CITATION

WRITING IV

Lecturer:
Ratna Sari Dewi, Dr., M.Pd FITK

Arranged by:

Ahmed Sukhaeri 11190140000111

Muhammad Izzul Fatah 11190140000091
Muhammad Ridwan Syawali 11190140000105
Vascho Madafath Indesia 11190140000113

Department of English Education

Faculty of Tarbiya and Teaching Sciences

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta

2021 M/1442 H

 
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PREFACE

 
          Being a good writer is not easy, in fact it is very complicated that everyone
can be a good writer. In order to become a good writer, there are few things that a
writer should know before they introduce themselves in the public as a writer.
Before starting the writing, the writer has to prepare for their idea by observing
different information from anywhere so the writing could be wide and interesting.
Then, when doing the writing, a good writer must know how to give credit to the
reference of the idea they got. This is what is called citation. The idea that the
writer got, is either from the experiment or experience, or reading it somewhere
else. When they get it somewhere else and it is from the other writer, they have to
put the author’s name on their writing. These few things could have a big impact
on students who read the paper, so they could easily find the references of the
paper if they want further reading. In this paper we are going to discuss the
definition, types of citation, the use of citation, also the strength and weakness of
the citation. We are aiming to give an insight to the reader about the basic thing on
citation and hopefully this paper can provide the information needed for the
course of Writing IV.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE………………………………………………………………………… i

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………… ii

DEFINITION OF CITATION……………………………………………………
1

TYPES OF CITATION …………………………………………………………..

3

PURPOSE AND ADVANTAGES OF CITATION ……………………………. 7

CITATION WRITING TOOLS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………. 9

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. 10
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A. DEFINITION OF CITATION

Citations are references published on a specific work, such as books,

articles, journals, or other publications, as a kind of recognition of other people's
thoughts or opinions. Citing scientific works is a sort of intellectual honesty that
should be supported and nurtured in the academic setting so that it becomes a
climate and culture. Furthermore, this writing is part of a plagiarism-prevention
effort.
Citation is the way you tell your reader that certain text in your work came
from another source. It moreover gives your reader the data vital to discover the
area subtle elements of that source on the reference or Works Cited page. A
citation must incorporate a set of enclosures. Without a set of bracket, one does
not have a legitimate in-text quotation and can hazard being charged with literary
theft.
A citation may also be a reference to a source. More absolutely, a citation
is an shortened alphanumeric expression implanted within the body of an mental
work that indicates an section within the bibliographic references area of the work
for the reason of recognizing the significance of the works of others to the subject
of discourse at the spot where the quotation shows up. In general, what is typically
thought of as a citation is the combination of both the in-body citation and the
bibliographic entry (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). 
Citations serve a variety of purposes, including upholding intellectual
honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), attributing prior or unoriginal work and ideas to
the appropriate sources, allowing the reader to independently determine whether
the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and
assisting the reader in determining the strength and validity of the material the
author has used. Bibliographies and other list-like compilations of references are
often not considered citations since they do not meet the genuine spirit of the
term: conscious acknowledgement of the primacy of one's ideas by other authors.
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Some Definitions of Citation by Experts

Witono Hardi
According to Hardi et al.  (2020), citation is citing part of another person's work to
be used as a reference for the work being made.  Citation in scientific writing is
allowed and even emphasized to get appropriate references.
Hartinah
According to Hartinah, citation analysis is an investigation through citation data
from a quoted document or a citing document.  According to Hartinah, this quote
analysis can be a way for various interests or policies such as evaluating research
programs, determining science, visualizing a scientific discipline, and indicators
of science and technology.
Sulistyo-Basuki
Sulistyo and Basuki argue that citation analysis can be used to measure the
intellectual influence of scientists from cited authors.
Garfield
Garfield stated that citation analysis is widely used in bibliometric studies because
it can represent the required subject clearly, does not require interpretation, is
valid, and can be accounted for.
Diana-Nancy Sommers
According to Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, citation is a way used to reward
other researchers or authors when someone uses their work in their writings.
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B. TYPES OF CITATION

Before we get into how to create citations, it's vital to understand the citation
writing style's framework and components.

Format for Citation Styles

Writing can take many different forms. Modern Language Association
(MLA) Style, American Psychological Association (APA) Style, and Chicago
Style are the most often utilized citation writing styles in academia. The three
citation writing styles are important when producing bibliography citations.

Main Section of Citation

The primary sections are separated into two categories:
 Citing suitable sources in accordance with the topic at hand (citation).
 Create a bibliography based on the sources you've used.

Writing Citation Terms

There are two types of citations in the writing: direct and indirect. The following
are the explanations behind the two provisions.

