Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2022)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22AWO-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9634-6

Modelling of Piezoelectric Harvesting System

Harshil R. Patel Prof. Manish Patel
PG Student Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical
UVPCE, Ganpat University UVPCE, Ganpat University
2022 7th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES) | 978-1-6654-9634-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCES54183.2022.9835893

Mehsana, Gujrat, India Mehsana, Gujrat, India

harshilp275@gmail.com msp01@ganpatuniversity.ac.in

Abstract— The development of the idea behind the paper deals Table 1: Material Comparison
with the need of using piezoelectric materials to produce
energy by harvesting it from the vibration or footstep. Characteristics Ceramic Polymer
Nowadays, harvested power from the encircling surroundings (PZT) (PVDF)
performs a vital function in human life. A piezoelectric power
harvesting machine consists of sections: a transducer to Piezoelectricity High Low
transform ability power to electric power and an electrical Dielectric High Low
interface to control this power. Piezoelectric substances may be constant (1180) (10-15)
used to transform oscillatory mechanical power into electric
power. This technology, collectively with modern mechanical Flexibility Stiff Flexible
coupling designs, can shape the premise for harvesting power Strain Constant 110 ,
from mechanical movement. Piezoelectric power may be
harvested to transform on-vibration movement from the
human frame into electric energy.
Stress Constant
, 16,
Keywords— Piezoelectric Material, Harvesting Power,
Electrical Interface, Mechanical Coupling

I. INT RODUCT ION Output voltage 1v 0.5 v

In 1880, French scientists Jacques and Pierre Curie - Density High Low
who were regarded to be brothers -, found an uncommon (7.5) (1.78)
function of sure crystalline minerals: while exposed to a Electromechanical K = 30 K = 12
mechanical force, the piezoelectric crystals have become Coupling Factor
electrically separated. Strain and co mpression produced
Relative 1200 12
voltages of contrary polarization, and in share to the Permittivity
implemented energy.
Energy harvesting is a technique wherein unique assets of
power are used to encapsulate a bit quantity of power fro m B. Effect of piezoelectric Material
the atmosphere. Such harvester circu itry may be used as a Piezoelectric is a type of converter this is used to
battery recharger in numerous environments consisting of transform mechanical strength into electric strength. The
industries, houses, the military, and wearable devices [1- 2]. electric-powered fee is produced through the piezoelectric on
its floor whilst an outside pressure is carried out to it and
II. PIEZOELECT RIC M AT ERIAL reasons a distortion or whilst its miles laid low with
A. Type of piezoelectric Material mechanical pressure. There are styles of piezoelectric effects.
Piezoelectric cloth descends from the own circle of
relatives of ferroelectric substances which might be quartzes
that are outstanding through the polarity while not consuming
an imp lemented electric powered field [2]. The piezoelectric
impact may be very in not unusual place in piezoceramics
consisting of PbTiO3, PbZrO3, PVDF, and PZT. PZT (Lead
Zirconate Titanate) is the maximu m well-known cloth
withinside the ironstone piezoelectric type. It is higher than
PVDF due to its piezoelectric factor that's decade cases better
than PVDF. Belo w th is, the tab le illustrates th e
comparison between piezoelectric materials [1].
The initial one is identified as the direct piezoelectric
impact that's the degeneration of the brought-on fee
polarization whilst the carried-out pressure course is
reversed. This impact offers the piezoelectric the gain of
producing energy and getting used as a sensor. The

