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Week 3 FLUOROSCOPY-15sept22
Week 3 FLUOROSCOPY-15sept22
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UG9T1OQxEA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDicWq91JF4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zM5QboicLo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UaTKzvwxwE
Learning Objectives
By the end of this Lecture the student will be able to:
Websites
• http://www.e-radiography.net/
FLUOROSCOPY
History
▪ Invented by Thomas A. Edison in 1896
▪ Conventional film radiography is restricted to static
patient exams. If dynamic events need to e studied such
as movement contrast materials through gastrointestinal
tract (GIT) the image must be viewed directly using a
dynamic method.
Purpose:
To perform dynamic studies.
Visualize anatomical structures in real time or motion.
View the motion and function of anatomic organs.
Fluoroscopic systems
Conventional fluoroscopic systems
Earliest fluoroscopic systems used phosphor screens where the
transmitted x-ray caused scintillations that were viewed
directly.
Fluoroscopic systems
Direct Fluoroscopy
Constructed of cesium
iodide.
Responsible for
converting the incident
photon’s energy to a
burst of visible light
photon.
◦ Similar to intensifying
screens in cassettes.
Standard size varies
from 10 - 35 cm.
◦ Normally used to
identify the II tubes.
Photocathode
Thin metal layer bonded
directly to the input phosphor.
Usually made of Cesium and
Antimony compounds that
respond to light stimulation.
Responsible for
Photoemission.
Electron emission after light
stimulation
The number of electrons
emitted is directly proportional
to the intensity of light
intensity of the incident x-ray
photon.
Electrostatic Focusing Lenses
A series of lenses inside the II
tube to maintain proper focus
of the photoelectrons emitted
from the photocathode.
They contain a positive charge.
They are located along the
length of the II tube.
The focusing lenses assist in
maintaining the kinetic energy
of the photoelectrons to the
output phosphor.
Output Phosphor
Usually constructed of zinc cadmium sulfide crystals. Serves
to increase illumination of the images by converting
photoelectrons to light photons.
Spot Film Device
▪ Used to make permanent
images during the
radiographic examination.
▪ Film is positioned b/w the
patient and the image
intensifier.
▪ When the film is needed,
the radiologist actuates the
control that brings the
cassette in position. This
changes the tube from
fluoroscopic mA to
radiographic mA.
▪ During fluoroscopy, the
tube is operated at less
than 5 mA.
TV MONITORS
This practical and efficient viewing system was employed
because of the limitations of the mirror optic viewing
system.
TV monitors:
1. Enables viewing by multiple persons.
2. Monitors may be located in remote locations other than the
radiographic room.
3. Image brightness and contrast can be manipulated.
4. Images may be stored on different medium for reviewing
at a later time.
Fluoroscopy -Modes of operation
Manual Mode
◦ Allow the use to select the exact MA and KVp required
AEC Mode
◦ Allow the unit to drive the KVp and MA to optimize
dose and image quality
Pulsed Digital mode
◦ Modifies the fluoroscopic output by cutting by cutting
out exposure between pulses
◦ With the pulsed mode, it can be set to produce less than
the conventional 25 or 30 images per second. This
reduces the exposure rate.
Fluoroscopy Units
▪ Gastrointestinal units
▪ Remote fluoroscopy rooms
▪ Peripheral angiography units
▪ Cardiology catheterization units
▪ Biplane angiography units
▪ Mobile fluoroscopy – C arms units
Fluoroscopy Units
1/An over table model
Where the x-ray tube is placed above the table top, and the
image intensifier under the table surface.
Fluoroscopy Units
2/An under table model
Where the x-ray tube is placed under the table surface , and the
image intensifier over the table top.
Fluoroscopy Units
(ALARA Principle)
As
Low
As
Reasonably
Achievable
766894
Radiation Protection
more exposure
Time
Longer usage
Radiation Protection
TIME
Take foot off fluoro pedal if physician is not viewing the TV monitor
Use last image hold (freeze frame)
Five-minute timer
Use pulsed fluoro instead of continuous fluoro
Pulsed Low-Dose provides further reduction with respect to Normal
Dose continuous mode:
Use record mode only when a permanent record is required
Record beam-on time for review
Radiation Protection
+ -
Shielding
Radiation Protection
SHIELDING
- Lead aprons: cut exposure by factor of 20
- Proper storage (hanging vs. folding)
Radiation Protection
Protection tools
38
Radiation Protection
Collimation
Collimate tightly to the area of interest.
➢ Reduces the patient’s total entrance skin exposure.
➢ Improves image contrast.
➢ Scatter radiation to the operator will also decrease.
Radiation Protection
Safety in Fluoroscopy
• Familiarity with specific fluoro units
Factors influencing dose:
▪patient size
▪ kVp, mA and time
▪tube - patient distance (SSD)
▪Image Intensifier - patient distance
▪image magnification vs. patient dose
▪ x-ray field collimation
▪oblique's vs. perpendicular views
Radiation Protection
Safety in Fluoroscopy
▪ Standard Operating Procedures
- each clinical protocol / procedure
- modes of operation, image recording
- emphasis on minimizing duration
- risk / benefit on a case-by-case basis