SELF INSTRUCTIONAL PACKETS

BUSINESS MATH GRADE 12

Week 5

I. OBJECTIVES

A. Content Standards
The learner demonstrates understanding of business data and present them in
graphs, charts and tables.

B. Performance Standards
The learners are able to solve problems in real-life business situations, present data
in graphical form, and analyze them.

C. Learning Competencies

The learner will be able to:

▪ compare the forms (textual, tabular and graphical) of business data;
(ABM_BM11PAD-IIg-2)
• analyze and interpret the data presented in the table using measures of central
tendency and variability and tests of significant differences. (ABM_BM11PAD-
IIh-5)

D. Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:

1. recognize business graphs and charts;
2. interpret business data from graphs and charts;
3. create a table for the appropriate numerical facts;
4. identify the essential parts of a table;
5. interpret and provide detailed information using a statistical table; and
6. analyze and interpret data using measures of central tendency and variability.

II. CONTENT

Learning Resources

A. References
Lopez, B.C., Martin-Lundag, L.C., Dagal, K.P. (2016). Business Math: Textbook. Vibal
Group, Inc.

Bacani, J.B., Soriano, J.M. (2017). Business Mathematics: For Senior High School.
C&E Publishing, Inc.

Teaching Guide for Senior High School on Business Mathematics (2016).

https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/list/subjects/325

B. Online Learning Resources

https://www.slideshare.net/31mikaella/presentation-analysis-and-interpretation-of-
data
https://www.guru99.com/difference-information-data.html

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III. PROCEDURES

A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson

Recall It!

Last week, we discussed how we can present the breakdown of an employee’s salary
thru charts and graphs. A chart is a graphical representation of numeric data in a
worksheet while graphs are combinations of lines, vertical or horizontal rectangles
(columns and bars), points, and other shapes.

This week, we continue to explore charts, graphs and tables and how they can be used in
presenting any business data.

B. Establishing a purpose for the lesson

Processing

Information

Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be processed to make it meaningful. Data
is interpreted by a human or machine to derive meaning. Information on the other hand is a set
of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to the given requirement. Information
is processed, structured or presented in a given context to make it meaningful and useful.

In the business setting, data is presented by each department or employee in charge in different
forms and methods for it to become processed information which is then analyzed and interpreted
by the members of the management team or the owners themselves. They can then use this
information as basis for their decision making on important issues concerning the company.

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Activity 5.1: In your activity notebook, answer the questions beside the given data below.

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 Mrs. Stat Tistic was asked to present
the performance of her section in Grade 7 ________________1. How many students took the test?
Math. In the class of 40 students, 3 obtained
the perfect score of 50. Sixteen students got a ________________ 2. How many items did the student take?
score of 40 above, while only 3 got 19 and
below. Generally, the students performed well ________________ 3. How many students did not get a perfect score?
with 23 or 70% getting a passing score of 38
and above. ________________ 4. How many students got a score of 40 above?

________________ 5. What is the percentage of passing students?

Check your work by turning to the key to

correction.
Were you able to answer the above questions by just looking at the information beside it? Does
the manner of presentation of the data above effective for you to clearly and immediately answer
all of the questions? Can you think of a more suitable way of presenting the data?

Let us now discuss the different methods of presenting business data and see which is effective
for each different scenario.

D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1

Presentation of data – the process of organizing data into logical, sequential and
meaningful categories and classifications to make them amenable to study and
interpretation.

Three ways of presenting data:

➢ Textual – Activity 5.1 is an example of textual presentation. Data can be presented using
paragraphs or sentences. It involves enumerating important characteristics, emphasizing
significant figures and identifying important features of data. When there are more
numbers, this is the least effective way as the user gets confused reading all the data
presented.

➢ Graphical - Visualization techniques are ways of creating and manipulating graphical

representations of data. We use these representations in order to gain better insight and
understanding of the problem we are studying - pictures can convey an overall message
much better than a list of numbers.

✓ We will discuss the different kinds of graphs next week

➢ Tabular – When data is presented in a chart or table format. A table is a display of

numerical information in rows and columns. Statistics may be shown across several rows
and columns, presenting data with certain parameters in a fashion that can be looked over
and compared. A calendar can be considered one of the simplest types of tabular data
presentation.
Example 1:
SUMMER GETAWAYS NUMBER OF VISITORS
UNDERGROUND RIVER, PALAWAN 250
HOT SPRINTS, CAMIGUIN ISLAND 130
CAMSUR, CAMARINES DEL NORTE 300
CHOCOLATE HILLS, BOHOL 120
PAOAY CHURCH, ILOCOS NORTE 200
TOTAL 1000

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 Information that you can get from the table:
1. Among the five tourist spots, Chocolate Hills in Bohol has the least number of
visitors (120)
2. Camsur, Camarines del Norte has the most number of visitors.(300)
3. A total of 1,000 visitors toured the 5 tourist spots during the summer.

In looking for the information one needs in a table, one must search for the appropriate
row and column that matches the needed data.

