1 HIRE .

9
From Public
to Public
from Governance to Management,
MmlnlsUallon
C hC tual Challenges to PublGicovernmentaUty.
° AROdmMEinOisBtration
. OCAMPO

- Is ther e a Phil ippi ne

Philippi PA as a field of
public administration?” The short answer is- “Y« efc ,s (
stud y and prac tice.”
* *
«* ) *
“
But why revisit a question that eminent Filipino scholars already addressed A
j answered more than 20 yeartos ago (Corpuz , 1986; De Guzman, 1986)5 Why was Z
question of existence raised start with? Perhaps those who posed it had noticed that
PA here and abroad, was being challenged even then by competing concepts. Despite
their reaffirmation, the competition has gone on. No wonder, because the world has
dunged, sometimes radically, as the process of globalization, for example, would readily
suggest in the wake of sea change in conditions, ideas, and practices, there is a need to see
—
if the field of PA is still there or if it has gone under and we public administranomsts
are out of business.
For a clear statement of what Philippine PA was before and how it had evolved, 1
still have
can hardly do better than refer to the De Guzman and Corpuz accounts, which
I hav e tran spo sed the term s of the que stion and
a familiar ring today. For this arti cle,
adm inis trat ion ?” with the Philippine
truncated into the general one " Is ther e a pub lic
context as a subtext cism s,
has und ergo ne per iodi c criti
We need to deal with the prior question because PA i ®vc e s
been buf fete d by “ ” “
soul-searching, and identity crises here and abroad. It has Warll, the
gro wth aro und Wo rld
for reform, renewal, and reinvention. After a period of an
exp erie nce d disr epu te
practice, together with government and politics , has

Shuntcd ty ideas from within and outside this per me abl e are a.

, 52(200 8 /2 ) .
^nted from the Philippine Journal of Public Administration
L
IN PUBLIC ABMIWJSTFUTLON GDVfflUAHCE . AND DEYTLOPMENF tft0w Q(
htflHMKI T0 rT>,

= =
IMPLEMENTATION AND SERVICE DELIVER
,

"'
*‘
i§s .ssps
,
•
l
nfiSumun1987
,
'*«
I* *»!* » Ammtan
>- Io rcv
’
>

1V
’Kl'
wmu » h
WlWM ,W" *
<
«M r , "
i hKl * »*«<1
: 1
!
Pl sL C
*
-*
<>
rti<
7(
vUr
tfb
getting * I * .
\
)
*
\
.
in
Tto
tbc
**
L S
rmwnlcd
. \
11
Mk

Kfctfflr1 l 11j practti***^ Iricimw ^jincc WThthrpr

u *
r* ey

],f PA 1 *^Xr * !Btt rivtl servant * had been nonnaindy confined

^ ^
^
ancr
i " IV , w .
l
^
> n aucnui of pnbci as
* ny
*
1
.

* ,.
iurtKdi t m ru
^„
fcgnmait
-.
r *TlKy.

admirii trrtUirijKhtArfm.
“ ' ' »r. m irnpknwritjt* !,

^^ “ , . . *
rile I
l1ie “ c (
n rt ;a 1(Hmam *nd Japan lnjrtAutr it* had J promneut
ruk a
aheTC?^ cc of this role , however. hw worn thin in thoc enunmn . Ahem
“iS'nSSSffihv l va. 1 W . p. »1
^£LiSdKvBt uf public
^ dminiwranon " « wn* » . *
7 1 ,
imnrutnmal and ** **
1»
an ,
put its
nt ton
intellect reft**** haVC
CL
iri
° ..
| , bureaucrats in 'lhtir place, ' Lc.. vubfrfdmuic tu electedpotaoant
Y
.
1

»
at impkincniM oft « k ampo, HM. pp 173 -1fc>). The* haw *1* ,
hijufc in order. (fc 29)
^ .
^
kin
n poli
HMureJ ^ ,t iw:ar J|cbotom> pjrt „f x “New Public Manager ,XPM . reiY*m
litta, Robert Goterofcicwskj would ask whether PA was indeed at the “end of program.
' .
in die sun' flGofcmbicwski, 1996 p. 139 ' At the turn of die millennium. Laura
)
** 1^ ^ American sclv ilars Have long dehunked the validity in pnccet of the
^
nrttd that the ground under PA continued to shift but, parademadly, “everywhere there n huiomyv doctrine ami
p< »intcd out the setback * of their "divided govemmew” nswm.
mpdin. vti cvtnwhcre there 15 adaptation and remvennon; governance ts fragmented ml
maraeutatt. vet coherent nr*' paradigms are emerging” (T,yrm, 20l >3a, p. 631).
^At anv tare, ^ ^
hJiiie
0f [he radical challenges presented by policy, gtwtmmtni, and suit
and abroad, policy studies tTounshed with their new pcfipcctbc* and
failures at tlerived from microeconomics. This development
Without delving into the changing conditions That made the developments in PA nulyucal methods, especially those

—
-
possible or imperative, this article briskly reviews the post war shifts cumulative than
successive shift* from PA to public policy, public management, and governance. Thenn
-
goes into the less familiar topic of c goi tmment , including an account of a transition to
“dipcal era governance , ” Next, it ventures into the even less trodden grounds of
“ jjovemmenadin ” This conceptual concoction by the f rench thinker Michel
Foucault
beckons with fresh perspectives that invite examination but that l can only imperfectly
— was both threatening and
enriching tor PA- Recognizing this intersection of p^ iiinc* and
adminismition as A distinct but multidisci plinary held, sonic American urn verities went u >
, faculty members, and whole mstmnes with those
ftr AS to replace existing PA programs
, 2003).
- uf public policy tjr “public afLiirs” (Ocampo
, though, milder challenge ftjfccy studies did
“Implemenrarion” presented a similar
,
nor shift its focus entirely away from implementation
uml management. On the conuarv,
to tie called policy “execution/ Aaron Wildavsky.
1

uuiuducc here. it drew' more attentioti tt> what used

the subgenre. Together
the brsr dean of a new school of public policy , helped to inaugurate
*

a program iwioptcd in
FROM OLD PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION TO DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION with Jeffrey Pressman, he did so in a book that recounted tom
atiofi deficit
Washington, 11 C, faltered in distant Oakland t.iri due to the implemciU
'
"
AND NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (Pressman &
induced by the complex lavers of federal, state, and local governments
of governmental
l it*i in im rccolkcdon a the iraundct thrown liv oponencs 11 k'vck ipnient Admimstm
<* WilJjvsky, 1973). Such studies extended the analysis and evaluation A tn “PA" biut
D \ . They CTITICI / cd “ tradmonal ” ot old PA (( >PA x being a drag « >n ( ,t‘lt,cC<
)* * proccssrs and their outcomes. But thev also seemed to ask whether the “ ”
pn*ms because u u -ji d ' ntd t J dc-ademng routin!, encaged , not been centrally concerned with implementation all alm and
whether PA haJ been
- to
in rulc- * md ^
,
^
^
n rt
wvJ cicnmtncd trj numtenan ^ ce *
too pitoccupted with stall functions tn worn atomt line f >pcraucms and
their tonscqu«Ktri
of ihe staiuv <quo arid ruling regimes. By cr »ncr «t* ^
dtimed io be uncmcd mwird change, oirt there (cf Kill, IW7, pp, 137-13H).
tt*dernuat ,
economic developm
* particulars m pnortrcrMijrtrvs f < tinr, T 9”9, pp
jn

ven valid jpvcn the materia]

ent , a *11 * J °
c l (l1 SWJ '^ [
Service delivery ” emerged with inipleincntatn m studies and
whole of PA
nosed rdaicd problems
, as though services
,

did
me
• authois tended to equate this concept w ith the
tuvitirnc - li > s . if thev
and culmra) clwngev ihat had i
"
were < • < » pc itran poverty, incxjualiiy
tn
ami lUH . ^ Jt
^
Vc I plannevl, financed, and produced
* , ax vrcll as delivered ; but the concept also
, social ami
< k the rjtbei hW, in the
-
Ameman context, ( »P \ wav scored b w xcckmg <
at the expense ofvxjal
^
applied some meaningful insights into a gmernmerit
pnemnev. 4 1 jicrvintir ] doctrines The concept also drew
’ s ideologica l prcnitwts
attention to problems
jV
.
c um and the imerrvr* of govetnmriv ‘ cUc
^ .
'txlilc. predicwblc. araJor Wrh cnvirejfwtmt.
^
^ ^
^
.,
nt
*1 iCccsa JrKl P*Tticipanun ihat should compleme the critical role at
service deliver ) (Ikampo,