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 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2022)
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piezoelectric impact that dimensions’ modifications came configured for collection operation, that's typically utilized in
about due to floor deformation whilst an electric-powered maximu m applications [2] [3] [7].
area is carried out to it.
D. Loadinging modes
This impact permits it for used as an actuator. Whereat
the ordinary state (without outside pressure carried out) the
voltage is zero [1]. But wh ilst an xiety or co mpression is
carried out the voltage generated by direct piezoelectric impact
is proven in Fig. 1.
Piezoelectric factors can satisfy the strength
requirement starting from a totally small cost to an excessive
cost. Thus, the focal point has substantially shifted from
producing strength from piezo factors to optimized energy
era fro m the piezo factors. The fundamental trouble with the
piezo detail is that the energy generated isn't always constant,
conversion of electricity is likewise low and the output energy
is load dependent. It has been found that the electricity
conversion of the piezo detail may be superior one hundred
folds with the aid of using giving a nonlinear remedy to the The loading manners are overstated in Figure 5, in which
piezoelectric voltage [1-3]. X, Y, and Z are characterized 1, 2, and 3, correspondingly. In
the 33- approach, the voltage and strain performance
C. Construction of Piezoelectric Element withinside the equal path, and in the 31- approach the voltage
act withinside the 3 directions, even as the mechanical strain
acts withinside the 1 path [2] [4] [7]. For systems with a
square cross-phase and floor area, the pushing path is
symbolized as the ‘31’ and ‘33’ loading mentions to the
gathering of fee at the conductor floor vert ical to the
separation path whilst stretchable mechanical forces are
carried out alongside the separation axis. At what time a cloth
involves ‘31’ loading, the price is accumulated at the
electrode out of doors vertical to the separation path, while
pressure is imp lemented vertical to the axis of polarization.
Meanwhile, the connection thing of the 33- approach is well
than the 31- approach, the 33-approach can achieve better
electricity adaptation [4]. However, for a near to the ground
vibration supply also confined tool size, the 31- approach
Certain substances can increase an electrical price fro m adaptation is extra appropriate for electricity harvesting,
having stress and stress carried out on them. Piezoelectricity because large traces may be formed [2] [7].
denotes back toward the capacity of a few substances to
generate an electric powered ability in reaction to carry out E. Equivalent Circuit
stress such substances are known as piezoelectric elements
[1].
Piezoelectric d iaphragms are used in the harvesters,
which are made of a piezoelectric (PZT), a conductor, and a
steel plate. The conductors stick to each aspect of the
piezoelectric and are connected toward the steel with the aid
of using conductive adhesive as proven in Fig. 2. Dependent
on the split and connecting format ion of the films, there are
electric contacts, collection, and equivalent. Series joining
denotes back to the situation wherein a voltage supply is
needed to boom the output voltage. A layer tool stressed out
for a sequence connection makes use of the most effective The corresponding circuit of the piezoelectric includes
wires (one connected to every door electrode). Parallel the mechanical element also the electric element. The mass,
joining denotes back to the situation wherein the the mechanical stoutness, and the mechanical wounded are
contemporary supply is needed to boom the output characterized by this circuit. A transformer awards the
contemporary [7]. mechanical element to the electric one. This converter adapts
the stress toward the contemporary. The piezoelectric fabric
A layer bending detail stressed out for parallel which correspondence plate capacitance is characterized
connection calls for 2 wires (one connected to every door withinside the electric field. After the harvester is utilized in
electrode and one connected toward the central shim). For its frequency variety to set off the most rate the co mplete
equal motion, a layered detail propelled for parallel process equal circuit will be characterized on the electric aspect as a
requirements the most effective 1/2 of the voltage required circuit this is self-possessed of the alternating modern-day
for the collection procedure. The layers provide the supply related in equivalent with resistor and capacitor. The
possibility to lessen output contemporary via way of means corresponding circuit is the piezoelectric harvester has an
of 1/2 of and to boom output voltage two times whilst actual excessive electric resistor in MΩ and capacitor in nano

