ILLUMINATION ASSIGMNENT

BY CYNTHIA EMILY.
LAMPS
Lamps are technical devices which convert usually electrical energy into radiation and partly to
light.
Lamps are divided into two types.
 Incandescent lamps.
 Luminescent lamps

INCANDESCENT LAMPS
This is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a
glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied
to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical
support and electrical connections.
The incandescent lamp symbol is shown below.

Construction And Operation.

The filament is attached across two lead wires. One lead wire is connected to the foot contact and
other is terminated on the metallic base of the bulb. Both of the lead wires pass through glass
support mounted at the lower middle of the bulb. Two support wires also attached to glass
support, are used to support filament at its middle portion. The foot contact is isolated from
metallic base by insulating materials. The entire system is encapsulated by a colored or sphere
coated or transparent glass bulb. The glass bulb may be filled with inert gases or it is kept
vacuum depending upon rating of the incandescent lamp.
Incandescent means producing visible light by heating an object. An incandescent lamp works in
the same principle. The simplest form of the artificial source of light using electricity is an
incandescent lamp. Here we use electric current to flow through a thin and fine filament to
produce visible light. The current rises the temperature of the filament to such extent that it
becomes luminous.

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 Parts of an incandescent lamp

Types of Incandescent Lamp

Incandescent lamps are available in two types like gas-filled lamps and halogen lamps.
Gas-Filled Lamps
These lamps are used to generate light from an incandescent filament that operates in an inert gas
ambiance. The addition of the inert gas will suppress the evaporation of the filament, which
enhances the life span of the lamp.

Diagram of a gas filled lamp

These lamps use more power to attain a similar filament temperature as compared to vacuum
lamps. The gas around the filament cools while evaporation is suppressed & decreases the
relocation of faded tungsten toward the wall of the bulb. The maximum operating temperature of
these lamps will generate more output light for each watt of i/p power to use in dangerous
applications

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Halogen Lamp
The latest incandescent lamps are halogen lamps which provide several benefits over the normal
incandescent lamp. The life & efficiency of these lamps decreases because of the slow fading of
the filament & black deposit within the bulb.

Figure showing a halogen lamp

By adding a small amount of halogen vapor to the filling gas restores the part of evaporated
tungsten vapor reverse to the filament through a chemical reaction. The advantages of these
lamps are long life, color rendition is better, decreased dimensions of miniature size of lamps.

These lamps are being manufactured in different sizes up to 5 kW. These are used at large
gardens, car parks, outdoor illumination of buildings, playing fields, fountains, airport runways,
etc. These lamps are used to provide lighting in factories, public halls, sport-halls, TV studios,
photo films, etc.

Incandescent Lamp Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram used to increase the life extension of incandescent light is shown below. The
required components to build this circuit are: switch, VD1 1N4007, VD2 1N4007, Thyristor,
Resistors R1 & R2, incandescent lamp, and capacitor.

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 Incandescent circuit diagram
The filament of incandescent light hast a large thermal resistance and extremely small cold
resistance. The impact of current supplying throughout the filament of the bulb is high so it
causes the filament to burn. To overcome this problem, the switch life extension can be the best
solution.
This circuit can extend the life span of the lamp very much. Once the switch ‘S’ is connected,
then the voltage supply across the capacitor cannot vary suddenly, so the voltage across the
capacitor is zero.
The VT thyristor limits without activating voltage, so the flow of current through the
incandescent bulb used in the circuit is the half-wave current which is rectified through VD2.
The bulb ‘E’ is pre-heated through darkness & the inrush current supply is extremely small
These lamps use more power to attain a similar filament temperature as compared to vacuum
lamps. The gas around the filament cools while evaporation is suppressed & decreases the
relocation of faded tungsten toward the wall of the bulb. The maximum operating temperature of
these lamps will generate more output light for each watt of i/p power to use in dangerous
application

