CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE

CLASS - VIII INTO IX

MPCB - BRIDGE COURSE

CONTENTS

MATHEMATICS : 1 TO 16

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 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX
MATHEMATICS
SYNOPSIS-1
Variable: A letter symbol which can take
various numerical values is called a
variable or literal. Examples: x, y, z etc.
Constant : Quantities which have only
one fixed value are called constants.
Term: Numericals or literals or their
combinations by operation of
multiplication are called terms.
Constant Term : A term of an expression
having no literal is called a constant
term.
TYPES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS:
* An expression containing only one term
is called a monomial.
* An expression containing two terms is
called a binomial.
* An expression containing three terms is
called a trinomial.
* An expression containing two or more
terms is called a multinomial.
* An expression containing one or more
terms with positive integral indices
(powers) is called a polynomial.
Note: Every non-zero number is
considered a monomial with degree zero.
Degree of polynomial : The highest power
of terms in a polynomial is called the
degree of a polynomial.
Zero polynomial : If all the coefficients
in a polynomial are zeroes, then it is
called a zero polynomial.
Zero of the polynomial : The number for
which the value of a polynomial is zero,
is called zero of the polynomial.
Note: Degree of zero polynomial is not
defined.
Substitutions : The method of replacing
numerical values in the place of literal
numbers is called substitution.
Like and Unlike terms :
* Terms which contain the same literal
factors are called like terms or similar
terms. In like terms, the numerical
coefficient may be different.
NARAYANA GROUP OF SCHOOLS
MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
2 2 2 2 8 2
Ex: 8ab , 5ab , ab ; 2m2n, 4nm2 , m n.
3 3
* Terms which do not have the same literal
factors are called Unlike terms.
Example : 5a,5a2,5ab; 2xy2 ,2x2 y
Addition of algebraic expressions :
Addition of algebraic expressions means
adding the like terms of the expressions.
* Combining the coefficients of like terms
of an expression through addition or
subtraction is called simplification of an
algebraic expression.
There are two methods of adding
algebraic expressions. They are
i) Horizontal method ii) Vertical method.
Horizontal method :
In this method, like terms should be
added and unlike terms should be
written separately
Subtraction of Algebraic expressions:
Additive Inverse of expression :
* The additive inverse or the negative of
an expression is obtained by replacing
each term of the expression by its additive
inverse.
Example: Additive inverse of -9x is 9x
* To subtract 1 st expression from the 2 nd
expression, additive inverse of the 1 st
expression should be added to the 2 nd
expression.
If P and Q are two algebraic expressions
then P – Q = P + (–Q).
Example: Subtract 11a – 6b from 7a + 4b
Solution: (7a + 4b) – (11a – 6b) = 7a +
4b – 11a + 6b = –4a +10b
Subtraction can also be done in two ways.
* Horizontal method
* Vertical method
Multiplication of Polynomials: Multiply
each term of the first Polynomial with
each term of the second and add the
like terms in the product.
Suppose (a+b) and (c + d) are two
Polynomials. By using the distributive law
of multiplication over addition, we can
find their product as given below.
2
 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE

a b c d a c d b c d 8. Divide 4x3 – 10x2 + 5x by 2x, then the

resultent value is
a c a d b c b d
2 5 2 5
ac ad bc bd 1) 2x 5x 2) 4x 5x
2 2
Column Method of Multiplication: In this
method we write multiplicand and the 2 5 2 5
3) 4x 5x 4) 4x 5x
multiplier in descending powers of, 2 2
arrange one under another, and multiply Single Correct Choice Type :
the multiplicand by every term of the 9. Two adjacent sides of a rectangle are
multiplier and add.
3a – b and 6b – a then its perimeter is
WORKSHEET-1 1) 2a + 5b 2) 4a + 10b
3) 2a – 5b 4) 4a – 10b
Conceptual Understanding Questions :
10.The perimeter of a triangle whose sides
1. The degree of the polynomial
are 2y + 3z, z – y, 4y – 2z is
2 4 1 7
x x + x 7 + 3 is 1) 5y + 2z 2) 10y + 4z
3 5 8 3) 5y – 2z 4) –5y + 2z
1) 1 2) 4 3) 7 4) 12 11.The perimeter of a rectangle,
2. The zeroes of the polynomial 2x – 3 is 16x3 – 6x2 + 12x + 4. If one of its sides is
2 3 8x2 + 3x, then the other side is
1) 2) 3) 0 4) 3 1) 16x3 – 14x2 + ax + 4
3 2
2) 8x3 – 11x2 + 3x + 2
3. The simplified form of 1.5 x 3 – 1.7 x 3
3) 16x3 + 14x2 + ax – 4
+ 0.2x 3 + 2x 3 is
4) 8x3 + 11x2 + 3x – 2
1) 3.7 x3 2) 3x3 3) 2x3 4) x3
12. Subtract x3 – xy2 + 5x2y – y3 from
4. The addition of 7x2 – 4x + 5 and
–y3 – 6x2y – xy2 + x3
–3x2 + 2x – 1 is
1) 2y3 – 8x2y + 3xy2 – 2x3
1) 4x2 – 2x + 4 2) 4x2 + 2x + 4
2) 2x3 – 8xy2 + x2y – 2y3
3) 4x2 – 2x – 4 4) 4x2 + 2x – 4
3) –11x2y 4) –12x2y
5. Subtract 2x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 5 from
13. What must be added to 2x2 – 3xy + 5y2
4x3 + x2 + x + 6, then the resultent
value is to get x2 – xy – y2 is
1) 6x3 + 5x2 – 2x + 1 2) 2x3 + 5x2 – 2x+1 1) x2 + 2xy – 6y2 2) –x2 + 2xy – 6y2
3) 2x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 1 4) 2x3 – 5x2 + 2x – 1 3) x2 – 2xy + 6y2 4) x2 – 2xy – 6y2
6. Additive inverse of ax2 + bx + c is 14. The value of
1) – ax2 – bx – c 2) –ax2 + bx – c a 3 2a 2 4a 5 a 3 2a 2 8a 5 =
3) ax + bx + c
2
4) – ax2 + bx + c
1) 2a3 4a2 12a 10
6 5 12
7.The product of ab, bc and abc is
5 6 9 2) 2a3 4a2 12a 10