Citation in real time

The quoted sentence is written in double quotation marks if the quotation
is done directly. It's crucial to remember that while employing direct quotations,
they don't take over the job. The following are the requirements for using direct
quotations. If the author is concerned that utilizing his or her own language would
result in a different interpretation.
When it comes to disclosing scientific theories, formulas, arguments, and
other formulations. Hadith, or verses from the holy book.
When the author wants to make a point, he or she uses a direct quote.
Because the original author's message is so concise, paraphrasing is impossible.
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Paraphrase Technique
Paraphrasing is stating a sentence or paragraph using a sentence that is
different from the original without changing its meaning. The vocabulary used in
this paraphrasing technique is different from the original sentence. This
paraphrasing technique is a type of indirect quotation. Even so, the source used
must still be mentioned because the ideas/ideas in the quoted sentence belong to
the first author.
Skills in this paraphrasing technique are useful for writers to avoid
plagiarism. This paraphrasing technique can train writers to be more editorially
creative. As for how to make a paraphrase is as follows.

Read the entire written source carefully so that the idea of writing on the source is
really understood.
Rearrange the quoted sentences using their own vocabulary according to the idea
of the source of the quotation.
Review the quoted sentences and ensure that the ideas written do not deviate from
the original source.
If there are unique words that must be quoted, use double quotation marks as in
direct quotations.

CITATION STYLE
A citation style is to design the information that we already gather from the
references and then we order the citation with the punctuation and other
formatting. There are various types of citation that we can use to design our
citation, the style or design of the citation mostly depends on the academic
discipline involved. for example:

APA (American Psychological Association) usually used in education,

physchology, and sciences.)

MLA (Modern language Association style) usually used by the humanities

Chicago Style
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APA format

What is APA format? APA Format is the official style of the American
Psychological Assosiation we usually saw this citation style in academic and most
of the time teacher/lecturer always told us to do our paper or assesment with using
APA styles for the references. Even though the name written on the definition is
psychological assosiation doesn’t mean it only for psychology field of study but in
most education, we use APA format for papers and reports.

The best first step to start your paper design is to create an outline,
creating an outline is the basic step we should take as we begin our research, then
organize our paper, and write down our paper.

However, if the instruction is specified to not use an outline, we can just

skip this step but developing an outline will help us to organize our writing and
make sure that we create our arguments and main points effectively and ensure
that reader can understand our writings.

Previously we already knew about outline now we talk about the basic of APA
format. Apa style doesn’t specified for creating an outline, which means the final
form of your paper is depends on your instructor to requires an outline or not.
Even so the official APA publication does have a “general rule” to make sure that
our writing fit the design well. For example, according to APA style, papers need
to be written in Times New Roman in 12-point font and the paper should be
double-spaced. We have seen lot of requirements like this in our paper but
sometimes the requirements can be different like Arial font and 1,5 line spacing is
acceptable.

The current version of APA used is 7th the format is in order: Author, Date of
Publication, Title, Publisher/URL. Usually, the reference is double-spaced and it
could also be organized for articles, book, websites, etc.

Example: Aziz, J. Bin, Hashim, F., & Razak, N. A. (2011). Students’ strategies
and patterns of plagiarism: Academic writing in the internet age. Research
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Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(7), 391–397.

https://doi.org/10.3923/rjasci.2011.391.397

MLA Format

Modern Language Assosiation or known as MLA is a citation style that was

developed means for students, scholars, even researchers in the study field of
language and literature, this format often used in the paper. The newest style of
this design is released in April 2021 the current edition is 9th. To use MLA
citation, we need to include this part in order: author, the title of the source, title
of the container, other contributors, version, number, publisher, date of
publication, and location. However, if we don’t have the complete information of
the reference, we can just include the elements that we have the information for
out citation.
Example:
(Name, start with last name first) Sukhaeri, Ahmad. “The hash-slinging slasher”.
The day I fought a monster, 2201.

Fatah, Izzul. “Online learning is better, change my mind.” Izzcorp,

www.izzcorp.com/online-learning-is-better.html

Citation Styles: Chicago   

Generally, Chicago citations require:

 Author
 Title of book/article
 Title of newspaper/journal
 Publication year
 Publication month and date
 Publisher
 City of publication
 Date of access
 Page numbers
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 URL or Name of Database

Example: Sam Staggs, Born to Be Hurt: The Untold Story of Imitation of Life
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009), 84. 