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Advantages of Incandescent lamps.
 These lamps are not costly.
 It generates warmer colors.
 Manufacturing cost is less.
 Easily dimmed with rheostats.
 It turns on immediately.
 In the winter seasons, these lights are very helpful in increasing the room temperature and
can also be used for warmth in incubators.
Disadvantages of Incandescent lamps.
 It is not energy efficient because a lot of the energy is converted to heat and less is
converted to light.
 The lamp lifetime is low as compared to other bulbs.
 It is a warm light source, so there is need to cool the room if required
 It is very delicate, so we need to handle it very carefully.
 Not suitable for large areas.
 It generates less lumen.
Size and ratings
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings,
from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low
manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current.
As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for
portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and
advertising lighting.
Efficiency
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting, converting less
than 5% of the energy they use into visible light. The remaining energy is lost as heat. The
luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb for 120 V operation is 16 lumens per watt,
compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps.
Applications
Some applications use the heat generated by the filament. Heat lamps are made for uses such as
incubators, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Quartz tube halogen infrared heaters are
used for industrial processes such as paint curing or for space heating.
Incandescent lamps are commonly used in desk lamps, table lamps, hallway lighting, closets,
accent lighting, and chandeliers. They provide good color rendering and, in fact, serve as the
color standard by which all other lamps are measured. Incandescent lamps are easily dimmable.
These lamps have the lowest initial cost and require no ballast

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Lifetime
Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around
1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and
20,000–30,000 hours for lighting LEDs. Incandescent bulbs can be replaced by fluorescent
lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some areas have
implemented phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs to reduce energy consumption.

LUMINESCENT LAMPS
In luminescent lamps, excited electrons generate light. They give off white light and have a
longer life span than incandescent lamps. Luminescent lamps are used in general lighting since
they produce white light. They produce less heat than incandescent lamps.
Examples of luminescent lamps include Fluorescent lamps, Compact Fluorescent lamps,
Mercury lamps, Mercury tungsten blended lamps, Metal halide lamps, High pressure sodium
lamps.
Fluorescent lamps
A fluorescent lamp is a low weight mercury vapour lamp that uses fluorescent to deliver visible
light. An electric current in the gas energizes mercury vapour which delivers ultraviolet radiation
through discharge process and the ultraviolet radiation causes the phosphor coating of the lamp
inner wall to radiate visible light.
Design And Operation.

In the above circuit of the fluorescent lamp, the ballast, the switch and the supply are connected
in series. Then the fluorescent tube and starter are connected across it.
When the supply is switched on, full voltage comes across the lamp as well as across the starter
through the ballast. But at that instant, no discharge happens, that is, no lumen output from the
lamp.
At that full voltage, first the glow discharge is established in the starter, this is because the
electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter is much less than that of the fluorescent lamp.

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Then gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this full voltage and heats the bimetallic strip. That
causes to bend the bimetallic strip to connect to the fixed contact. Now, current starts to flow
through the starter.
As soon as the current starts flowing through the touched contacts of the neon bulb of the starter,
the voltage across the neon bulb gets reduced since the current, causes a voltage drop across
the inductor (ballast). At reduced or no voltage across the neon bulb of the starter, there will be
no more gas discharge taking place and hence the bimetallic strip gets cool and breaks away
from the fixed contact. At the time of breaking of the contacts in the neon bulb of the starter, the
current gets interrupted, and hence at that moment, a large voltage surge comes across the
inductor (ballast).
This high valued surge voltage comes across the fluorescent lamp (tube light) electrodes and
strikes the penning gas mixture (argon gas and mercury vapor).
Gas discharge process gets started and continues and hence current again gets a path to flow
through the fluorescent lamp tube (tube light) itself. During discharging of penning gas mixture
the resistance offered by the gas is lower than the resistance of starter.
The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultraviolet radiation which in turn excites the
phosphor powder coating to radiate visible light.
Starter gets inactive during glowing of fluorescent lamp (tube light) because no current passes
through the starter in that condition.
Circuit Diagram of a Fluorescent tube.

Advantages of fluorescent lamps.

o Fluorescent lighting is 66% cheaper than regular lighting while providing the same
brightness.
o Fluorescent bulbs last longer. On average, a bulb or tube has a lifespan six times longer
than a regular incandescent bulb.
o The lights do not give off heat, which makes them great for area lighting and for areas
where additional heat can cause equipment to malfunction or other the users.
o They are more energy efficient. This is because by using the collision between the
phosphorus elements, less energy is wasted in the form of heat.