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 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22AWO-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9634-6
Farad. The harvester’s resistance may be overlooked because
of its too unnecessary value in MΩ, consequently, powerful
impedance could be capacitive [1] [2] [4] [7].
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM
By means of this work, the electric energy will be gathered
at all arrangements and converted into electric energy which
can be utilized to expand that structure's energy by way of a
backup supply if it is able to meet the requirement.
Basically, piezoelectric plates will be set up below non-
conducting material and will harvest energy from pressure
in the form of v ibrations that can be stored and applied as
required. Figure 5 exp lains the piezoelectric harvesting
system. The p iezoelectric elements remain in their many
procedures and arrangements and are considered to function
in close resonance. Resonance frequency might difference
an occupation of the amount of assets of Piezo materials
existence working. Physical constraints for a part icular
arrangement for essential exis tence may include its size,
shape, density, and other physical characteristics.
Associative electrical loads connected to the piezoelectric
element are attached to electrical associates or coupling
elements in the figure. Whether a co mponent has polarity b y
virtue of being belo w density or being under strain as a
result of force is d ictated by its density. The co mponent's
polarization will be positive if it is exposed to a functional
compressive force and negative if it is exposed to a
functional traction force. The high voltage dc which is out
the put of the piezo bank is stored in the battery. but there is
a converse current passing fro m immerse try to the piezo
bank so due to this opposite current is prohibited busing
bridge the rectifier. Bridge rectifier blocks the converse dc
which is usefully attached to storage age component which
can be a battery or a capacitor. Th is is the perfect examp le
of an on its own p iezo element. Fo r huge scale construction,
the mult iunit piezoelectric arrangement is applied by a
mu ltitude of elements. Additionally, the mass array
arrangement passes the applied force throughout all layers,
which are being fo rmed into piezoelectric elements, so that
the voltage increases. Voltage stabilizer series circuit
arrangement involving mo ments that are electrically
attached at nodes. Node connections are used to input
additional electric charges to the controller. These charged
outputs are stored in single or mult iple electric charge
elements. To conclude, the created, controlled, accustomed,
and stored. Electric control of the structure is existing for
use by an outward electric circu it. The conditioning electric
circuit is rather of quite low impedance to further efficiently
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arrest the produced charge. As per tender inverter is
associated battery. An inverter circuit is talented to translate
DC into AC. It can use AC power for general applicat ions.
An inverter is associated with the battery to provide
establishment to attach AC load. The voltage produced
crossways the inset can be realized in an LCD. PWM
circuits utilize an inverter. During its operation, it converts
DC voltage fro m the battery into AC voltage. Switching a
MOSFET creates pulse trains of 12V that are used to switch
transistors that are arranged in a co mmon emitter
arrangement. An inverter circuit uses MOSFETs. An
inverter circuit contains twenty MOSFETs that are powered
by 12V. When the MOSFETs are switched on by the
outputs of the transistors, two output pulses of 12V are
attained. The pulses remain associated with a step-up
transformer, since its high voltage is adjacent, and it is
attached to the 230V AC supply and therefore to the load
through the inverter.it may be used for charging devices viz
laptop, mobiles, electronic devices , etc.
IV. M AT HEMAT ICALICAL M ODEL
When piezoelectric physical is exposed to strain T if
harvests polarization P, wh ich is an occupation of stress
(direct piezoelectric effect) given equation….
P = dT
In difference, when electric field E is applied across
electrodes of piezo martial, it harvests tension S, which is a
purpose of electric field (inverse piezoelectric effect) given
by……
S = dE
For a dielectric substance, the connection between
electric displacement D and electric field strength E is given
by
D=𝗌E+P
Where,
 = Piezoelectric Permittivity Constant
 P = Material Polarization due to the applied field
Fro m these relationships, with electric field E and strain T
as independent variables, the 2 constitutive piezoelectric
equations are given by,
S = 𝑠𝐸 T + De ……. (1)
D = dT+ E ……. (2)
Where, S is the tension,
T is the pressure
E is the electrical field
D is the electric displacement
𝑠 is the elastic constant electric field d is the piezoelectric
strain coefficient
When the piezoelectric substantial has functioned in 31
modes, the pressure is functional sideways on the x-axis,
while the voltage looks as if on the z-axis. For 31 modes, the
force F substitute on the elements causes an elongation ε in
the x-direction. S= ε/l, T=F/wh, E=Vp/h, q= Dwl, and
67
 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22AWO-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9634-6

I=∂q/∂t, where l is length, w is width and h is the thickness of ̈ …… (7)

the piezo element, q denotes charge
̈+ ̇ ……. (8)
𝑆1 = 𝑠11 𝑇1 + 31 𝐸1 ……. (3)
The Equation. 8 regard ing time may be observed fro m
𝐷1 = 31𝑇 1+ ε11 𝐸31 ……. (4) Equation. 9
The equations are the comportment of the piezoelectric ̈( ) + ̇( ) ( ) ( ) ……. (9)
component are pulled out from the fundamental equations of
piezoelectricity giving to equations 3 & 4. In the Laplace ̈( ) + ̇( ) ( ) ( ) ……. (10)
domain, the relation that binds the output voltage Vp of the
transducer with the enter acceleration A and the resistive load If we reflect the Laplace convert, confident limitations are
given in Equation. 10
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎 is within the equation
̈( ) 𝑆 (𝑠), ̇ ( ) 𝑆 (𝑠), x(t ) = X(s) & F(t) = F(s)
…. …..……. (11)

( ) ( )
Hence, Equation.10 in Laplace’s form is observed fro m
Equation. 12
……… (5)
𝑆 (𝑠) 𝑆 (𝑠) X(s) = F(s) …. (12)
Where,
Y -Young modulus (𝑆 𝑆 )X(s) = F(s) ……. (13)

h - thickness of a single layer of the pzt material And solving for the transfer function yields
𝑅 - load resistance ( )
𝑇 (𝑆) ……. (14)
( )
- frequency of the piezoelectric transducer
ς - damping ratio By comparation the Equations. 6 and 13, we have
k – Spring (stiffness) =
L= Length
So, the frequency of the system is √ and
W= width
damping ratio of the system is .
A. Mechanical System
B. Electrical System
A corresponding electrical circu it fo r a Mechanical power
can be created fro m Equation. (10), wh ich, when rearranged,
gives,
( 𝑆 𝑆 ) X(s) = F(s)

( 𝑆 ) S X(s) = F(s) ……. (15)

Equation (12) can be reworded as,

I(s) = ( 𝑆 ) E(s) ……. (16)

Where, I(s) = F(s), E(s) = s· X(s), C = m, R = 1/b, L = 1/k.