4 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 3) 2a 3 4a2 12a 10
1) a bc 2) a b c
3 3
4) 2a3 4a2 12a 10
5 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 15. What must be added to x3 + 3x – 8 to get
3) a bc 4) a bc
3 3 3x3 + x2 + 6?
1) 2x3 + x2 – 3x + 14 2) 2x2 + x2 + 14
3) 2x + x – 6x – 14
3 2
4) 2x3 + x2 – 14

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 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
16.If A 16x 8 4 and B 15x 10 5, WORKSHEET-2
then A – B = Conceptual Understanding Questions :
1) 8x 2) 9x 3) 7x 4) 6x 1. The product of (x + 5) and (x + 4) is
17.The product of 4x 9y 3x 11y is 1) x2 + 9x + 20 2) x2 – 9x + 20
3) x2 – 9x – 20 4) x2 + 9x – 20
1)12x2 17xy 99y 2
2. (x – ay) =
2 2

2) 12x2 17xy 99y 2 1) x4 – a2y2 – 2xay 2) x4 + a2y2 – 2axy

3) x4 – a2y2 + 2ax2y 4) x4 + a2y2 – 2ax2y
3) 12x2 17xy 99y2
3. (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y) =
4) 12x2 17xy 99y2 1) 4x2 + 9y2 2) 2x2 – 3y2
18.The product of 1.5x(10x2y – 100xy2) is 3) 2x2 + 3y2 4) 4x2 – 9y2
1) 15x3y – 150x2y2 2) 15x3y + 150x2y2 3 3
3) 150x2y2 – 15x3y 4) 15x2y2 + 15x3y 4. 2a 2a =
b b
32x 8 y 4 16x 4 y 3 4x 2 y 2 9 9
19. If A , 1) 4a
2
2) 4a
2
4xy b2 b2
16x 5 y 4 A B 3 3
B 2 2 , then is 3) 2a
2
4) 2a
2
4x y 4x 3 y 3 b 2
b2
1) 8x7y2 + 4x3y + x 2) 8x7y2 – 4x3y – xy2 5. (2x + 3y)3 =
3) 8x7 + 4x3y – xy2 4) 8x7 – 4x3 + xy2 1) 8x3 + 27y3 + 18xy (2x +3y)
2) 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2
SYNOPSIS-2
3) 8x2 + 27y3 + 18xy (x + y)
MULTIPLICATION BY USING FORMULAE: 4) Both 1 & 2
* x a x b x2 a b x ab 6. (x + 2y) (x2 – 2xy + 4y2) =
1) x2 + 2y2 2) (x + 2y)2
* x a x b x2 a b x ab 3) x + 8y
3 3
4) (x + 2y)3
x2 7. If x = 2, y = 3 and z = – 5,
* x a x b a b x ab
then x3 + y3 + z3 =
* x a x b x2 a b x ab 1) 90 2) –90
2 3) 0 4) –90xyz
* a b a2 2ab b2
Single Correct Choice Type :
2 2 2
* a b a 2ab b 8. Using the identity the value of 497
2
is

* a b a b a 2 2
b . 1) 247006 2) 247009
3) 257006 4) 2578009
* (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3 or a3+b3+3ab(a+b)
9. The value of 0.768 × 0.768 – 2 × 0.768 ×
* (a-b)3=a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3 or a3-b3-3ab(a-b) 0.568 + 0.568 × 0.568 is
* a3+b3=(a+b)(a2-ab+b2) or (a+b)3-3ab(a+b) 1) 0.04 2) 0.4 3) 0.004 4) 0.0004

* a3-b3=(a-b)(a2+ab+b2) or (a-b)3+3ab(a-b) 10.If P 1162 162 , Q 1242 242 and R = 120,

* a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc P Q
then the value of R
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) 100 100
* (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 1) 20 2) 30 3) 40 4) 10