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Disadvantages of fluorescent lamps.
o The initial cost of fluorescent lighting can be up to three times higher than other types of
bulbs.
o The electrical connections are more complex hence require professional installation.
o Some fluorescent bulbs can flicker noticeably and produce an uneven light that may
bother some users. The users are forced to replace the lamps.
o Fluorescent lighting is often less attractive.
Applications of fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps are commonly used to provide illumination for settings such as commercial
lighting, industrial lighting, classroom lighting and retail lighting.
Compact fluorescent lamps(CFL)
CFLs are fluorescent lamps but with a smaller size. The lams still utilizes the collision between
the phosphor elements on the wall of the lamp tube.
CFLs are used in the household sector with a narrow space because it is available in small watts
and without the need to use ballast.
Mercury lamps
This is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized
mercury. . Generally, the arc discharge is restricted to a tiny fused quartz arc pipe that is placed
in a bigger borosilicate glass bulb.

These types of lamps are energy efficient as compared to incandescent. The main benefits of
these bulbs are, lifespan is 24k hours, high intensity, and output is clear white light. So these are
the main reasons to use these lights in large overhead lighting within warehouses, sports arenas,
streetlights, factories, etc.

Mercury tungsten blended lamps.

The light produced from these lamps is a mixture of light from the ordinary tungsten gas filled
lamps with that from mercury discharge lamps. Tungsten filament lamps produce yellow light
while mercury lamp, depending on the excitation, emits blue light. Therefore the two light
sources are mixed in proper proportions to get white light.
The lamps have good colour rendering because the colours of objects appear much the same as
with daylight.
Applications of these lamps are in town shopping centers.
Metal halide lamp
This is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized
mercury and metal halides.

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They contain additional metal halide compounds in the arc tube that improve the efficiency and
colour rendering. Applications are in automobile headlights, photographic lighting and stage
lighting.
High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

A high-pressure sodium lamp is an electric discharge lamp including ionized sodium. These
lamps are mainly used in street lighting &other lightings.

Once current supplies in between the two electrodes, then it ionizes the argon & neon to provide
a red glow till the hot gas evaporates the sodium. After that, this sodium ionizes & shines almost
monochrome yellow.

HPS lamps include a discharge tube and that is made with translucent alumina. This tube can
resist the acidic effects of a combination of mercury & sodium in high temperature & pressure.
These lamps provide a whiter light where extra-bright lighting is required in public places like
tunnels, road intersections, sports stadiums, and where it is popular to notice a complete range of
reflected colors.

Incandescent lamp verses fluorescent lamp.

Incandescent Lamp
Incandescent lamps are old.
The life span of an incandescent light bulb is
about 1K hours.
The most commonly used incandescent bulb
is a 60-watt bulb
The cost of these lamps is high as compared
to fluorescent lamps.
These bulbs generate light by heating a
filament until it begins to emit light
As compared to fluorescent lamps, their
characteristics are not better
It consumes 4 to 8 times more powerful as
compared to fluorescent lamps.
These bulbs generate warmer light
These lamps are used in table lamps, hallway
lighting, accent lighting, etc.
Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent lamps are new.
The life span of a fluorescent bulb is about 9K
hours.
To get the same brightness as an incandescent
lamp, we need a 6 to 8 watt LED bulb or13 to
15-watt fluorescent bulbs
Toxic materials like mercury & phosphorus
which are dangerous are used in fluorescent
lamp
These lamps generate light by exciting a gas
& causing it to blaze
These lamps have better characteristics.
It consumes less power.
These bulbs don’t generate warmer light.
These lamps are used in classrooms, offices,
cafeterias, etc.

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Maintenance of lighting systems.
o Use correct replacement lamps. While all four-foot fluorescent tubes may look the alike,
they can have different performance characteristics.
o Clean fixtures annually. A fixture output can diminish by 10 percent a year just from dust
accumulation, even in a relatively clean environment.
o Verify other replacement components match the original. New ballasts, transformers and
drivers at least should have the same performance characteristics.
o Ensure all ballasts have a published ballast factor. Maintenance and engineering
managers can use it as a multiplier to determine whether a lamp actually will produce the
predicted amount of light.
o Check dimming pre-sets periodically. This step can help verify they meet original
performance requirements.
o Check scene pre-sets to assure they meet original requirements. Dimming systems have
pre-sets that, once set, rarely need changing. If that is the case, locking them either
mechanically or electronically will prevent system problems.

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