.
-
«to 'kr thus
ptirf^wd » New PUUK
^ I K) SliKtici
of fnmilmr admmistratum likewise disdoved
’

^^
fP*«e vwaal muiiv. eken < Admm «raooft” (NPA ) thai C
° , it, given their
w
• m plcmcntm g

^/•.‘ " iV ouldpln in makhw policy w hile

Jumredn cim xdsureaucrxtic orgamvaH ^ ^ *“ *£, 5
< jO
^fbukin Jinm ur» emir Ament ,
nMiv * { j4na .
Tredemiuon, im, Pihir 1*W2) I iaKYhni tn *""- P i
vrmng, \ P,Vi cxu«r w»» cirmaJlv t kefl »*P *
Jr
m ftnkii
*
m tlH ifniuraL Tbm, W
'

.1 '' 'I ttuulrlmw fur implcmrnntion rhuulJ

'• . nut
<
^ r

.
« « r lj

Jr * *>Ct *d> f c,*onf Wiix on pwnty and^ growth *

'.
•
^
1
hiwcw*, * 5* > CI 1 , Sr portent of puK'tKci inwk Ttl tn jiimJUJttTU^ '
i1

I tt 'i ' ' '

1
'
tSX *' ’* frtfnc JfcTj
' L ^*“ “"
“Hr
^ «
but SPA wild * «
" * «> '"#«*** inmn acm the \£bw»«
*
* tmr
^^
, »wh thetoKhnutk of
Vl n lt cnttfying
pi Ju s with practice?’ .
1
JMPIIISKCHWS IN PWHtC
ADMINISTRAT ION. GOVERNANCE . AND OfVHOMK ,
* M> Q
* M TO 'll , MC* «0« NANO ,,
i
Hi m

service delivery studies thcrcl imph

"
\\&c implementation and
]
\
bee* rumwlv defined ami rhus
helped to enhance ns meaning and^ scon* ' ip\ v
M. ’
i structural change*. NPM hat \m
manage ” Phrhap il is mutt nwu# tTuku
discredit OPA have i*cn relentless. Regarding ifovdopmcni studies ' "
inagcr^ *
nUkinil ^, nvxlcl* which would have Rovrmmctit « *
kbarriwTlU, * 4cu*i*r *
"* ** **
1Q82) expressed preference for
“ Development Management ” mst
i
r
|
iuWn —
imKad of row " bul the mo model* h*ve ^
^
-
and
fo&rim*tiatitinM betide lie Uwnd that
the “enterprise man lmrrif lns , VlcNW ^ *"*" *
.-
. ^ > «
*
— ** f „
*
"
some UX..s (c.g the Asian Institute of Management in the Philippi^ , ' ' ** up *
lc
as *"*«**»
tjun the institutes of public administration (IPAs) and were bericr m Wtict
TU UM ( hire udmmimnon
its
G
Tempt
, w

programs such as might seem more h l* ^ Rote" InOriwme

I*** " , naradiRm drift
1 IKr
and «*bfcr umimf 11TO pp
\
nrarial «*W” i
development naiuraJ for governments *** " m " cn
^ '
‘

NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND REINVENTING GOVERNMENT

^ ,.
'^ . 'IUJ,«"
meTin l r,,r
rea *
*"fL. .iccinOTliMii^
k' dor
aml
and '" " "“‘"
parnopmon .
,
"
n piwcral
P1 1^
”.
market in», .
w •incWanwi
carame
ad of W
* ,. ri ^ J**1
More compichcnsivc arid subversive concepts have emanated from \Xcstcm TO ltt «m « l
scritim imtead < f iu* prmidm poU w tcv * *"»
* ,^ *
reform tlunrg the pasr two decades or so, From the British and Furopc^ n sidH^ l >T
. ^ JT
models have had rheir share of criticism and disappointments y -

.-
U* C<i forth
the NPM movement, while from the American side, die ^reengineering" and *v ^ abetment has adhered suffered setback* fe Ptea like NewZealand
. Z
campaigns (Ocan q, 2003a). Reengineedng fir Business Process Ri cnginetiing
^
“
- 1
Ldtmed d or W « en in some other OECD «
* d « reK d»ra
, „ .,
-
a prn atc sector program, bur n has been applied or tned in some pub&t jurisdic
including die Philippine government under the Ramos administration, and its cmjhT^ ^ 2 bl
aLdoaicid
diffusion and “coove
^
results" (1loot & PeWtr
)
aKe ' ,.

, 2
declared
IRHj .
“ mtddle »» »" a h
and then declared "dead" aftet hnk ewt
*„,
-
,
lechnolugy seems rclci’ant to e^govemment. Bur the rcinvention strategy poptibri > j LJ thm 20 years
of existence , though n has had some irreversible Icgiacs IMeavv ct iL
Ost>ome and Cijcblcr (1993) anti NPM. adopted officially by the Organisatio' < lf
Fcnnomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , desenx primary atrention fbr p \
- JQ05 Similarly, the
^
Osborne And (racbier ttmdcl has been severely quej^nneci * jn ita
prescriptions and premises. For example
, IT prescribe* business like bchawirnmuhcrv
” Internal Revenue Service? customtr-dmtn
Both the NPM and Rcimention programs have been underpinned by the ‘ public Itis inappropriate (* ‘competitive
‘ rtgutomry
igcfldes?) (Wilson, 1904, p 38 . IT ignores cultural contras that have proud strong in
choice iheon " that government is inherently inefficient, that private business mana tiuLjn , )
^ emicitries like Japan and China, and combines incompatible roddvievs hteatthisC
is better, and that government should emulate or defer to the privaic sector. A more basic
premise is the neoclassical, ncolibcral thcon that the market is A better allocator and steering, "individualist” comped don, "egalitarian” empowerment) Kind, 1995, pp tf G-
) ^
distributor of soari values, compared to hierarchical organination a > govcmmcni . 407).
.
.
buiejucracsr has typified Thus, government should be rolled bsck and reduced to I few In any event, the upshot has been a tendency m eclipse PA in’favor of < thrr nihnc ^.
the ttit of hri article "Tlie Future of Public Atlministraucm,' Ciolcmbicwski ulkcii
,
'Mweieignh lucictiorrs (like lawmaking and adjudication) through privatutarion, HbeiaL atwiri, In
^
insicad about ‘public management's future” (Golcmbicwskt, 1990, p \Y\. Mote
rttm
and deregulation; ns structure and operations should be decentralized ; and its prfwtsMS
" while ostensibly sctkin(i m
internalh and externally marketized through compctinvc bidding, contracting, and appraisers seem likewise to prefer “ public marugement
L Peters, 200 V,-, the lead
testore faith in PA . In i lundimk of Pubt/* Munn mnt iPierte 6
oulxuurcir
Neu ^Public Management wat vigorously deployed
.

in New Zealand , Autitmlu, the . '' ( ^

chapter by l aurcnce Lynn LS entided “ Public Managctnciu (2 A 3h .'. LYUD 2lXK>
(
' h.msdf
for an
I K, and other CotJunoqw’Cxlth countries. It re presented a cogent anack on the separation - has authored a botik ] P*k& AUn wnt: Old J* d Km that otherwise i ues ^
of - pd cn hnindamms of ,\ mcncan style OPA . in
effect, NPM introduced the pr lio-
^
ctvmolpgtcal identity' between the two terms ttnd confirms our pertnt that
alive »11d
^
nisr.ranon dichotomy in the basically
unified parliamentary systems through a three
^ MI is burcaucrAcy.
Out,
Perhaps such sleight of the pen merely fvrtetti these authors cnwicuon
*J ‘ n
‘^
cwtitrvc branch; ( 1 , the "agenaficarjcMi’' or CoqxirJUkatk m of department
with i ,pcriUnns and rheir
spin off from mimstncs (2 ) the deUneariofl .of
I ? nirukrig ^ a nttn ^ tn -level funcuon lri >m agenev level opera twms nd i 3) the munition *
the two terms ire interchangeable. But as Lynn ackiKwlcdgc*. there aw
nominal differences Utween the two concepts. ‘Pubiic ’ Managenwni
*?
^
n1 P c
^
r
* M'*mjtruT eufUracting lx tw een the uumstnes and the coqvjmte agencies