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 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
11. If p a 2
2ab b and q 4ab , then p + q
2
20. If x + y + z = 0 then x 3 y3 z3
is 1) 3xyz 2) xyz 3) 0 4) 1
2 2
1) 2ab 2) a b 3) a b 4) a 2 b2 21.
3 3 3
x y y z z x
2 9 12a 1) 3(x–y) (y–z) (z–x) 2) 0
12.The expansion 4a as a perfect
25 5 3) 1 4) 3xyz
square is
1 1 1 3
2 2 22. If a 3 b3 c3 0 then a b c
3 3
1) 2a 2) 2a
5 5 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) abc 3 4) 27abc
2 2
3 2 3
3) 2a 4) 2a SYNOPSIS-3
5 5
Literal factor (Divisor):
1 7 1 7
13. The product of and is If two or more algebraic expressions are
3 6 3 6 multiplied, their products are obtained.
The algebraic expressions which
multiplied to form the product, are called
1 1 1 1 the factors of the product.
1) 2) 3) 4)
12 12 18 18 Example: 12xy = 3x × 4y
1 3 3x and 4y are factors of 12xy
14. If 99 100 =
4 4 Greatest/Highest common factor (G.C.F./
H.C.F):
159991 160001
1) 2) G.C.F./H.C.F of two or more monomials
16 16
is the highest monomial which divides
3 15909 each of the given monomials completely.
3) 1991 4)
4 16 L.C.M of Monomials:
15. 52 × 48 = (a) – (b) , then the values of a
2 2
The L.C.M of two or more monomials is a
and b are monomial having the least powers of
1) 50, 2 2) 52, 48 constants and variables such that each
3) 4, 50 4) 4, 52 of the given monomials is a factor of it.
2 2 4 4 The sign of the coefficient of the L.C.M of
16.The value of a b a b a b a b the monomials is the same as the sign
when a = 0, b = 1 is___ of the coefficient of the product of the
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) 2 monomials.
Factorization: The process of resolving the
1 1
17.If x 5 , then x 3 = given expression into factors is called
x x3 factorization.
1) 100 2) 125 3) 140 4) 145 Different types of Factorization:
18. If x + y = 8; xy = 12 then x 4 y 4 ––––– 1. Taking out common factor: Steps :
––––
* Find the H.C.F. of all the terms of the
1) 1012 2) 1112 3) 1212 4) 1312 given expression.
1 1
19. If z 4 then z 2 –––––––––– * Divide each term by this H.C.F. and
z z2 enclose the quotient within the brackets,
1) 18 2) 16 3) 14 4) 8 keeping the common factor outside the
brackets.
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 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
Finding factors of multinomials : Factorization of a3 + b3, a3 – b3 forms
To factorize a multinomial, in general we 3 3
b a2 b2
have to express the multinomial as a * a b a ab (or)
product of two or more expressions. These a3 b3 a b
3
3ab a b
two or more expressions whose product
is equal to the given multinomial, are 3 3
b a2 b2
called the factors of the multinomial. This
* a b a ab (or)
is the reverse process of multiplication. a3 b3 a b
3
3ab a b
Prime multinomial: A multinomial is said
to be prime if it is divisible by one and WORKSHEET-3
itself only.
Common factor: A number or a number
Conceptual Understanding Questions :
letter combination which divides all the 1. The HCF of 2x2 and 12x2 is
terms of a multinomial is called a 1) 2x2 2) 12x2 3) 2x 4) 12x
common factor of the terms of the 2. The HCF of x and –yx is
3 2

multinomial. 1) x3 2) –yx2 3) x2 4) –yx5

Common Binomial factor: The greatest 3. The HCF of numerical coefficient of the
common factor of the terms of a given monomials 6x3a2b2c, 8x2ab3c3 and
multinomial need not be a monomial 12a3b2c2 is
always. It can also be a binomial. 1) 12 2) 8 3) 6 4) 2
Factorisation and rearrangement of 4. The factorization of 4x – 9y is
2 2

terms: If we observe the terms of an 1) (2x – 3y) (2x + 3y)2) (2x – 3y) (3x – 2y)
algebraic expression in the order they are
3) (2x – 3y) (x – y) 4) (x – y) (3x – 2y)
given, they may not have a common
factor. But by rearranging the terms in 5. The factorization of x4 – y4 is
such a way that each group of terms has 1) (x + y)2 (x – y)2
a common factor, some algebraic 2) (x + y) (x – y) (x2 + y2)
expressions can be factorized. 3) (x + y) (x – y) (x2 – y2)
While rearranging the sign and value of 4) (x2 + y2) (x + y) (y – x)
each term should not be altered. 6. The factorization of x3 + 8y3 is
Example: ax by ay bx 1) (x + 2y) (x2 + 2xy + 4y2)
2) (x + 2y) (x2 – 2xy + 4y2)
= x(a b) y(a b) = (a b)(x y)
3) (x – 2y) (x2 + 2xy + 4y2)
The factors are (a + b) and (x – y)
4) (x – 2y) (x2 – 2xy + 4y2)
To find the factors of difference of two
7. The factorization of 8a3 – 27 is
squares: The difference of two squares
is always equal to the product of the sum 1) (2a + 3) (4a2 + 6a + 9)
and difference of the square roots of the 2) (2a + 3) (4a2 – 6a + 9)
square terms in the expression. 3) (2a – 3) (4a2 + 6a + 9)
Example: a 2 4) (2a – 3) (4a2 – 6a + 9)
b2 (a b)(a b)
Single Correct Choice Type :
Factorization of (a + b) , (a – b)3 forms :
3
8. If A = 384 x4y5z3 and B = 256 x2y3z3, then
3
a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3 or their G.C.D is
* a b
a b
3
a3 b3 3ab a b 1) 27 x 2 y 3z 5 2) 27 x 2 y 5 z 3