Based on Equation. (13), a corresponding electrical circuit
T(s) = …... (6)

In Eq. 6, X(s) and F(S) are output and input,

correspondingly. Output comeback can be conventional via
since 4 forces as tested in Fig. 6 b. In this investigation,
mass is touring descending due to the request of
accomplished force, at the same time as all distinctive fo rces
obstruct the motion and act conflicting to it.
Hence a d ifferential equivalence can be inscribed through
the use of Newton’s law:
∑ ̈

Taking descending path as a positierestve, cumu lative

impact is given in Equation 7

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 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22AWO-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-9634-6

[1] [2] [7] [12].

3. Cap: 250 nF
V. SIMULAT ION
 Multiplier Circuit:
MATLAB Simscape toolbox presents us a software
design sur to version and the examiner examines the multi- 1. Inductor: 19.63 µH
area systems. MATLAB library is brought in Sim scape
surroundings to version and examine the anticipated 2. Capacitor: 44 µF
strength scavenging systems.
3. MOSFET: 0.92 𝑇𝑂𝑁 time
A. Electrical System simulation
 Consider the load as a resistive load.

VI. RESULT S & DISCUSSION

In the subsystem of the piezoelectric model the
convert the mechanical system to an electrical system. The
piezoelectrical elements are coupled in a series-parallel
combination and get the harvested voltage of the

Figure 1 Simulation of Electrical System

For the mechanical vibration, the damping and spring are

connected in parallel and given the variable mass. A simp le
system creates to convert the mechanical system to an
electrical system while in this system the damping and spring
are converted into capacitor and resistor respectively. Mass is
applied to a current source. Figure 8 illustrations the
electrical system and figure 9 illustrations the series-parallel
connection of the piezoelectrical elements.
B. Specifications of components
 Piezoelectric model:
1. Current source: 650 µA, 50 Hz
2. Res: 100 MΩ
3. Cap: 1 nF
 Rectifier:
1. Diode: Ron: 0.001 Ω, 0.8 V
2. Res: 500 Ω

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 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2022)
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piezoelectric element is 15 volts which is the input of the
rectifier circu it. The output voltage of the piezoelectric
elements is a sine wave.
The output voltage of the piezoelectric elements is a
sine wave. The rectifier circuit output voltage is 14 volts DC
wave. After the rectifier circu it connects to the multip lier
circuit increase the voltage up to 14 volts dc to 85.43 voltage
dc then connects the booster circuit to boost the voltage up to
210 volts dc. Then attach the connection of the inverter circuit
for the AC Voltage.
VII. A DVANT AGE &DISADVANT AGE
A. Advantage
1. Zero side effects on the human body.
2. Can be easily used in malls, roadways, or areas with
frequent locomotion.
3. Easy to install.
4. The output is proportional to several steps.
5. User-friendly and easy-to-go utility.
B. Disadvantageage
1. Only appropriate for the specific place.
2. The preliminary cost of this prearrangement is high.
3. Care would be taken for supercapacitor and batteries.
C. Application
The piezoelectric harvesting system is appropriate for
mobile charging, street lighting, bus station lighting,
emergency power failure stations, colleges, schools,
cinemas.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Piezoelectric generators (electricity harvesters) provide a
strong and dependable answer with the aid of using changing
commonly wasted vibration electricity withinside the
surroundings to usable electric electricity. According to the
comparison between two piezoelectric materials , PZT
material has more benefits for harvesting the energy The
strength harvester generates the most strength when the
supply frequency fits the frequency and the finest load is
connected. The harvested voltage of the piezoelectric
element is 15.2 volts which is the input of the rectifier circuit.
The output voltage of the piezo-stack elements is the sine
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Wave. The rectifier output voltage is 15 volts DC. After the
rectifier circuit connects the mult iplier circuit increases the
voltage is 14-volt dc to 100 volts dc and then connects to the
boost circuit. The boost voltage is 230-volts.
A CKNOWLEDGMENT
Here I represent my paper on ‘Modelling of
Piezoelectric Harvesting System’. I wou ld like to express
special thanks to our guide Prof M . S. Patel, Assistant
Professor who allo wed me to create this project. He is
continuous support of my Dissertation study and research,
for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense
knowledge. His guidance helped me in all t ime o f research
and writing of this report. I could not have imagined having
a better advisor and mentor for my d issertation study. I am
also thankful to those people who directly or indirectly help
me.
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