CARMEL CONVENT SCHOOL

CLASS X – COMPUTER NOTES TERM1 (2022-23)

Emerging Trends
The field of Technology is ever changing. To keep pace with these technologies we need to update
ourselves with the latest trends like Blockchain Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Cloud
computing, Robotics to name a few. So here are some emerging trends in the field of technology
which are and will continue to impact how we learn, work and live.
Artificial Intelligence
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving,learning,
problem solving and decision making. Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and
applications and is expected to impact every field in the future. Overall, its core idea is building
machines and algorithms which are capable of performing computational tasks that would
otherwise require human like brain functions.

Major examples of AI are:

Machine Learning
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI). It focuses on providingsystems
which enable the computer to automatically learn and improve from experience without being
explicitly programmed.
It is based on powerful algorithms that can access data and use it learn for themselves.Machine
learning is used in many areas of our everyday life such as internet search engines, email filters to
sort out spam, websites to make personalized recommendations, banking software etc.
Natural Language Processors
NLP is a branch of AI that facilitates the language interaction between humans and computers
using natural languages such as English.
We can say that NLP is a technology that is used to aid computers to understand the human’s
natural language. It is embedded into numerous applications we use today. Spell check and the
appearance of the next probable word as we type a sentence are examples of NLP.

Immersive Experiences
An “immersive experience” refers to the illusionary environment made possible through
technology enhancing everyday life by making it more engaging or satisfying. These experiences
can be achieved through Augmented Reality(AR), Virtual Reality(VR) or Mixed Reality(MR)
VR
With VR, a user is completely shut out from the rest of the world while beingsurrounded by
content. Using a VR device, users experience being transported into realand imagined worlds as if
they are really there. Examples include Google cardboard or the VR device for Windows.
AR
In Augmented Reality (AR) digital images are presented on top of the real world. Theuser is not
transported in to any imaginary world rather there is an extension which is implemented through
a smartphone or a similar device. A great example of AR is Snapchat Filters. With Snapchat
Filters you can overlay digital images of a puppy, cat, movie star, etc. onto your face. Another
familiar example is Pokemon Go where users can walk around their neighborhood with their
mobile phones and find Pokemonthat are overlaid on the environment around the user.
In fact nowadays large retail outlets are offering the AR experience by allowing customers to try
on objects from spectacles to placing images of furniture in their houseto see how it all looks.

MR
Mixed Reality combines elements of both VR and AR to create an expeience where theuser can
view and interact with imaginary virtual objects in real space. An example would be Microsoft’s
HoloLens.
Robotics
Robotics is a branch of AI, which combines interdisciplinary concepts of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and application of
robots.
The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and assist humans in their day-
to-day lives and keep everyone safe.
Robots are being used in industries, medical science, education, scientific research, military, etc.
Some examples of Robots are:
Humanoids: eg Sophia
Drones eg. For amazon
Military and emergency response robots eg. Mars Rover
Medical robots eg, used in surgery
Big Data
The phrase "big data" is used to describe large amounts of data that the internet is flooded with. It
a phrase used to mean a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data that is difficult
to process using traditional database and software techniques.

Significance

Big Data has the potential to help companies improve operations and make faster, moreintelligent
decisions. The data is collected from a number of sources including emails, mobile devices,
applications, databases, servers and other means. This data, when captured, formatted,
manipulated, stored and then analyzed, can help a company to gain useful insight to increase
revenues, get or retain customers and improve operations.

Figure 8 Illustration of Big Data

Examples

Examples of big data include the Google search index, the database of Facebook userprofiles,
and Amazon.com's product list etc.

Internet of Things(IoT)

The Internet of Things is simply "A network of Internet connected objects able tocollect and
exchange data." It is commonly abbreviated as IoT.

The word "Internet of Things" has two main parts; Internet being the backbone ofconnectivity,
and Things meaning objects / devices .

In a simple way to put it, there are "things(devices)" that sense and collect data and send it to the
internet. Technically, with internet, you can control your devices from any part of the world as
long as both the device and your mobile are connected usingthe "Internet".
Examples of objects that can fall into the scope of Internet of Things include connected
security systems, thermostats, cars, electronic appliances, lights in household and commercial
environments, alarm clocks, speaker systems, vendingmachines and more.

Sensors

A sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or

changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer
processor. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure,
humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which canbe measured electrically

There are various types of sensors: Magnetic or Radio sensors, Humidity sensor, Fluidvelocity or
Flow sensors, Pressure sensors, Thermal or Heat or Temperature sensors,Proximity sensors,
Optical sensors, Position sensors etc.
Smart Cities

A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of things (IoT)
sensors to collect data and then use insights gained from that data to
manage assets, resources and services efficiently. It integrates technology and devices connected
to the Internet to optimize the optimize the efficiency of city operations andservices and connect
to citizens.

In addition to this ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity ofurban
services, which in turn help to reduce costs and resource consumption.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data
storage and computing power, without direct active management by theuser. Data is not stored on
the PC in this case. It is available and accessible across devices.
Blockchain Technology
Blockchain Technology refers to the record keeping technology used to hold transactional records
while ensuring security, transparency, and decentralization. The “block” and “chain” in this
context, refer to digital information (the “block”) stored in a public database (the “chain”).

“Blocks” on the blockchain are made up of digital pieces of information. These are basically
transactions like a purchase transaction from an e-commerce website. Each transaction on a
blockchain is secured with a digital signature that proves its authenticity. Due to the use of
encryption and digital signatures, the data stored on theblockchain is tamper-proof and cannot be
changed. An Example of blockchain technology is cryptocurrency.

Other areas where blockchain technology is used or is in the process of deployment arebanking,
healthcare, voting, supply chain, property record etc.

Emerging Trends (Question and Answers)

Refer to the notes given on Emerging trends and answer the following:

1. Give the correct terms for the following definitions:

1. Computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, available and
accessible across devices.
2. The ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning,
problem solving and decision making.
3. A technology that is used to aid computers to understand the human’s natural
language.
4. Devices where the user is gets an immersive experience which is an extension of his
own implemented through a smartphone or a similar device.
5. A network of Internet connected objects able to collect and exchange data.
6. A Device or machine whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment
and send the information a computer processor.
 7. Devices which transport users into an imaginary world, as if they are really there.
8. Systems which enable the computer to automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly programmed.
9. Massive volume of both structured and unstructured data on the Internet
10.A technology to design intelligent machines that can help and assist humans in their
day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe
11.Integrates technology and devices connected to the Internet to optimize efficiency of
city operations and connect to citizens.
12.Computer network in which each and every computer's resources are shared with
every other computer in the system making each computer a super computer.
13.Record keeping technology used to hold transactional records while ensuring security,
transparency, and decentralization.

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is AI. Give 3 areas where they are used.

2. When computers learn automatically from past data what kind of learning is this called?
3. Which branch of AI is used in the Spell check feature in word processing?
4. Name three types of Immersive experiences. Give an example of each type
5. What is robotics and where is it used?
6. What are the sources of Big Data and how is this data useful?
7. Give three examples of IoT
8. Name 4 types of sensors and their use.
9. Give 4 features of smart cities
10.Give 2 advantages of cloud computing
11.How does grid computing allow complete sharing of resources.
12.What do you understand by the Block Chain technology?