3) 27 x 2 y 3z 3 4) 27 x 4 y 5 z 5
3 3 2 2 3
* a b a 3a b 3ab b or 9. The factors of 19x – 57y is
3 3 3
a b a b 3ab a b 1) – 19 (x + 3y) 2) 19 (x + 3y)
3) – 19 (x – 3y) 4) 19 (x – 3y)
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 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
10.The H.C.F of 15pq, 20qr, 25rp is 18. 125 p 3 8q 3 =
1) 5pqr 2) 25pqr 3) 5 4) 25
3
11.The factors of – 10ab3 + 30ba3 – 50a2b3 is 1) 5 p 2q 30 pq 5 p 2q
1) – 10ab (b2 – 3a2 + 5ab2)
3
2) 10ab (b2 – 3a2 + 5ab2) 2) 5 p 2q 30 pq 2q 5 p
3) – 10ab (b2 + 3a2 + 5ab2)
4) 10ab (b2 + 3a2 + 5ab2) 3) 5 p 2q 25 p 2 10 pq 4q 2
12.The factors of (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 +3x) – y(x2 4) both (1) and (3)
+ 3x) + 5(x2 + 3x) are
19. 1000a 3 8 =
1) (x2 + 3x)(x2 + 3x – y)
2) (x2 + 3x – 5)(x2 + 3x + y) 1) 10 a 2 100 a
2
20 a 4
3) (x2 + 3x + 5)(x2 + 3x + y)
4) (x2 + 3x – 5)(x2 + 3x – y) 2) 10a 2 100a 2 20a 4
2
13.The factors of 2a 6b 3 a 3b are
3) 10 a 2 100 a 2 20 a 4
1) a 3b 2 3a 9b
4) 10 a 2 100 a 2 20 a 4
2) a 3b 2 3a 9b
SYNOPSIS-4
3) a 3b 2 3a 9b
Introduction: A second-degree equation is
4) a 3b 2 3a 9b a polynomial equation in which the
14.If you factorise 4p2 – (q + r)2 the factors highest degree of the variable is 2. In
are particular, a second-degree equation in
one unknown is called a quadratic
1) 2p q r 2) 2p q r equation. We define the standard form of
a quadratic equation as
3) 2p q r 4) Both 2 and 3
15.The factors of x – y6 is/are
6 Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 A 0
3 3 3 3 The zero-product rule :
1) x y , x y
If a . b = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0
2 2 4 2 2 4 Solving a Quadratic Equation by using the
2) x y , x x y y
Quadratic Formula:
2 2 4 2 2
3) x y , x x y y
4 Consider the quadratic equation
ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 .
4) Both 1 and 2
16.The factor of 5x2 – 80y2 are By solving this equation with completion
1) 5(x + 4y)(x – 4y) 2) 5(x – 4y)(x – 4y) of square method we get
3) 5(x + 4y)(x + 4y) 4) 5(4y – 5)(x + y)
b b2 4ac
x
17. The factors of 2x 3 + 5x 2 y -12xy 2 is 2a
1) x x 4y 2x 3y Let the roots are denoted by say

2) x x 4y 2x 3y b b2 4ac b b2 4ac
,
2a 2a
3) x x 4y 2x 3y
We use theseformulas to find the roots
4) x x 4y 2x 3y of any other quadratic equation.

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 CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
NATURE OF ROOTS:
WORKSHEET-4
Discriminant :b2 – 4ac denoted by or D
is called the discriminant of a quadratic Conceptual Understanding Questions :
equation ax 2 bx c 0 where a, b, c 1. The solution set of ax b cx d 0
R and a 0. Thus b2 4ac is
Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation b d
1) , 2) a,c
ax 2
bx c 0 a c
where a, b, c R and a 0 : b d
3) , 4) b, d
1) If 0, and a,b,c R , then the roots are a c
complex and conjugates. In this case the 2. The roots of x 2 x 6 0 are
graph of the curve y = f(x) does not
1) –2,3 2) 1,–2 3) –3,–2 4) –3,2
intersect x - axis.
3. The roots of x 2 4x 12 0 are
2) If 0, and a,b,c R, then the roots are
1) 2,–6 2) –2,6 3) 2,6 4) –2,–6
real and each of the root is called a
4. The nature of the roots of the equation
double or repeated root and is equal to
x2 4x 4 0 are
b
. In this case the curve y = f(x) touch 1) Real and rational 2) Real and irrational
2a
3) Real and equal 4) all of these
b Single Correct Choice Type :
x - axis in one point ,0 . Also the
2a
5. x a x b 0 then the value of x
quadratic expression will be a perfect
square expression when 0 1 1 a b
1) a,b 2) , 3) a, b 4) ,
3) If 0, and a,b,c R, then the roots are a b b a
real and distinct. In this case the curve 2 2
6. x a x a 0 , then x is
y = f(x) intersect x - axis in two distinct
points
1 1 1
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
4) If 0 and a,b,c Q and is a perfect 4a 4a 2a
square, then the roots are rational and
7. If a b the roots of the equation
distinct.
x a x b b 2 are
5) If 0 and a,b,c Q and is not a
perfect square, then the roots are 1) real and distinct 2) real and equal
irrational and conjugates. 3) real 4) imaginary
8. The number of real roots of the equation
Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic
2 2 2
Equation ax
2
bx c 0 where a, b, c C x 1 x 2 x 3 0 is