< rf
n bncr ruhvj \ NPM rv
j
*
*
ehufactcrucd as having ritree mam ihciwcs focused
" "f Kcnc|Bct«on, puidiMrr pnx *!«r :*!*«» *1.
* • . .
,

^
that iher e arc more basic simihmrics bef cen and print
h4vt contended
! ML
that rhev
* *it

The cont rasts a ic ar i n ter ms of ulu imtc ubjccthre*

^
individual gam), problems (more “ wicked m the pubk wcior , m
1
v&
are dike only m the tn«*t unimprum F
**
”‘ .
^?
t
l 5

^^
' l ri
^ wiiracirng ikftKulatnni u*
er ' n'tteai iculturtV^ and I!K explieidy political natuieof PA (sublinc^ntci 1 ^ fggj&et
”ln fripeV,, ,nil *** n«hl -
ux] i
^ ^Hagovcmnient
‘ t , ,
ulflit administration “ csokes the spirit of puhhc service AM ( )anm, 199*
1
wch rcgulaD^.
/ > '^

^* . *Jc privileging pndcvHruw, per*offlU,

^
V > I :
HC; * 1 c
"
-- I! * nccils 4lt the needy rather than the demands dliLtLU
^ «alevtb
n 1

.ikntcvv. MAEK^^*
lcir
Mekuy meaiures l ( jiffe
trif

l ic
ho**
- * l1
^ )' course , these attr ntirnuuive vnew* 1« . K
m the Jnvtn*
uyil greed overcome '
llU
’ ^cncfnmcm, Wc d 1 a|M 1 fim\ pcr
(
1 ^
^•hvatof.
 -
,N PU«« ««*«"««. «***<«. AND KVUDOW*, F«0M PA TO PM

-^^ ^^
16( wnspfCTWS

(
ufcc „UKrb*ic cl«ctp

S
2004. 0«- (
.> * , .,
» vn. l Mh» fcncypmmred Axaem ,

rzss*i^
^as5 * SE»
SSSSSS
CXtsr «
SK RS?*® ®:
^ --
lri #11
tr*

GOVERNANCE
. . .
* . .
The n» l« j«» « bfod has «mciR«5
- *
thnueh tflf p '•nanagen»n in in letmmo
"
with an appaten lv more »•« pin hyp ,
.
n, ‘ Governance seem, » dft * * iiihCTthjB n
that
.
.
. -.
die re nvem on model had called far mvemm , , -
Recall. ».” (ddrrerservkesifK re, 1 iWb. p 16, Wlefaan at w '“ I**
an apparem affini s wi ,fa. . . .. *
'.
, P*ttnw*.
,‘ OPA bui "eovtmmcnt," which it 1«, wuM w <M«c *> >h' ' enmm. Ih,* „„ [hc
enahling niunctnm
has
of gwernm enuhn * towad
^
d Sim„iy pm governance is the function or process, grtvemment the
. ^ o tTinu-nt in
discussi ons
^\ht PA, governance hasIt brought
.
up new historical cireumstaore irid
oILly identical with "guvcrnment” ( nrtml. " . . . « « oldgov, , .
trainee *, . » 4 reminder that government „ tVl, • "° 'r. Wner »
P
^ t

. nwlf

—
»
Picric & Peie s, 20 ), p 18). c new conccpi Jthrms that the lunctmn is today dared[» «i *tara tfwetm ncni '*
other nongovertunental ... *.
n mstatc stmcmrcs-namely, the market, ovil <!» sal
* . dw ?ole or r» L» i important |

and after World

5laycf m governance wd dtvdonm ,
War II . |i may now pbv 4 djHcrmi ,1
°
"
hwc
^
inst <
l ru|
^
under the gate of defining ' Kmcran fust before

-
nctworts But like other concepts placed ee" la, . W nh the other models governan ce also
frequen tly used among both social 4e vtith other actors
,
” " **!!**“ PA u‘
become “no«>nou«lj slippers . scientists wj * realm of state-society relation s Its normanv c - W1
> J
pncuuoners without a definition which all agree cm ” (Pierre St Peters , 2000 , pp, 7, |g , the
w nwd
.

**«
version

Gorrmince can he a confusing term, # h» hectare an umbrella ctmttpt Ire mdrewdc

sarien- nl pheivanciun poliev neiwnrks, public management , cooedinanon of itetm,
lame
leccounm * rukof law;
bibty ,
, governance also bids fair tn overshadow PA.
As 4 broader concept, however -
"a useful substitute aci((
According 10 one author, the term has provided
( < lT

and the like, precisely because it 1* w* w<riy

l*jcrft Pcitrs, 200ft,p 14 ; source* cued in the wgiml omitted here for brevity ) regulation , administration, management
" (Rose, JWh, p 16 ; As mentioned carticr, henrewr,
burdened with conceptual baggage
,

so burdened, hence ’' confusing < Pierre & Petro, 200fl , p. 14 . lopsided use
"
Instead of offering a catch all definition , Pierre and Peters discuss governance in already
,

IT IS
government. “Regulator,
terms tif common kinds ot structures (hierarchic *, markets, networks, communities) and of die term tend to obscure the administrative process of
of governance and
prrxcssLv mitering and coordinating , governance) as analvtic framework {Pierre A Peters
: governance; for example, may be concerned with the wider reaches
,
11

much regard, it any , tut

2000, pp 14-24 ). gloss over the regulation part, and focus on competition without
Oriwrs have ventured Thar cardiiih , such as those quoted hv Hr. Irdivim r »tinu cooperation.J
nnt, p v Governance is the ryxrnstr »f pr>htical, ccrw> imic, and odmimstranvc authorirv
—
.

if * mMtd# 3 nations affair* Governance embraces all of the methods good and EGOVERNMENT
, i‘r u> divtnhute pt /wer and manage public resources and problems,
'
^ ^
tin: I ruted Smurfs Ovvclnipmenr Pnjgrainme fJ *>07 , p. “( tovenunce 1 y thrirmnKtr Idvctronic govemmem ur "c-gov" hti* emerjrcd with thc gn >wing government -lwsc
adupnuti
uvt advocacy of new and nuire «tiphisticitcd uxhnttltJgtcs, pnrtieulady
ownpuirt
,ht Vun Otydupraem Hank (2WW , p 1; observes, "in which power is excreiKed w the
mtotmaiion and communication rechnciltigics (IC1?) . "I - ha> involved thL luSim
«panjjVAffi*nr/ of a country ; « jc »af an*i economic rcviurces for development" (as atcd
10
runng, colleetHig, sti ng.
jttnu 2) SKJ , p . In the y Vi 'nrtd inference on Governance where these
ul«s insiallation and u^e of computer hardware and SH itiwarc for oi ^
01 IUKKIUUUJ:
,

^
*vre iwuvicd . turner President Joseph f strada pointed to " the im+hnm*t * «
eew*
J retnevi trig , arnl analv / mg data from venous sources for puipos^
iofi ttiAkitig, ctairiitiat|
mfunivumn” government processes, thus facilitatingdccis
1

*" * 'U ',J ,r ,n thc of puhlu affair*" » s die distinguishing fe

«tua
-” .
i tn,,,, h , kr 7k irf , I \
* .. .
Vyu „rv ( ,rl rral li « I cihetlc .
, «« ”lhfr ^ttniis at diffcrcm levels and 4 t incrtasmgh distant
kcatltt» " U
irxmrtj;

1 , vcr,un « , . ,
,UI , J , t 0 nfxjrtv, but thr w» v “><*
- " ^,nJiruaiunu, tKin, .irai MmUh / anoti process have made t ptsuW ; c n1

4 1 fix- differ ..prettof

jpd
.' " vmwhm
" g th
tr tr nimunit anon iaulftics and tt » imctcoimect different
1
.
: ft n,
»V P 5 rnlph„„ rihlnb
,T ^
Jups in local and anra - widr networks. ailmire*m,g in die * gl u ^
^
£2*""" *V iht (kkniiul thffrtrnrr, nki rtvutling u «, >l
,