C. PURPOSE AND ADVANTAGES OF CITATION

PURPOSE
A citation is a reference to a source that is an alphanumeric expression, where
there is an abbreviation embedded in the body of an intellectual work by
indicating an entry in the bibliographic reference section of the work that has been
compiled.
The purpose of writing this citation is more to acknowledge the relevance of other
people's work to the research topic in the research results and passages that
contain other people's rich results.

ADVANTAGES
As for the uses that are the benefits of citation writing, including:

1. Serves as a fact-checking tool

Accuracy is very important in any writing, especially when we are writing about
science. The act of seeking references for verification serves as an accuracy
check. Examples of writing citations are for example to double-check direct
quotations, to ensure the accuracy of the passage we are paraphrasing, or to cite
other research related to our study.

2. Become a better researcher

Some traits in a good research sense include attention to detail and the ability to
distinguish patterns and make connections. Good citation practices can help both.

Proper source attribution requires a lot of detail, such as the correct page numbers,
spelling of the author's name, and of course, the accuracy of the facts we present
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in our own articles or other works. Being detail-oriented in one aspect

automatically instills good habits across the board in our research.

3. Make writers better

We certainly want to produce good scientific writing, where prose is as engaging
as content and good attribution habits build a solid foundation towards that goal.
Citing specific sources for the various facts we present dispel the characteristics of
intellectual laziness, unclear thinking, and sloppy writing as generalizations,
cliches, and false claims.

For example, such as when the phrases, “everyone knows” or “they said” are
replaced with a specific source. If we cite sources correctly, we will leave no
questions in the minds of readers about our intentions.

Furthermore, by doing citations it is easy to use active language so that it makes it

easier for a journal reviewer to make corrections.

4. Demonstrate scientific knowledge

A bibliography is simply a compilation of various sources that we have read and
quoted in our manuscripts, dissertations, books, etc. Thus, an extensive
bibliography is naturally the hallmark of a well-read and well-rounded scientist.

5. Build credibility as a scientist

This point is a simple consequence of the previous point. A deeper and more
meaningful role that a good bibliography plays for the researcher is to establish
the author's credibility among peers in his field. The better documentation of our
research and arguments, the more credible we will be to our scientific colleagues.

6. Allows for writing verification

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Each academic paper is vetted several times before it is finally printed or made
into a website. Whether someone is a peer reviewer, editor, or editorial assistant
whose only job is to keep track of sources in a bibliography and ensure that
citations are accurate, life would be easier if there wasn't a lot of busy work.

So our writing will most likely go through several rounds of editing with a few
criticisms and positive feedback if we have taken the trouble to properly relate our
information and cite all of our sources.

7. Provide interested readers

Citations also provide interested readers with the specifics needed to retrieve the
same source and do more research on their own In-text citations show readers
where certain ideas or words in our paper came from, and these shortened
versions of cross-referenced citations refer to the full citation at the end of the
paper. From complete citations, readers have all the information they need to
retrieve a source.

D. CITATION WRITING TOOLS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

When doing college assignments, both essays and papers, then you will not be far
from making a bibliography and citations. Not including references in writing can
make your grades decrease. In fact, in more severe cases, you will be considered
plagiarism. Then, are there any tools for writing citations and bibliography to
make it easier for you to do your college assignments?

Here are a number of citation writing tools and bibliography that we can use.

1. Cite This For Me

Harvard citation type? WHAT? MLA? Chicago? Sometimes the type of citation
can make you confused and wrong when you write it down. Therefore, Cite This
For Me is here to help you.
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Using this one tool is easy. You only need to use Cite This For Me as a Chrome
extension. Then, visit the page you want to quote and click the icon from Cite
This For Me. After that, Cite This For Me will generate the proper citations and
all you have to do is copy them.

Reporting from the official website, you can use Cite This For Me to cite various
types of sources, ranging from books, videos, or pictures.

2. Mendeley
Mendeley isn't just a free tool to help you create citations and bibliographies.
However, this one tool also functions as a social network for academics that
allows you to share research results with other users.

This platform is basically owned by Elsevier and has thousands of groups that will
help you find the right references. Then, you can also be involved in the
discussions available on this platform.

3. Zotero
Zotero is a type of citation tool similar to Mendeley. Currently, Zoter supports
more than 9,000 citation types. Thus, this one tool will make it easier for you to
use any type of citation according to the guide you are using.

Then, this one tool can also be directly integrated with other applications such as
Word and Google Docs.

Zotero also lets you organize your research the way you want, from sorting
sources to providing keywords. That way, you can find your collection of journal
articles neater and easier to read.

Of course, these three citations writing tools will make it much easier for you
during your lectures. Apart from being easy to use, most of these tools are free.
So, you don't need to spend money to be able to use it.
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