and real part of a not equal to 0 : 1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) 3

9. The value of m for which the equation
In this case roots are complex and may
or may not be conjugates. 1 m x2 2 1 3m x 1 8m 0 h a s
equal roots, is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 5

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CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
10. The roots of 5 x 3x 2 0 are
2 CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
We represent each point in a plane by
1) Rational and equal
means of an ordered pair of real
2) Rational and not equal
numbers, called the coordinates of that
3) Irrational point.
4) Imaginary The position of a point in a plane is
11. If the roots of the equation determined with reference to two fixed
x2 - 15 - m(2x-8)=0 are equal then m = mutually perpendicular lines, called the
1) 3, -5 2) 3, 5 3) -3, 5 4) -3, -5 coordinate axes.
On a graph paper, let us draw two
12. Only one of the roots of ax 2 bx c 0, mutually perpendicular straight lines
a 0 , is zero if X 'OX and YOY ' , intersecting each other
1) c 0 2) c 0, b 0 at the point O. These lines are known as
the coordinate axes or axes of reference.
3) b 0, c 0 4) b 0, c 0
The horizontal line X 'OX is called the
13. x-axis. The vertical line YOY ' is called
6 6 6 ...... 2 2 2 ......
the y-axis.
is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 Y
14. The roots of the equation 5
4

a c b x 2 2cx b c a 0 are 3
2

a c b b c a 1
O
1) 1, 2) 1, X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 X
b c a 2c -1
-2

b c a 2c -3

3) 1, 4) 1, -4

a c b a c b -5

Y'
15. If a b c x 2 b c a x c a b is a
perfect square, then a, b, c are in The point 0 is called the origin.
1) A.P. 2) G.P. The configuration so formed is called the
3) H.P. 4) A.G.P. coordinate system or coordinate plane.
16. If the roots of Coordinates of a point in a plane: Let P be
a point in a plane. Let the distance of P
p2 q2 x2 2q p r x q2 r2 0 be
from the y-axis = a units. And, the
real and equal, then p, q, r will be in distance of P from the x-axis = b units.
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) None Then, we say that the coordinates of P
are (a, b).
a is called the x-coordinates or abscissa
SYNOPSIS-5 of P.
Ordered Pair: A pair of numbers a and b b is called the y-coordinates or ordinate
listed in a specific order with a at the of P.
first place and b at the second place is
called an ordered pair (a, b).
Note that a, b b, a .
Thus, (2, 5) is one ordered pair and (5, 2)
is another ordered pair.