•llx 6.,»,J 7r!'«‘"»"*». » t um, rtigiRt .n «n nimlcil mrgy»<» N** and

y mi 1
r
i
1'
^
it ^ m p*' pwallri ditthcbon
^ J usage* ubtcnttl br Pter^
in
‘i

*
*
hiJf
*
*
* .
yreannim^ ttiraaof the movement
HI hr l \ \ ihf Ufmi rvtjummuchH 10
4 pn
^ raim vrvl WFVKCS P»td"* l*»* ’ 'P
 ADMINISTRATION . GOVERNANCE AMO DEVEtOf >V£ T HI
l 7 iPtRfirtet
1VtS IN PU L C
*' * **On e* Tft aw raw *t>* m f 0
* *
tn improve the gemerattan, sharing. 4 1
K7T# have protfiwcd
. ^

=
,)?
-
1fl
induce collaboration across different l* undoes

-
, pledge , and » *'**»Wvr
^
~
ui * M *** ** * .
effectiv e have they been in *nc countries nd

^rs: ^ sri asa r ~ "'

^„ 5C
--
rum^hftsics So *
' .
an ^ jtum* that ihrtr mnpscfr
anti OTflConuranLs have c
^ -
^
-—
compression and "dw death uf distance," "sp* nf "'M**, ”

==
[lfl
lcrJm time space
&f Spat «
i *'gln:dlue 4 tici 0
'
of pities
A
* crej
" simultaneous globaliration and locili
n of "the information society" And
^ |f
* at
^^
( 'nVeH
fa*

^^ .. rr;s
' :. Sir“:£
0 far greater
, and the ouie «ncs re much tunlwr

., funcm.
!?^
>
,
h hwayfi.' S>me PA theoris concerned wiih inlbnm
ts < * M' rc'
•,fh*, imntv Ji > ««"-d*
1
^
^
J
CU a "infbrra arioc '
* *
spoken uf ihc '‘horiaBmalistanno, "dcterri
* todaliMUon " further flatten!
s as * result ot IO adoption „ *****
,
nt >
Jhi 6« . bwed •>"
, parsed ^
P*«'“
‘lb - *nd
nicl
1
fjob ihai ikil ecplu
wb,,
itk inHipeatxilK^
*
- ,)
drtciiOTlwAnufi ol governmenr structure .

Ctomp 2004, pp- 325 326). - " **

* *:
’. pTiJ r
’ ,
tlc

rslf cogencies
of government p < . >

ments mcctconnecrnniy and mempcwlritv 4„,

^
A growing number of governments have therein enduisuuically emhiw^i
: ** 'Vithrn Western governsharing ,

turns out m be vers- Wd to rwh e, r * p« ^,.*

pjv ' designs and committed jirc
r .it amounts of resources to them The Busing
, !? ^ „s ,n gs: inforowtitiil
. 3 ^ be ^
.due to the sensitive AnicIVr** , hu nus
/
'
irT

racv^„
'
Reengineering (BPR ) model may have been partly responsible fur %uch zeal because BP s inclined to
emphashtes the adoption of hi- iech devices to effect transformation m private and
* Hade, or to the high
costs of lata scr devdopmeni LnUrrtm an
(

and intergovernmental collibncanw^ and t «

& iru
-fi

effecaj
^ ^Snicaland .
* fot mrra - and imerugenci
otgudzuions. like other reform models, e -gov also offers enhanced cost- urnitil
and resource saving*. K -gov likewise addresses sortie
of the goals of NPM, rdnvemiutj mu*tarmaht >n within and ac-mss Isoundarirs. But miejjm .3ri QU» for odial
orgunizariotiAl changes in processes and ltcha\ :otvThus.iLuhilc itmed wufc
and gpremwice, particularly freer access to government information, online tranucbfm , vanced IT in the world, they are finding the task [>n infM rnwgran " ^
with agencies, and Otherwise tetter public service delivery; In other ways, however, t n
—
has gone in directions opposite to those uf NPM’ notably in working toward the rt -
^ ^
'aoeedutdr thfficult, leading tn serious prtjhlcms, tpiick diMctcgnbotv or uutnght tiulute
Pardo & hang, 2007 pp
, . 00-101 ).
intcgrattun of government agencies (Dunleavy et al
, 2005. p 15).
Beyond, some adherent* have mvitinml more meaningful cibien paruripathn with Vci, the development and use
'til K.Ts m both advanced and ci. ntncj HIM:
^
M fa enough to
create significant social problem ?,. As a result of the already wide hut
"tdenuGeV revising Athenian -stale town meetings and dreams of direct democracy rxi
4

even) distribution oflCT re-vmrets like personal computers,

.
wLitkr scales. Howem; like earlier inventions K7Js and e-gov have promised much mote sail far front ubiquitous and
, "digital divides" have kwnied Urge Ween dmtr
than they can aenuliy delrvet Successes like Singapore have been exceptional. Comprehensive cellphones , and thrir infrastructure '
high costs, those who cm and dw*c who can t
whn can and those who can t afford their
'
-
assrfsmcm.s of e gov projects report great costs , high rates of failure
, aral significant
lewn m use them, and those who love
and those who hate modem technologies for ihdi
•vbfirceumings. Advance have been recorded tn achieving immediate objectives of pubhc 4
o»y promises and potent dangers*
information and service deliver); but even the accessibility of online data, interactive to invest m e gw dreams This way be
patchy il Despite such setbacks, governments conamic
cninmu ? mjci ' ‘n. and transacunnal public’government relations have been and donors, to ignorance amuny
due partly to aggressive marketing by ICT vendors
tmprtncd at all "Tdcdcmticracy" remains a distant dream. Some governments likcthuse e power m &&&>* ) &
vcndcc.di c5, and also to persisting faith in the transformativ
’

of China and Singapore have teen able to control political uses of the Web duruptnt impact, iigu
Sumc authors have serious doubts about such divisive or
fht % poor performance record h« been traced to various causes, particularly tutlw tht use of ICTs has lender! to reinforce rather than transform
existing powci structure*
pecutiar features of government;
vi't
.
N 2000) Yet the digital divide problemandsugges ts that new ptW
use of IClk and others
' krtuwn iju about c -governance 1 rutin ices is high failure rate Iwih in leni ' *meai » w»ultof the extensive develo pment
- t >ne group believes that "the digital era is now the must gciKTal.fiervasn
and ti jjie Several rnum ^ hav e tern adduced tar ihi * High rate of tiuuro

^
c,
drylo fman
including die lurterto limited view rjf 1 gi nemanre iruualives so ponunly techi> «ogi us
k

- fii pubbe
iwinMtmmi and gorcnunce ,
.
l o- ud. f Jfaf inuum err nrglceiot ojkrfu Jdrt > c xprt ration* amt pegteef of iht ri«
'

llirce of riirv aspects arc

i «rf

pccilicliy «
n«
dtmnetivc influence < > n how governance arrangements are
frtrieny et al., 2005, p, 12).
changiiui ifl 1

10 neriiniait bsVi . the mle ofl w normative aspect; and ihf special vgnilic*
d >i^KjanrMr t
* 'h shuUa, 2ti«7. p 7)
^
' ' 111
12005). die pcculm itchnKji T*,tK* c
,, u !l -f n J<ncc > jf puUu vcfvufi , „, ihjnpn); Uw / nl rc ul |H n' K "
'* ‘
.^ 1
*
a>i ! „
 t 7? f A $ffi£TlVES 1» Rustic ADMINISTRATION. GOVERNANCE- UNO DtVUQPMtm
*
DIGITAL ERA GOVERNANCE VS. NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
T JftDtf M TO P
* "* « ***» ,0
"
„ Gowniiou ,..
HI VI a

"
. ..
K r » 11 it* problems, r |i v has l«cn viewed as hav n( pcrvjde 1 Jt k
Wcacrn rountries. The IT scholars led br Profaw 1‘utnck l)
... . .
unkall , lt *E lc
Bo*

-
W1W1«
* Component! ol Digmi t

"« KW^tMno « ,
*«
r

*
School lit F.o tfJcrmtes and Political Scicnct.-, who pronourKxd \ PM
. > • US S
* £, wcur 1V t * *(1amfllgamiiiwn .
I " " “ " " *" ** r» JMWs ir

^ “*»Qun
'

"
^ . *
T;.ri C tnvenuiicc" Wh.G ) w iis fluccc wir
pnrckimcJ
lliortHighgoing review; NPM had increased tttstjtutinrul ptul p, »hCy
* \ n\ " „ cenutJ gnasm ol 11 inAaiwsi. cOH-squKang fhtovjt
lr '
“JL mN«h <r-uw HcpsloiWi HWOtuWec ol MCY UMllm
*.
’ ^ “
»rwrt»«m.MB aw * ,W
^„ * .
r -

complcshv and thus impaired cirizensT abiiip TO solve social proMcm . ,

ioonlricrt «. ***•" ^ « ltprKttBnm
' ,
In (

.
counteracted bv Dl Xi ”a whole complex of changes, which have IT* 1 , 1 W‘
SI * «« ,
^TakThU^* ^^
creJII
**
W lrom ° " ol I MOn !

