf{sf] kf}/v,hflt, efiff, wd{, ;Eotf,
;+:s[lt tyf ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ;d]tnfO{ Wofg
 UNITY
lbP/ cfÎgf] df6f] cg';f/sf] zf;g k4lt cjnDag
ug{ g;Sbf d'n'sn] ;+s6 Joxf]g'{ kb{5 . h;/L
;"o{n] cGwsf/nfO{ l5g e/df lg:t]h u5{ To;} u/L
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgfTds zlStsf]
cufl8 h:tf;'s} ;+s6 / if9\oGqx? klg l6Sg
;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] zlStn] d'n'ssf] cGt/fli6«o 5jL
;d]t pRr agfp“b} hfG5 . ha /fli6«otf / /fli6«o
Pstf dha'b aG5 ta d'n'sn] ;d[l4sf] ofqf to
u5{ . t/fO{ b'Vbf lxdfn / kxf8 /f]Psf] 5, lxdfn
/ kxf8 ?“bf t/fO{n] cf“;' k'5]sf] 5, ;Ldfgf ldlr“bf
x/]s g]kfnL lagf kf]zfssf ;}lgs em“} ;Ldfsf]
/Iffy{ vl6Psf 5g\, gfsfaGbLdf xf];\ jf k|fs[lts
ljklQdf /fi6« arfpg Ps eP/ nfu]sf 5g\  . k|frLg
sfnb]lv g} zf;s / hgtfx?n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf
/ /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu 7"nf] Tofu, tk:of, jlnbfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . olt x'“bf x'“b} klg ;"rgf ;~rf/
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ljZj e"d08nLs/0f, gof“ k':tfdf
b]lvPsf] k|j[lt, cfGtl/s snx, afXo x:tIf]k,
zlStzfnL /fi6«x?sf] gLlt h:tf tTjx?n] g]kfnsf]
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfdf r'gf}lt yk]sf 5g\  . oxf“
s]xL r'gf}ltx?sf] ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf]
5 .
-s_ ul/aL, a]/f]huf/ / clzIffsf] cGTo ug'{
ul/aL, a]/f]huf/, / clzIffsf] cGwsf/ leq
v]n]/ d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf sdhf]/
agfpg] k|oTg x'g ;S5 . xfn g]kfndf !*=&
k|ltzt hgtf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL 5g\ eg] @*=^
k|ltzt hgtf ax'cfolds ul/aLsf] rk]6fdf
5g\ -kGw|f} of]hgf, k[ @@_ . lg/k]If ul/jL 36\b}
uP klg ;fk]If ul/jLsf] cj:yf lgs} bogLo
5 . /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]zLg afWo ePsf
o'jf x'g\ jf :jb]z leq} ef}tfl/Psf o'jfx?sf]
cg'xf/df :ki6} k9\g ;lsG5 ls a]/f]huf/Lsf]
?k slt bb{gfs 5 < ;fIf/tf b/ %* k|ltzt
dfq -kGw|f} of]hgf_ /x]sf] d'n'sdf clzIffsf
399
JOURNAL
Volume III, February 2022
sf/0f w]/} hgtf cGwsf/df af“Rg afWo 5g\ .
ha;Dd d'n's ul/aL, a]/f]huf/ / clzIffsf]
e'd/Ldf /xG5 ta;Dd ;xof]u jf cGo s'g} nf]e
nfnrfdf ljb]zL jf s'g} :jfy{ ;d"xx?n] /fi6«sf]
lj?4 v]Ng] df}sf kfp“5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
/fli6«o :jfy{ uf}0f aGb} /fli6«o lxt ljkl/t :jfy{
;d"xsf] ljrf/ jf p2]Zo k|d'v ?kdf cfpg
;S5 . Tof] g} d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o
Pstfsf] k|d'v cj/f]wsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 . ul/aL,
a]/f]huf/, / clzIffsf] cGTo ub}{ ljb]zL :jfy{x?
eTsfP/ /fli6«o :jfy{ jf lxtk|lt k|ltj4 agfp“b}
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] clej[l4 ug'{ cfhsf]
k|d'v r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 .
-v_ ljljwtf aLr Pstf sfod ug'{
e"uf]nsf] ljljwtf ;“u} g]kfndf hflt, efiff, wd{,
;+:s[lt / ;Eotfdf klg ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . >L
% k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] eg] em}“ of] d'n's rf/ hft
5lQ;j0f{sf] ;femf km'naf/L xf] jf egf} k|bLk
s'df/ /fO{n] n]v] em}“ ;of“} y'“uf km"nsf xfdL Pp6}
dfnf g]kfnL . t/ s]xL cfGbf]ng jf kl/jt{g
kl5 :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] gfddf hflt, efiff,
wd{, If]q aLr ljjfb jf åGå rsf{pg] sfd ;d]t
ePsf] b]lvG5 . st} k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng eP
eg] st} g]kfnsf] cv08tf dfly k|Zg p7fOP .
ljljwtf aLr ulx/f] Pstf cfjZos x'g' kg]{df
k[ystfjfbL jf cltjfbL ;f]rsf] ljsf; eP Tof]
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u/jL / k5\of}6]kgsf] cGTosf nflu nfuf];\ .
of] ;'Gb/ / kljq e"ld v;, cfo{, blnt, dw]zL,
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k"/s xf} eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ub}{ /fli6«otf /
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klxrfg / k|lti7fnfO{ pRr agfpg g;Sg',
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5 . jL/tfk"0f{ Oltxf; / ljljwtf aLrsf] PstfnfO{
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kb{5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / e"d08nLs/0faf6 kmfObf
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ckf/ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] bLuf] pkof]u dfkm{t ;d[4
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/ /fli6«o PstfnfO{ dha'b agfp“b} ljZjdf cfÎgf]
klxrfg :yflkt ug]{ tkm{ cu|;/ x'g' kb{5 .
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JOURNAL
Volume III, February 2022
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