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CLASS-VIIII INTO IX MPCB BRIDGE COURSE
Y Distance between two points
Let A x1 , y1 , B x2 , y2 be any two points
P(a, b)
b on a line not parallel to the axes. From
X' O a X
the adjacent figure we have the right
angle triangle ABC.
Y
B
Y'
x1 , y 1
Consider the point P shown on the A
C y2
adjoining graph paper. Draw PM OX . x1 x2 x1
y1
Quadrants: Let X 'OX and YOY ' be the
coordinates axes. These axes divide the X
O
x2
plane of the graph paper into four
regions, called quadrants.
AB2 AC2 BC2
The region XOY is called the First
Quadrant. But AC x2 x1,BC y2 y1
The region YOX ' is called the Second 2 2
AB2 x2 x1 y2 y1
Quadrant.
The region X 'OY ' is called the Third 2 2
AB x2 x1 y2 y1
Quadrant.
The region Y 'OX is called the Fourth NOTE : The distance to the point A x1, y1
Quadrant.
Using the convention of signs, we have from origin is x12 y12
the signs of the coordinates in various
quadrants as given below: WORKSHEET-5
Region Quadrant Nature of x and y Signs of coordinates Conceptual Understanding Questions :
XOY I x > 0, y > 0 (+, +) 1. If the x co-ordinate of a point is 2 and its
y co-ordinate is 3, then it is represented
YOX' II x < 0, y > 0 (–, +)
as
X'OY ' III x < 0, y < 0 (–, –) 1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) (2, 3) 4) (3, 2)
Y 'OX IV x > 0, y < 0 (+, –) 2. If the abscissa & ordinate of a point are
3 and 2 respectively then the point is
Any point on x-axis: If we consider any represented as
point on x-axis, then its distance from
1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) (2, 3) 4) (3, 2)
x-axis is 0. So, its ordinate is zero. Thus,
3. If a point is at a distance of 2 units
the coordinates of any point on x-axis is
from Y – axis and 3 units from X – axis
(x, 0).
then the point is represented as
Any point on y-axis: If we consider any
1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) (2, 3) 4) (3, 2)
point on y-axis, then its distance from
y-axis is 0. So, its abscissa is zero. Thus, 4. A Point (4, 0) lies on
the coordinates of any point on y-axis is 1) X – axis 2) Y – axis
(0, y). 3) Origin 4) X and Y axes
Slope of x-axis is 0; slope of y-axis not 5. A Point (0, 5) lies on
defined. 1) X – axis 2) Y – axis
3) Origin 4) X and Y axes
6. The distance between two points (0,0)
and ( 2,5) is
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1) 10 units 2) 29 units 18. If the distance between the points
(5,–2) (1,a) is 5, then the value of a is
3) 7 units 4) 27 units 1) 5units 2) 2units
7. The distance between two points (2,2) 3)4units 4) 1unit
and ( 5,4) is 19. The point on x-axis which is equidistant
from the points (5, 4), (–2, 3) is
1) 13 units 2) 5 units
1) (2,0) 2) (4,0) 3)(12,0) 4) (5,0)
3) 7 units 4) 27 units 20. The distance between A(7,3) and B on
8. The distance between two points (–2,3) the x-axis whose abscissa is 11 is
and ( 4,0) is 1) 12units 2) 10 units
3) 5units 4) 15units
1) 15 units 2) 2 5 units
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
3) 3 5 units 4)
35 units 21.Column-I Column-II
Single Correct Choice Type : a) Distance between (5, 3), (8, 7) 1) -3
9. In which of the following quadrant does b) Distance between (0, 0), (-4, 3) 2) 5
the given point (3, –8) lie?
1) I quadrant 2) II quadrant 1 3 3 1
c) Distance between , , , 3) 3
3) III quadrant 4) IV quadrant 2 2 2 2
10.In which of the following quadrant does 4) If (1, x) is at 10 units from(0, 0)
the given point (–5, 1) lie?
then x = 4) 5
1) I quadrant 2) II quadrant
5) 4
3) III quadrant 4) IV quadrant
11.In which of the following quadrant does SYNOPSIS-6
the given point (–6, –8) lie?
Dividing a line segment in a given ratio
1) I quadrant 2) II quadrant
(section formulae) :
3) III quadrant 4) IV quadrant
12.The Horizantal axis is called.
1) X axis 2) Y axix A P
3) Origin 4) I Quardrant (P divides AB in the ratio m:n internally.)
13.The nearest point from the origin is n
1) (2, –3) 2) (5, 0) 3) (0, –5) 4) (1, 3)
P m A B
14.If Q(x,y) lies in the Fourth Quadrant then
x is (P divides AB in the ratio m:n externally.)
1) Positive 2) Negetive Section formulae : The point ‘P’ which
3) Both 1 & 2 4) None divides the line segment joining the
15.The triangle formed by (0, 1), (1, 0) and
points A x1 , y1 , B x2 , y2 in the ratio m:n
(1, 1) is(through graph)
1) Right angle isoceles triangle mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
i) internally is , ;m n 0
2) Scalene triangle m n m n
3) Equilateral triangle
4) Cannot form a triangle mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
ii) externally is , ;m n
16.The X co ordinate on Y axis is m n m n
1) 0 2) 1 3) Undifine 4) None Mid point of a line segment : The mid point
17.The distance between (4,–3) (–4,3) is of line segment joining of x1 , y1
1) 10units 2) 12units
3)14units 4)11units
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NOTE :
x1 x2 y1 y2
and x2 , y2 is , 1. Three points A,B,C are collinear if the
2 2
area of ABC is zero.
NOTE : 2. If D,E,F are the mid points of the sides of
1. The point P(x,y) divides the line segment the ABC then the area of
joining A x1 , y1 and B x2 , y2 in ABC = 4 (area of DEF ).
x1 x:x x 2 (or) y1 y:y y2 3. If G is the centroid of the ABC then area
of ABC = 3(area of GAB )