, .,
handling changes at their center , but which spread much more widely and
and
^
*
* -(
oiucr 3C«s | OunMwel
f 2«» W - 15 17).
b
IWHs-MWtf WHSW » '
. , ,
mativ more dimensions simultaneouslv than was the case with prtw- * " IhO OUflOQomg attampl to (Mum m I
uius IT irf| * * «m
(

process management ond loivofd a genuinely cnBan-bftnt. seOruv -

_
^
The diffeitnce in the post NPM era is the growth of Internet, e-mail, ami ' ' thegener '
iHsfti
Ousinoso " (P 7i This mem ramonas r«mgn«i n t
of IT systems from only affecting back -office processes tt> conditiomng
in I^riaton ol oromiamn
' » ^ttws ^I1( iM
olooe- sennet
vra« the whole terms of ndarions hceween government agencies and civil
cial., 2005, p. 123-
sodety" iDunl v-,
^
ctwigroup InsteadotiusmessprOtttttt venous to
,
itop

•1S once' into nulion-seeking metnsnisms!o eacilrtate a holaiic me nt pnplt's needs mi WJt ^
i *
Slj nificanL shifts have already been instigated L« iniernfll and external collected date instead ol aslanp them fepeafiMUy for (h< sains jgta a$ m ih( NPM » *
^
networiis, decironic services for different cliem firouj , dccirooic procurcrm-nt,
eommimkarirm ol
sailed administrative systems. date
' warehousing la mate case das
'

&& v
^ “ and ffr ,
paper based electronic recon I keeping a tipping pi int in organizadtmal devvCi0ptIlcn^[
" security fields ; end-lo end
" reengmearing of prwssses across agenc fcoundaiw to «oi«sh«m savin
- to - , )

from Weber bureaucracy as "know ledge of the [paper ] Hlei" “Full digital agency stxtu$
1
swiivery, promotion ol agility in government pioussu by *
quattenlnfl b« afl&impto»undent

i
* response strategy ipp 17 -19) *
ts pjieniialh' achievable by many government agencies in advanced states
, especially it the K g ) acuity and emergency
central or fedcnl government ncr and in regulatory areas, but of course less so for Digitisation changes include cHecdonic SSTYICB dfruvftry instead ol paper -Msed prates i«.g . w
delivery agencies *' [Dunkavy et al,, 2005, p ] 3). UK's pledge to put oenlral and local services 100% online) oenlialted IT pracinemem. ‘roe ifmu
*
lechnotogy ^ {no human intervention needed in, say. London s system ter road caimeRiw efiarpw
'

i
Instead of having direct effects tin policy outcomes, the Dunleavy gn ^up notes, “IT
changes [in government] work through indirectly in several different ways ” ScWHid "radical dtsmtermedialion {eg., Web-based smartcard raa and bits fetet xquteftQn); tnartn
ag nusttkinaJ and organrzanonal culmrc changes in government agencies there have been streaming' of people to use Electron : channels through mpentwes or through legal campalsw.
*
^ *
information and behavioral changes in civil society, including shifts in social informiuon-
*
lacititating jsociatic [sell -1 administration and co-production' among a&zttts or businesses in.
promoting "quasi-voluntary and sell-direcied compiiante unth government le.g , gaibage sepsnryoir
'
hindbng ptterru and norms in informing and involving consumers in corporate rclocm
’
ForticulaTly influential for government have been the disintermediation chaltgC afiecang betono collechon)-. and “open‘book’ instead nt 'dosed tiles’ gcuffnmafll to altow Cfteens to see Oiw
the most cognate or similar private 'xttor service industries, such as hanking, insurance,
* wn medtcai files or to manager inert ewi tan account ipp. 2 D 21). -
cumpanuur *pcciaJiMsT travci firms, and even electronic merclundheiV (Durtoy ctal
.
2005 pp li-13, 219,

... . *
.. Nhortcociungts experienced h\ some of the Dl.Ci measures , such as the b'r

^
-
f
fhe impact of 1)1 ,< , practices is Men tn Dimlon
y « »1. (3CWI5J u «lcr
,
1 fc - Lnic|p' ti<'jn—" »mjni;l »ck
involved in dtsintcrincdiauon schemes (pp 20-21).
-
psxul prtiipeets for) the UK 100“ online promise, and the misnutto
>
f many the Je uro*Mh» Nl 51
KptuaioJ i 7ut mm dracutr c < rfpfjralt hitraichio, iiHVwdmg oni Cto/ t 114
Inconcluskm, these author ?, remind the rcatlet? diat DtCtpxwcssesat « * *
« nnauc
-
P»riu ”
^
-
uihcr <MI - N.IL IV « Tr ir dv burden 4 »t
*
**
integralmgpublic wf vice v innJ ti
** c
“bw*» ,Pfcdicdon may "partly misfire" the otic »1
Dl A Lisuccctvlmg NPM, tho ALIIJW that jJiem^uvc scenarios
' wihinatuni
2 \re4t luted huliurw "rcfoRm
trdi m wmplih and change the . rim
rdafMinRhtp U iween Jt rravo and their tbenis fby) creating brget ai l
*

^ * ' ^
nic urc
“digital NPM " aral parallel implementationoi

“:r ^ Nonetheless, they clsiim tint their viewgenuinelv

is untyx
coni cling

,**
pM 10iJ pi-Li

^
^
mo anpjwun bioci”
^
S l >iguo#HMri diafuiev
ckttnjnH riurtndt hong
"
iiraraituxi toiulh viljptiiJ upcrtU* *’ lm*ra Mt
* ^
rjdu than temporary myiMiion tti *'i more
J emmciuf*
^ that enables etrizem to develtT autotronunuv
integnt
cafM
, holbac
«ici*l ^
. tartUWtaMl butmeo
tetn 11 wipple ' " Ur . „
hey IKIHIIU j nunrh tranOnrmafivc “
(
^ **** *** (Punkarvy ct al., 2005. \y. 22- 23) - Mk wtt ** «*
* » * *
w PA,Diili
.
suggests that w hile technological
limns 111
N* IV I fnt vimt na|hi (anfr-kceti*
l unl »*v \ ri al t2 oyctmifurfirni tneasurri under the^c ihenw ' ruvvof ancMs mg regime, it cuuWftl« ^ #* »** * ' ( **
J^
,
pariL>l and
* * lllJ<r * (|
-
rnmcgrati «n ap(vrMche* ate tw ** *** _
^^ ^ 1C
giving tisc to n rntntd
ncV 1
- mJv hnd^
. ^
1
ccaualtMUitfi ,ir M. otraliraiujn subversive,
" '
W «,
-*
ctrks m s arununs ol 4 lnuru»t«in e nwnu* P1
»* *
.* p«« hcNFM „ . .
. . ** * Jii*
. (
|4) ** » mrttuvx yjphat Duniraw el tl (2W »5) refer u> ** ^
^ h V « tw» y
r y»u »U ihn pcrdi 1
^ ^ ^nuncmahry " fp. 21) ,
174 KFSM«MS
IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION GOVERNANCE AND DfVUORMf ,* *wnttiv "•ww ** ,,
>
* * ., - in
Mt Rl

G 0 YERNMENTAL1 TY
hmtn rm preliminary jmini of view, “gmxmmcmality" wxndd vce [n u h, ** timK. •" *,
* il” a
* ,
h P* ,l *h * > l pt'Tfc.
„ _
"«w ««« 1
*. oruU , *
thJ * - ‘4
p
” ’ '- "
U F ** T"*c*\
, and the state in adifferem bghi

