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Chuong1 SV
Chuong1 SV
I./ Ñònh nghóa moân hoïc, ñoái töôïng vaø phöông phaùp
nghieân cöùu
Fluid Mechanics
F = 0i F 0 , Flows
i
Elasticity
Describes materials that return to their rest shape after an applied
stress.
Solid mechanics
The study of the physics of
continuous materials with a Plasticity
defined rest shape. Describes materials that
permanently deform after a Rheology
sufficient applied stress.
Continuum mechanics The study of materials with both
The study of the physics of solid and fluid characteristics.
continuous materials
Non-Newtonian fluids
Fluid mechanics
The study of the physics of
continuous materials which take
the shape of their container. Newtonian fluids
I./ Ñònh nghóa moân hoïc, ñoái töôïng vaø phöông phaùp nghieân cöùu:
- Tyû troïng: tyû soá giöõa troïng löôïng rieâng cuûa moät chaát vôùi troïng
löôïng rieâng cuûa nöôùc n ôû ñieàu kieän chuaån
= / n
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Density
The density of a fluid is defined as mass per unit volume.
m
=
v
m = mass, and v = volume.
1
Alternatively, Specific Volume: =
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Specific Weight
The specific weight of fluid is its weight per unit volume.
= g
g = local acceleration of gravity, 9.807 m/s2
SG =
H O2
“No Slip
Condition”
Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity
=
•Kinematic viscosity is another way of representing
viscosity
•Used in the flow equations
•The units are of L2/T or m2/s and ft2/s
The temperature dependence of liquid viscosity is the phenomenon
by which liquid viscosity tends to decrease (or, alternatively, its
fluidity tends to increase) as its temperature increases.
Effect of temperature on the viscosity of a gas
Sutherland's formula:
3V y 2
u= 1 −
2 h
V laø vaän toác trung bình. Vôùi V = 0,6m/s vaø h = 0,51m. Tính öùng suaát
tieáp taùc duïng leân taám döôùi vaø taïi ñieåm giöõa.
du
Giaûi: ÖÙng suaát tieáp ñöôïc tính töø coâng thöùc: =
Ta coù: dy
du 3Vy
=− 2
dy h
du 3V
taám döôùi = =
dy y=−h
h
3 ( 0 ,6 m / s )
ta ám döôùi = (1,9152 P a ). = 6 , 759 N / m 2
( 0 ,51 m )
Taïi ñieåm giöõa: y=0, du/dy = 0
=0
II./ Caùc tính chaát cô baûn cuûa löu chaát(tt):
4./ AÙp suaát hôi:
AÙp suaát hôi cuûa chaát loûng: laø aùp suaát cuïc boä cuûa phaàn hôi treân beà
maët tieáp xuùc vôùi chaát loûng
AÙp suaát hôi baõo hoaø: aùp suaát hôi ôû traïng thaùi maø quaù trình bay hôi
vaø ngöng tuï caân baèng (baõo hoøa)
* Hieän töôïng suûi vaø vôõ boït hôi:
+ Taïi moät soá vuøng naøo ñoù trong doøng
chaûy neáu aùp suaát tuyeät ñoái nhoû hôn giaù p
trò aùp suaát hôi, chaát loûng seõ suûi boït
Baét ñaàu suûi boït
-> ñöùt ñoaïn chaân khoâng
+ Caùc boït khí naøy khi vôõ seõ gaây toån p V
haïi ñeán beà maët cuûa thaønh raén goïi laø Baét ñaàu vôõ boït
Vapor Pressure is that pressure exerted on the fluid by the vapor in a closed
saturated system where the number of molecules entering the liquid are the same
as those escaping. Vapor pressure depends on temperature and type of fluid.
Boiling occurs when the absolute pressure in the fluid reaches the vapor pressure.
Boiling occurs at approximately 100 °C, but it is not only a function of temperature,
but also of pressure. For example, in Colorado Spring, water boils at temperatures
less than 100 °C.
Cavitation is a form of
Boiling due to low pressure
locally in a flow.
II./ Caùc tính chaát cô baûn cuûa löu chaát(tt):
5./ Söùc caêng beà maët vaø hieän töôïng mao daãn:
Söùc caêng beà maët laø löïc huùt phaân töû treân moät ñôn vò chieàu daøi
cuûa beà maët chaát loûng.
Thöù nguyeân [ ] = F/L, ñôn vò: N/m (SI)
Hieän töôïng mao daãn xuaát hieän trong caùc oáng nhoû, taïi maët giao
tieáp raén – loûng – khí, gaây ra bôûi söùc caêng beà maët:
2 cos
h=
R
Ví duï 6: Xaùc ñònh ñöôøng kính nhoû nhaát cuûa oáng thuyû tinh saïch (
00) sao cho ñoä daâng cuûa nöôùc 200C trong oáng do hieän töôïng mao
daãn khoâng quaù 1mm.
Giaûi:
Töø 2 .cos
h=
R
Suy ra: R =2cos/ R.
Nöôùc ôû 200C coù = 0,0728 N/m vaø =9789 N/m3.
Vì 00neân ñeå coù h = 1mm thì
2 ( 0 , 0728 N / m )
R= 3 −3
= 0 , 0149 m
( 9789 N / m )(10 m )
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, forces
develop forming an analogous “skin” or “membrane” stretched over the
fluid mass which can support weight.
This “skin” is due to an imbalance of cohesive forces. The interior of the fluid is
in balance as molecules of the like fluid are attracting each other while on the
interface there is a net inward pulling force.
Surface tension is the intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along
any line in the surface.
Surface tension is a property of the liquid type, the temperature, and the other
fluid at the interface.
This membrane can be “broken” with a surfactant which reduces the surface
tension.
Surface Tension: Liquid Drop
The pressure inside a drop of fluid can be calculated using a free-body diagram:
Real Fluid Drops Mathematical Model
Löïc ly taâm: F = 2 r f
III. Löïc taùc duïng trong löu chaát (tt):
2./Löïc maët:
Laø ngoïai löïc taùc duïng leân theå tích löu chaát thoâng qua beà maët bao
boïc vaø tyû leä vôùi dieän tích beà maët. f
- Vector öùng suaát
f S
= lim
S → 0 S
Ví duï: A
AÙp suaát
ÖÙng suaát ma saùt
Traïng thaùi öùng suaát
xx xy xz
= yx yy yz
(ij = ji)
zx zy zz
x
ÖÙng suaát treân maët baát kyø:
y z
n = nnx + yny + znz