i.e AP = WORKSHEET-6
Conceptual Understanding Questions :
PB = x1 x x x2
1. The vertices of a triangle are A(0,–4) ,
2. x-axis divides the line segment joining B(4,0) and C(0,0), so ABC is
x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 in the ratio y1 : y2 1) Right angled triangle
2) Isosceles triangle
3. y-axis divides the line segment joining
3) Right angled, Isoceles triangle
x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 in the ratio x1 : x2 4) Equilateral triangle
Second - order determinant : 2. The mid point of (1,2) and (3,4) is
1) (2,3) 2) (3,2) 3) (2,4) 4) (1,3)
a b 3. The ratio in which (2,3) divides the line
The expression is called the second- segment joining (4,8), (–2,–7) is
c d
order determinant. 1) 2 : 1 externally 2) 2 : 3 internally
3) 4 : 3 externally 4) 1 : 2 internally.
a b 4. x - axis divides the line segment joining
It is defined as = ad-bc (2,–3), (5,7) in the ratio is
c d
1) 1 : 2 2) 3 : 7 3) 4 : 5 4) 3 : 4
5. The area of the triangle formed by the
4 3
Example : 4 1 3 2 4 6 2. points (0,0), (2,0), (0,2) is
2 1 1)4 sq. units 2) 2 sq.units
Area of a triangle : 3) 3 sq.units 4) 0
Single Correct Choice Type :
1. The area of the triangle formed by the
6. If the points 3, 8 , 4, 11 and 5, k
points A x1 , y1 , B x2 , y2 and C x3 , y3
are collinear then, the value of k is
1 1 x1 x2 x1 x3 1) 14 2) -8 3) 4 4) 5
= x1 y2 y3 (or) 7. The triangle formed by (0,1), (1,0) and
2 2 y1 y2 y1 y3
(1,1) is
1) Right angle isosceles triangle
1 x1 x2 x3 x1
(or) 2) Scalene triangle
2 y1 y2 y3 y1 sq.units 3) Equilateral triangle
4) Cannot form a triangle
2. The area of the triangle formed by the
8. The mid point of the line joining the points
points O 0, 0 , A x1 , y1 , B x2 , y2
1, 4 and x, y is 2,3 then x y is
1
= x1 y2 x2 y1 sq.units. 1) 5 2) 5 2 3) 7 4) -5
2
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9. If the point p 2,3 divides the line joining 15. P = (– 5,4) and Q = (–2,–3). If PQ is

the points 5,6 and 8,9 ,then the ratio produced to R such that P divides QR
externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then R is
is
1) 1: 2 internally 2) 1: 2 externally 1) 1,10 2) 1, 10 3) 10,1 4) 2, 10
3) 2 :1 internally 4) 2 :1 externally
10. The coordinates of the point which SYNOPSIS-7
divides the line segment joining points A
(0,0) and B(9, 12) in the ratio 1 : 2 are Definition: If N and a 1 are any two
1) (–3, 4) 2) (3, 4) positive real numbers and for some real
3) (3, –4) 4) None of these
x, such that a x N , then x is said to be
11. The point which divides the line joining
logarithm of N to the base ‘a’. It is written
the points a b,a b and a b,a b
x
in the ratio a : b is as log a N x . Thus, a N log a N x

a2 b2 a b
2
a2 b2 b2 ab Note: * It should be noted that “log”
1) , 2) , is abbrevation of the word “logarithm”.
a b a b a b a b
* Logarithms are defined only for positive
a2 b2 a 2 b2 2ab real numbers.
3) , 4) None of these
a b a b * There exists a unique ‘x’ which satisfies
12.The ratio in which the line segment the equation a x N.
joining the points (3, –4) and (–5, 6) So log a N is also unique.
is divided by the x – axis is
Logarithmic Function: Functions defined
1) 2 : 3 2) 3 : 2 3) –2 : 3 4) None
by such equations are called logarithmic
13.Let P and Q be the points on the line
functions.
segment joining A(–2, 5) and B(3, 1) such
We can express exponential forms as
that AP = PQ = QB. Then the midpoint of
logarithmic forms.
PQ is
Exponential form Logarithmic form
1 1
1) ,3 2) ,4 3) 2,3 4) 1,4 (i) 24 = 16 4 log 2 16
2 2
(ii) 53 125 3 log 5 125
14. The coordinates of points A, B, C are
x1 , y1 , x 2 , y 2 and x 3 , y 3 and 1
(iii) 3 2
2 log 3 1
9 9
point D divides AB in the ratio l : k. If P
divides line DC in the ratio Note:
m : k , then the coordinates of P are
* For any positive real number ‘a’ we have
kx1 lx 2 mx 3 ky1 ly 2 my 3 a1 a . Therefore log a a 1.
1) ,
k l m k l m i.e., The logarithm of any non - zero
positive number to the same base is unity.
lx1 mx 2 kx 3 ly1 my 2 ky 3
2) , x
l m k l m k * If a N x log a N

mx1 kx 2 lx 3 my1 ky 2 ly 3 Replacing ‘x’ by log a N in a x N

3) ,
m k l m k l
4) None of these
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a log a N N 7. If a 1, b 1 are two positive real number

1
* The logarithm of unity to any non - zero then log b a
base is zero. log a b .