^ ‘ tot rrf »»"°

l
to look PA , gmxmmcnt , >v „
^
-
mvujn
« nd hcwfu iilk omwttd
Ubekv Bunt mat also suggest .
some pftilotind transitions m the count >| wt« muiiullv
social hisionan and phik sopi
^todcS • ^ZL pinlv
rf
r >ht »«»"1! t 1» nwM'W
" ' ' ' '*T» u*
_
--
m
h w « corned by Michel Foucault, a .*th »pc«* hl5MlWft
its mam d cln-es, and its
"
^
of the modern STUIC in the West* with emphasis tin its rationalities' and
forms of knowledge and Study mt ( hr ,ds "analv
-bT^^
• L
«» J(
P*®"*"! p 'n <, T1** “ivutwJ the *wkm J f * *
-lK ,^ >W
^ >£
T*« «lh* * » ** *' «**» P^camt.^
^ p°*rr
r r rh n «
krHiwIedgc ’l
By girt-emmcntalitv, r atcauli ( I 978 / 1991 b meant thret- thing* f 1 r!trj
^ > level of the state (“political cam my”)
diat . over a long petitxl atid throughout rhe West* steadily led inwards ^ ** fTrelited
lv to the
,
.

jpsl -si'lft wa* tht °,, ***&*> *f jtuvenuncm f „,m 'rrnt:irt iti
tacucs rhai allow the exercise of tliit very specific alixti complex form ( lf
inJ
biM .
'
- .
E«a» kc 1^ ^ fm" r> wen
‘

“Pn' >« ^ «*< , « ,

^Ljubit*amv resource*^. and other feature wm only wewdart VTObkl* *
^ T 1
govemnient ;, which has as its targetpapulmm as its pnnopal form of knowfe * , ^
,

«ow*ty, and as its essential means appetefttiefi if rrovr?/). Secondly, he meant rhe [ ,'
'
social veil berag and everything els* aW * furadirtniV ^^
tendency leading to die preeminence of government t > ver ill other forms of * *" " territory and us or her attributes became the rwiiHct Aert^dm hl
" sovereigntv, discipline , etc/') resulting in the formation iif a xerics of

apparatuses and the devdopmem of a whole complex of samm [knowledges].’'

**
gfjvcrJ
^ ^^
r
pnniar>; and the
ault ( 1978
tbt the problem *
/ 1991 b). the emergence of the problem of population made * *
> f govemmeni to be th< mghi . reflected arid calculated jumde rhe
“
.

-
by govT;rtufieiiifllfty he meant also rhe transformation of the medieval “state of |Urtlcc - uniittal framearark oftechnolog -
sovereignty,” and tor statistics u> become rtit i if the nupKcdriol
y" rather than a icnumin mercantilbt t.jui uwi uniy foe
ink ) **thcadministrative during die fifteenth and sixteenth centimes," and subsequent
into the ' governiTicntalizctf state (pp 1 ( 12- 103) .
(afti »rs of "This new
.

of monarch ical administra

^
tion. The population problem also made it phobic
the benefit *
.

My reading and comprehension of rhe extensive Foucaultlian literature hair been fcjr an art uf government to transcend
ihe family as a mndd ; the family miw betunt oeiiy
" fundamental instrument m its goveTamectp Rpifienird
patchy . Nonctlidcs^ lct me try to extract some PA -rdevant points from governmentdm an element of population and a
now gradually reveals than pupdtttoti hsa in
fiom being a tool of sovereignty. statistics
"
with the help of Riucaulfs intcf|) rt:ler5 as w ell as the master.
etc - namacs
In merging "government^ and "mentality” according to Qegg, Courpassoty, and , wn regularities, its own rate of deaths and diseases, its cycles of scarcity,
Phillips {ZQtitij, Fmcaait was referring to a fusion of new government technologies wiih shoft' 5 also that the domain of population involves a range
of intrinsic, agpegue effeas.
the family*' (p* 99) .
“a new political rationality . .. a specific combi nation of governing techniques and phenomena that are irreducible to Jihe dimension) of
—
TauonalitiLs. typical ol the modern, ncolibcral period" (pp. 235 236). The mentalin parr
fefrn to the prevailing ideas or ideology, guiding state policy and action , such as i]ie
,
The family thus became only a segment , though “a privileged segment
to campaigns to reduce mortality promote marriages
," immimcrm}

, and otherwise promote die welfare

Keynesian welfare Mate anJ Weberian buiraucraQC ethtrt. Certain connections wuh PA of the population.
ibufl conw to mind , One is with the governance concept of a multi - actor aimphs. end «1 povemnwit. h
|P )opulRtinn exiles U > appear abosc all else as tlw utiinuW
foueauitb visum is broader, seeing government as occurring in more domains thf
itulnitluJ self jrul wul , the family , tlic chutch , and ultimately the state. He itelines
— u cm a«»

-
guvemmen as the c ioduct of conduct " of r > nesclf and of others, through tixliit^
means , partiuikrh in lilxfal states but fas* other authors point out) also in atidvxitfn*^
wealth* longevity , health, ere.; ami tlic means that the governmentt; u* l 1 iL
end's ate themselves all in some sense immanent u> riw pupuUmu * , .

V
^ Dean, 1999, chapter 7j.
*

hAicnulrh approach ix aivu rrfTrshmg ( .oncemed with wnung "a history < lf
itxlbm whichgovemmem will act cither dmxtiv rouglitog

«twi6*\ «t (Foucsnilt, PJ 7 K / lWlbp UM1)

*
^ tlx

pmrw; riin ugh hi trefceofagicaJ ami geneah igical

methods, of research and diulvof
,
*
iv' Kvkx a rontxovc for
ahtstorical tTcatmcnis of tlic state, govcrnmeni. and PA.iiyTb litre Iriucault (1978 / 1991 b) points nut that the tntcre « of
^ ati really tract cnm>esgn pn substance , first br tire MaJmjnistrativc > t«tr ' ht pardcuLu interest and aspitjumm L » ( the individuals w n
c ^ ^
devdopment of a notion of giAxmiti^ «
.

^ (

l«lSa and the

fundammwl insmimefJt of (he governmentar
^ pxi' ^^
(, f

MEIII ', m rh< " air ' Hie latter tr* A place when ^
i,Afrt }
^
W*
, /
' .
^ "A‘
p(x Hi2^[ fj3j
'
rnun rhr juridical and ruler centered theory aoJ
p( * r*ew m , or at any Tate of a tangr of absolutely new taiuts

14
^ Mate in the Wesr took a great deM
nu >rc cfto11
S PP ng with the pn iblirms and paradoxes of indu*
^^ ^ tm u*
tt ) fikh

tequu l 1f
*
^
1
*
^*
r ^tfWBent n '
* *"**&$+ u
P

h
7
rD* *
if primary
rhc
* *
t u^rdrrwxleml
and forms of ktv ^ lCl
‘aalvure ro the prince" <

nocrwitjui work (p 7) . Heft the

*
^^
*«
^
*
f

^
f
- «j
P^cuUv tht

47 “* S l,f
" ““
' L ,ncihelcss
^
oy
*
" »
aside
nuscry thill (cojmp W*
well
from
u ^
the ( jw«ia
d
8coalu»
" the new wnensT called
r
p dettatWT
*
^
t» hiA
^^
) «”*s
^
 |M PU 0UC WWtNJSTRAllOW
. GOWRNAUCt AflfQ
WVUOPmtKf
t 7 SPE«SPtcnvtS fHOW M 1 e « *f HI It

JetesLh. deinonuse, « »

-
I lal
.„
f

^ the
ng, arad
^B .

^^
Lie birth imdligiblc
m Otter forms I knowledge tor making so *i S****&'*pta ^ odd new undemandi
wuD
^
"legible " “ .” and therefore actionable ,
'
• *
hKM ,
e«edioCi3lete»di
19,
3002* P
^
included sociology and statistics. Statistic* ^ \ ]
*» actor, utmate ue pan ,
Thoc *»WT
Mithroetic,” which sloped with censuses
and surveys as potent tn * *' ‘
NiV
huW^mmcmal
biv i .. *
rgies. and Kher r«oitfa tlWrjllftJ ,^
.
ll (
rlC* ,
tspcrtiw ^ic
(

‘'calailinons aru!
of sranst es « the ^ .
tactics
s
institutionalized the idea
g
’ Ion
l < >
that
l the
.
Hacking (1990
1

population
)
formation
was
has
of
descried
the
the
the
modern
crcanon of
nation
measure of the |v ^Xr
chapters 3, 4 \\ ich other increasing ly sdetwedst sed tedinohpes, such
^
*r
***
and today’* geographic information systems ICTs have greatjy extended
,

spatial scope of government-

.
—
This devtiopmeot has served to subsranuaie a capacity for ‘'governing at a d
that is claimed to be an important feature of govcmmcnralin / Tht* abihtv pert joT0^
efforts ascribed to libera ] governments to devise strategics, tactics, and techniou '
indirect rather than direct rule to safeguard and maximize the freedom of t h e i r *
or emrens. It would thus comport well with those who would minimize govcnimcfu
^ ^^ MHCLUSIO TOWARD E-OOVEH,HMtHTA
In tiie pn
£ fl |C w
. ]
^ ot35
erode or
, >
overcast
LITYT

the turf
^ ^
sccrionS 1 havC r <rv
of Old PA m
Ln tcl
favor of
PrKSt
dcvclopme
W 3T

m
cnnecpiual chiticr:
Kc^ rtui kiu
admicn -
^^ nrj
.
^-
[ £
managemen t , and governance Rather than tody nominal dTcc
expect it to remain or become effective, armed with the reinvennon modeT* injunctKinir bk policy, public
steer rather than row anti w i t h N P M s and the World bank ’s market - friendly refund
Guvemmenrality would also go well with DEG’s aim for ‘'bocraric" or atttdnofnuv
"self -government" and "self - administration" (DuflJeavy et al . 2005, p 2 l )
However, advances in ICTs and transportation technologies have raised scuifc
r
^ luve had srmie practical consequen
^ placement
of 1PA by
ces for PA as a Gdd nf study, ch n
' policy institutes m &c l
^
the drying up uf IrdWhips jnd nha
*

rejoureed for those 113As rhat remained the rtCOOStitotfon of academic cumcula, jind
>111/ training
,
or reuxjljng for new suh-disaplines. In the Philippines, new y;r ^etnmcrir
$
mstitutes have lumped un
the governance bandwagon by adnpnng 11 as their principal
paradox teal results with respect to the spatial dimension of government. Acctttding 1,5
Michael Hechter (2000), paemodeni states (including empires) “ were not governing imiu name. Ve in the NGPAG have been more accommodating to such intrusion *
devdupmtni administration , policy itudics , public esiterptisc, and vtdumary imnagtmcjic
’
at all /’ Without modem transportation and communication technologies, indireci mfe
was imperative for jwnphtrai territories, though some empires opted fur more direct VC 'cLI may we be accommodating because the challenges to P.A hive also served to
broaden and deqien its scope and depth of concerns for development, social |usticc
,
colonial administration ( pp. 2~ - 29), W ith the help of ICTs, direct modes have became
probity, service, and competence. More recently. NCPAG has admitted 1 slice of,
the e
increasingly feasible over w'ldcr spatial anti social distances (Barry, Osborne, A Rose. these
gov mode! tn the form of its Spatial Information Management specialty
I 'W, p T 4). This means tiiat devolution has also become feasible, but in combnutwo shifts in
acCEimmudatiom happen to be in line writh Foucault’s argument ihai the hismncal
with increasing centralization through active relcmoniroring, evaluation, ami control it
the forms and objects of know ledge from sovereignty toward modem gr.n’cmmcnmliu
would mean the expansion of panoptkaJ surveillance as well as arms length discipline have
have been cumulative, not neatly successive, like the hard and soft technologies that
techniques, such as rW* involved m the wurallcd ’audit explosion” and street levels .
to PA
camera * :n the I K fHoggett, 1997, p, 42"; Fewer, 1997). liberalism might then be -
fuelled tHc governmental] ZJ in m and expansion of the state. Lkewisc the challenges
hive converged rather titan move in a dear sequence, with Old FA serv ing as the oanroim
overshadowed by authorttiinan and totalitarian tendencies, , has persisted m practice /
The ^emmeradify approach" las been apjrhctl in various paficy and admint**1*®*
>
Thus far, buwrvef , leading PA scholar have seldom explicitly appreciated »
Kl* held Imhierl Mannctii
*
> is one of the few who finds that this appnraeh *
. '
benchmark / Even that whipping horse, bureaucracy
wewd renewed scholarly attention (Olsw, 2Q05)
,( .
One pntetjf accommrxIatiE >11 dow to hi ime may have been the divwoii IIV
. 11 iuv

^
> and ^
^
-Vt. If , 1, 1
*J * of die greattv rdevancc to the > tudv of public administration lfl
P
1
imo specialties

? *
in N ( !PA< i’s curriculum, research , and extension prvVrim
formally broken down the walls between its curricwbr
1 hT "f wwtitutitiiitljim, network , and governance tbcOTV rise u > the pnsbiem < ^f superficial "forum shupping L
„
"

j
iruorfi , n wnif have ftpilced k t ]Ut( H
>htiw for 4 differentiated vtcw
at rather than bringing akiut real integration . Research has btch
,n ,' '
^
111 nts

sentiment * within governmental tv. Cirtcl

, lf - ^

^^ „
1 C1 h < v crrtirn
’

'
' ** , patwulidy m h*
die 1* Btii (

]! *?* public *JminiMraa< wt

>1
* > tr* vc !* » 11 wen « a los ccmnJiaed nd a tnat*
,,°f h *d*\
^
, HUy i
in t * ^
mvight* ««" ' ^-
^
z i i u N
*** * rematch pnretde * m ubkr
<c o v r realm and the ptwrtieaJ technique* of adtmfl*

N
„ «««** * «**
1
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* ofgovernment, And busine ^e* h^ h« n jJ * ^
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Since one can subscribe to liberal democracy (or rather liberty ani)
the government has apparently sought ro retire OT retreat fmm
governance" seems to be a Rood site for c - governmental study, H « w is
' *
rawing , ^ ^ © JSSBsaasssa
Sfesi ssasaws
^ , ^
regulator}' governance be admkdstrarivdy designed, operated, and managed?
regulation be made enabling rather Mian disabling, as James Q. Wilson f cc
be the difference between the British and American styles (Wilson, 1989^
What role could ICTTs (transportation added ) play in the tdegovcmaoce
country's diverse archipelago? Will they help or hinder
)?
H
observed
of
meaningful (eg,, ‘ aocriac
^

^
'
•ass
^
"taasass.
« »
mmm** *
S ”
ifst
*
“ ~ ~ iw
' JSK 5S:

m mm«o
^css =
s »-
OT, tw«% for who car’s aff ) , . ...
-
; ,,!
„3, . .
*
decentralizanua? Restrain ot reinforce centrifugal tendencies in polity? Result in
direct, if longcr-distance rule father than indirect methods?
An overarching issue is the ctopresencc of sovereign, artful, and scientistic tendenon
mwi u
^ ,
wndwnnd am) use them, or can t coottol thor xcood orda om«s wtl ^ Ji ;

in the Philippine government system and its underlying “life world , ' Will 7

pnnccly priority
for keeping oneself in power trump and continue ro triumph over governmental concctni 7 ‘. . the «timenrality
. .
Sterttwr wc* a key chananvtic ot m xkTnB A’tfmmcfl, to‘ictl6t]1I 1
^

for population and social well being, now that rulers can rule over greater distances, from
farther, more transcendent locations, thanks to ICTTs?1'
,

^
dwo«c' HI both a geographical sense meaning
icnse. meaning that government
, the goretning of duom femtan, and a cnoMnuasai
is accomplished ‘through the activities aid calculations of a
philanthropists, doctors, hvgtemm manuren’
Will liberal democracy proliferation of independent agents' including Millet, 1992, p, \80f (Colcbaa£, 20H2. p. 427
succumb, again , to juithonttiucism, leaving a vestigial planners, patents ami social worker? (Rose &
democracy without the lilicity? How can the practice of freedom save the space tlur * d our doctoral program trnrard development
, ( afltoaq< propOld
*
^
t In line
legal -constitutionaJ guarantee and institutions of freedom mav not be able to conserve,
*
« PoucauJt doubts (Gordon, 1991 p, 47)? . 9 Stephen P. Osborne considers NPM a pawing stage and proposes yet another “NewwJuiwn
bncl essay . considers , that the NPM lus actually been a tmratory stage in tW
" rubnc Thu
tiw
Cjovcmnumtaliry is also concerned with ‘"regimes of truth '' issues and p&bmn ( mith- ,p 3
rehingj (Nmrak, 2006, pp. 25-2h) . These issues brewing around o big t'gpv project dec! fTaiiiuonal PA to whai is here called the New Public Governance fNPG " (Osborne*2000
h jMytfkwf tor
.
kilt the / Tl NBN probably mtivt also in die lower
precincts of l >\. Wliat other «5 ^
lOlXjnlravy ct al . (2005) would basically argue for the * ucccssii.m version, thnu
dtenutive tinjectnncs lo digital era g« n cmancc , ( tn ihc erthtr hind ^.
, there arc aumoowhowflojer