Recall that, if a 0, a o 1 log a 1 0 WORKSHEET-7

LAWS OF LOGARITHMS: Conceptual Understanding Questions :
1. If m, n are positive rational numbers, 1. If 24 16 , then which of the following is
then log a mn log a m log a n . true ?
i.e., The ‘log’ of the product of two 1) log 2 4 16 2) log 2 16 2
numbers is equal to the sum of their ‘logs’.
3) log 4 16 4 4) log 2 16 4
Proof: Let log a m x and log a n y
2. log 0.1 0.1 = ______
m a x ....... 1 and n a y ....... 2
1) 0.1 2) 0.2 3) 0 4) 1
from (1) & (2)
3. 5 log 5 27 = ______
x y x y
mn a .a mn a
1) 5 2) 55 3) 27 4) 275
Apply log to the base ‘a’ on both sides
4. log 213 1 ____
log a mn x y
1
log a mn log a m log a n 1) 1 2) 213 3) 4) 0
213
x log a m and y log a n 5. log 24 = ____
GENERALISATION: 1) log 4 log 6 2) log 2 log12
1 If x1, x 2 ,......x n are positive rational 3) log 3 log 8 4) All of these
numbers, then
6. log 3 4 log 2 3 =
log a x1 , x 2 ,..x n log a x1 log a x 2 log a x 3 .... log a x n

2. If m and n are two positive rational

log 4 log2
1) log 3 2 4 3 2) log 3 log3
m
numbers, then log a log a m log a n
n 4 3
3) log log 4) log 2 4
2 3
n
3. log a m n. log a m 7. log 34 2
4
______

4
1 1) (lo g 3 2 )4 2) log 3 2
4. log a n m log a m 4
n
3) 4 log 3 2 4) 44 log 3 2
m m Single Correct Choice Type :
5. log b n a log b a
n 8. log 4 x 2 , then x = ___
6. If m 1, b 1 are positive real numbers 1) 14 2) 16 3) 12 4) 11

log m a 2 1
then log b a 9. If 3 , then which of the following is
log m b 9
true ?
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1 1
1) log 2 3 2) log 3 2 20.The value of log 3 27 3 is
9 9
1 1 1 1 3 5 7
3) log 3 4) log 3 2 1) 2) 3) 4)
9 2 9 2 2 2 2

10. The value of log 9 81 = 21. log b x log a b =

1) 3 2) 2 3) 9 4) 81 1) logxa 2) logxb 3) logax 4) logbx
11. The value of log100.0001 is 22. logamn =
1) –4 2) 4 3) –10 4) 10 1) logam × logan 2) logam + logan
12. The value of log 4 is
2
m
3) log a 4) –logam – logan
1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 3 n

13. The value of x if log 6

216 x is 23. If log10 2 0.3010 , then logarithm of
1) 5 2) 6 3) 4 4) 3 32
5
with base 10 is
14. Logarithm of any non-zero number to
the same base is _______ 1) 9.725 2) 7.525
1) Same non-zero number 3) 7.725 4) 9.525
2) 0 24. log10 25 log10 4 =
3) 1
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
4) Negative of the non-zero number
15. Logarithm of unity to any non-zero 25. Express 2log 5 5 3 log 2 log 50 1 as
base is _______ single logarithm is
1) Non-zero number 2) Unity 1) log 5 2) log 3 3) 1 4) log 2
3) 0 4) –1
**************
16. log 3.5 = _______
MATHEMATICS KEY
35 log 35
1) log 2) log 35 log10 3) log10
10 WORKSHEET-1_KEY
4) Both 1&2
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1
17. log10 5 log10 2 _____
5) 2 6) 1 7) 2 8) 1
1) log10 5 x 2 2) 1 9) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 3
3) only (1) 4) Both 1 & 2 13) 2 14) 1 15) 1 16) 3
18. log10 20 log10 2 ________ 17) 1 18) 1 19) 1

log 20 20 WORKSHEET-2_KEY
1) log10 2) log10
2
1) 1 2) 4 3) 4 4) 1
20 5) 4 6) 3 7) 2 8) 2
3) log10 (20 2) 4) log 2 10
10 9) 1 10) 1 11) 3 12) 1

log 8 13) 2 14) 1 15) 1 16) 3

19. The value of is 17) 3 18) 4 19) 1 20) 1
log 2
1) 2 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6 21) 1 22) 4
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WORKSHEET-3_KEY
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
5) 2 6) 2 7) 3 8) 3
9) 4 10) 3 11) 1 12) 1
13) 1 14) 4 15) 4 16) 1
17) 2 18) 4 19) 1

WORKSHEET-4_KEY
1) 3 2) 4 3) 2 4) 3
5) 3 6) 1 7) 1 8) 3
9) 1 10) 4 11) 2 12) 2
13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 16) 2

WORKSHEET-5_KEY
1) 3 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1
5) 2 6) 2 7) 1 8) 3
9) 4 10) 2 11) 3 12) 1
13) 4 14) 1 15) 1 16) 1
17) 1 18) 4 19) 1 20) 3
21) a-s; b-s; c-q; d-p,r

WORKSHEET-6_KEY
1) 3 2) 1 3) 4 4) 2
5) 2 6) 1 7) 1 8) 1
9) 2 10) 2 11) 3 12) 1
13) 1 14) 1 15) 2

WORKSHEET-7_KEY
1) 4 2) 4 3) 3 4) 4
5) 4 6) 4 7) 2 8) 2
9) 4 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2
13) 2 14) 3 15) 3 16) 4
17) 2 18) 4 19) 4 20) 3
21) 2 22) 2 23) 2 24) 3
25) 4
**************

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