ife pjv aiuld be lashed onto bureaucracy O.c c burtwacticy’ ; boiddlk, 2fl!r)
- ^-
nd oh ; of bought and practice should everyone engage to set through the
^ ects (
^ '
c rutiled by coniendtng political ,
social , and media constructions of reality ? ^ -
l hiucault him wit wrote little dirrcilv abiUt ICT,W Profess t Uslic ili’ocks of the lanttloci
Svt J of hxonomie and Political Science uaitcs, "and indeed titde alv >ut icclwn
^ 1c *
JI
H0TES lur
^ '
*
h < JUgh he reengmaed that the icehndogies he wa* interned ®JMwrac
pk the arc hi ice lure of pnvms , schools, tiic citric . However , he
««
tn jch *bou
'
. .
vpum,m A thr „ 4I NU, U„, , ^
I'tnccdurc*, icchrm ucs , pmecMcs. and behavioral / disapUntty icchmilope '. « J
IVTT Philippine Publu Umrnyaa*
^ ,,,
E , « n this
"
^
vonico > nt tht cxanuiuuan, prison rchahUtadon icpiiws ai«l
liH uy Vi ikock saiv that the neglect of Poucauli
'

*
CV P'ALk «d '‘ unh adaptable schemes than other
'
"teehtiokigies
ttuay
» '
WJKI *
°
. fWaidi
^
^^
. *
*R
W much richer than
^hiv 1, Vy and Weberian ratmnah /arW' iWiU:ocks
this ," given his a^m with
^
the\ot ti
#

. VST
1 ha t >
* ‘^^ ^ • hrtpesimegamacer^ mmarenals ^*****
. md k ,
**? *" 'ffl
1
5
*W
" “
p 5
*HHW
fr

*| U
. ^;^
* ^Umcr mlkccp
v
^^
&
Aibeft Himhman (1
*
|JH *
•+**M - mmi 7y 1*
^ ^ of drvd, pvnr be kepr *K «n
•had pie« t»rf advice (p I).
kved* r

N
 , ,
I DMlWS T 0M GOvfA« Cf *W DEVELOPMENT
( ROM PA TO PM HI VI
"
-
: A
'* *
~~ * ~ - . * _ ^^
CT VfS( WBL
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(W L) 1,« «

‘ -
REFERENCES *!t
Tht
». "" rf W W, U (
Xa (1 7>
"
2-^21. Palr > Aliu Cjdifom »: Mavtidd Pxibk
t t;« Uo
*“ v?rt ISSiJnJSjr' 1
Bam . A,Osborne T., & Rose, N
. ( IWA) , Innevducrion. In \ . HaTrx
. i n x.

^ rrT**n,/

----
dt
mversus Coilejte ot Oindon Press.
1

Lrjndon 1
ft
Public .Administration.
rs
^ i hi m
i c (2002). TJx Ufftin
Uimiatv Press.
^
tb * f ufHmtimr C aUr*# * th*
” 4 !)&m. Oxf«d:
^- ^Ar ?
,
•
I i Jr (2ft03a). Public dmimaaatiotimihc wcnty fimce
tmirv A fc . Mtm*,
* -
^ . - ^-
^ **63(5) 63l &
2 > PKm

22, 265-274.
.- -
Onddb A. (2007). F gmemment:Tmtfwdsthc c burcanaritk: hitmP aRmfcj/s/ ( rthmafnrnTwimi

Corpua . O D ( I 986j- Is there a Philippine public addMoastraikin? Milippim JOKT**!

. Ummtiraifott, /0(4) >68 374.
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^ ^ ^£ -cm ^
1 yixn
Ln
\
£
.1
&
E.
uS£
^ ^
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t
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**
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^
^
_ tt . 2006). Engaging panrhe su in a democracy. Malcolm X as * tradi idler. W^ n
v ( uak O,
( .wnrMittfUttffHJoMntal
' 7f (l) » 25—43.
lieT .
i Sen * Mnry W putfcptf # Paper
' read a the I .Rt >PA St? < icncral
R. B - ( 1 W 5, Scptem *
Dean, M. ' IW ). Gttmmtvtolity. London:SAGE Publications Lrd. Ocamp o,
AsscmWy and Conference Tokyi*Japan. . :Comparative pointers tbr
De t MI /man, R, P. ( im;. Is ilicrc a Philippine Public Adniinisrminr? Mt&pflwt W #^' at making and admiwstnm c reforms in3( anan
yicamptK R . H. (2000). Policy arnm , 44 -4 ), 165 192 -
Admidnlm 30(4), 37 38! . PMippmt journal of Pttkik \dmmih
^ die Philippines
Dunlcavx, P,, Marins, H., Basirju,.S, & Tinkler| , (2fJ05). New public iTunajtcmcnt is dcatMmu!
Inc di raJ cra tfovcmixicc- )ottr*alttf Vubitc Administration RtuanhuHi/ Jfaery (Advance Aett**.
^ -
Ocai Mi R. H. (2003a). Models1of publicQ
^V A. hautiMa, M L l . AI filer,
admin strain Lti rtlmm: New public
R. Rexes, & P. D. Tapdc
management - N PM i In
* Kik), taradtriKot u PaM
; .
S Scpiemljef 2005j, 1-28. Also avulabJc at hnp:// gj*ft-O*fofdjt>um»is rig/c00Knt/ 14/ 3) . . litmiaisiHtaaii in tbtPbihppmst
^
“ ' NatwnulC< 4kifc
A rm r (2nd ctL, pp 14 -156 .Quezon City Reprinted from
sity ol the Philippines
'
46“ absuact ot Public Administration ami Governance, Univer
1 wcauft M lEtics and ihr study of discnuR*. in U fturchcU , f .. Gordon, 6t P Wkt -Injw Rttw o/ Pnbki Admxntraho*, H\ 248 235) -
,4
^, y In a fturchell, C Gordon, & P. Miller (1 iki Tin 1^*
1 .
, »
Miller D, R. fceves, & P 1) Tapalcs (Edx), Pvha > HU MITTRA
. Repn nicd
* studies In V A. Riunsta
tkMittm, R. H. (2003b), The nature and the need for pulicymakmi mth Pkhfftmr .-I njdtn 2nd
NON
faun
.M t -
.
ct*fa .
f ', /vcrTUm
^- rd .^ Pfv 227- 236;! Quezon IT N PAG
Cnvt (
WJSLMtilGWlb t

< bK*«K 1V 1 ,uv, v "f

m- : . —
1978 pp, 1 IQ, Quezon C’.iey: Omversitv of the Philippines
C t7' *
“"* 1 ltani N R & (2003c) Toward a philosophy of public management education
.
)

-
. In 3. 3 Bautnumm,M

*lnunj -.iK.ul V 2 V
'
,
J
^ reuweniinK ittArrutiKiii IIUMTHICIII with (he r*« ^ . . -
(* Alfilcr U R. Rexes & P l ). Tables (E*k),: \hu
Pte}H*mr I rudtr n\ ctUppx 26 3T). QoeawtCjn atxituiCtO
+am* W*PuHic
lcReof
.
Vbntmsoamin
Jam* *> **'*
.^
and Cwxcrrurwc Imvctsits x «f the Philippines- (Reprinted front
Pf ,26 2^ 1 -
lLMnpn, R . n (21HM). Spatial tlimcivsium of puWtc atlntinistratHMi Phiffi* **
f ^
MM Madwut Urtnewm cif 'MX * " * . -
; # 4 (4) 321 337
ftcL 1 1
"* " « *H*MTHMAL
'“
% rcMrh1r
t>irtiiUcwdu. ft 1 (
J ora dax
CM« k ex f . Iv t ;

,uwi 3«
IWfci OK future of Pubixe )numvtrai»iin. l -nd rf

lak . !k I tmami
ot t huafn Pre
*
*
* dawtut ;' Raku UawrtAA4A« « Kr i«x
* * I V> 14
^ CmtcrnmriK raiMMubn AJX mondocttiai In t Hun hd|'
Inubo *•fmriMnrtak} elufarr l . RP
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l tv*< P
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^ i’f* « lif - v M