Essential parts of a table:

1. TABLE NUMBER - helps in distinguishing one table from other tables. Generally, tables are
numbered according to the order of their appearance in a chapter.
2. TITLE OF THE TABLE - narrates about the contents of the table. It should be short and
clear.
3. CAPTIONS or COLUMN HEADINGS - At the top of each column in a table, a column
designation is given to explain figures of the column.
4. STUBS OR ROW HEADINGS - Like a caption or column heading each row of the table has
to be given a heading. The designations of the rows are also called stubs or stub items, and the
complete left column is known as stub items, and the complete left column is known as stub
column.
5. BODY OF THE TABLE - This is the most important part of a table because it contains the
actual data. It contains a number of cells. Cells are formed due to the intersection of rows and

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column. Location of any one figure/data in the table is fixed and determined by the row and
column of the table.
6. FOOT NOTE - is given at the bottom of a table. It helps in clarifying the point which is not
clear in the table.
7. SOURCE NOTE -The source note shows the source of the data presented in the table.
Reliability and accuracy of data can be tested to some extent from the source note. It shows the
name of the author, title, volume, page, publisher’s name, year and place of publication of the
book or journal from which data are complied.

Tables vs Graphs
When to use tables
o There is a need to compare individual o
values
o Values involve multiple units of measure o
o Data presentation requires precise values o
o To show how a single category of
information varies when measured at
different points (in time or space)
When to use graphs
Communicate a message that is contained
in the shape of the data
To reveal relationship among many values
Best for illustrating trends and making
comparisons

Try this in your activity notebook!

Activity 5.2:
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW BASED ON THE TABLE
BELOW: Score Description
4 Very good
SALAD CALORIES FAT PROTEIN SODIUM
3 Good
FRUIT 170 20 g 10 g 550 mg
2 Fair
BUKO PANDAN 185 18 g 12 g 601 mg Turn to section J
POTATO 190 17.5 g 10 g 580 mg and work on the
MACARONI 250 22 g 17 g 619 mg 0-1 enrichment
1. Which salad has the least fat? activities
2. Which salad has the most sodium?
3. Which salad has the least sodium?
4. Which salad has the fewest calories?

Check your work by turning to the key to corrections. How many correct answers did you get?
Rate your result using the table here.

E. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #2

Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode

A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are
sometimes called measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The
mean (often called the average) is most likely the measure of central tendency that you are most
familiar with, but there are others, such as the median and the mode.

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 The mean, median and mode are all valid measures of central tendency, but under
different conditions, some measures of central tendency become more appropriate to use than
others. In the following sections, we will look at the mean, mode and median, and learn how to
calculate them and under what conditions they are most appropriate to be used.

Example 2.

Two groups of sales representatives submitted their car sales report on the first quarter of
2016.

GROUP 1 ANJO BEA CARLO DINA ECHO FELIX GIO

NUMBER OF 32 25 40 28 22 33 32
CARS

GROUP 2 PAM KENNETH RICH STEPHEN TINA MICO VIC

NUMBER OF 40 26 33 40 31 34 25
CARS

Which group had a better overall performance?

To get the overall performance, we get the means of both groups. Add all the cars and divide it
by the number of members per group.
32+25+40+28+22+33+32 212
Mean of Group 1 = 7
= 7
= 30.286 = 30 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠

40+26+33+40+31+34+35 239
Mean of Group 2 = 7
= 7
= 34.143 = 34 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠

Group 1 performed better than Group 2. Group 1 sold more cars than Group 2 sold more cars
than Group 1 by 4 cars.

What is the most common number of car sales of the whole group? Let us tabulate the results of
the two groups:
NUMBER OF NUMBER OS
CARS SALESMAN
40 3
33 2
32 2
31 1
28 1
26 1
25 2
24 1
22 1

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 Three sales representatives, Carlo, Pam and Stephen sold the same number of cars. Thus, the
mode or the common number of car sales of the whole group is 40.

What is the middle number of car sales of Group A? of Group B?

Arrange the scores from lowest to highest/

GROUP 1 ECHO BEA DINA ANNA GIO FELIZ CARLO

NUMBER OF 32
22 25 28 32 33 40
CARS MIDDLE SCORE
GROUP 2 MESH VICA KAY TINA RICH PAM STEPHEN
NUMBER OF 31 MIDDLE
24 25 26 33 40 40
CARS SCORE
The middle quantity or also called the median of Group 1 is 32. At most fifty percent of the entries
are below 32 and at most fifty percent of the entries are above 32. While, in group 2 the median
is 31.

MEAN is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the
number of numbers.

Properties of Mean:

✓ It may or may not be an actual score in the data set.

✓ Every score contributes to the value of the mean.
✓ Subgroup means can be combined to get the men.
✓ It is easily affected by highest and lowest scores.

MEDIAN is the middle entry of an ordered list of data (from lowest to highest or from highest to
lowest)

To get the median, arrange the scores in ascending order or descending order.

If n is odd number, the median is the middle number.

If n is even number, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.

Properties of Median

✓ It divides the distribution into two equal parts.

✓ It may or may not be a score in the data set.
✓ It is not affected by the highest and lowest scores.

MODE is the most frequently occurring entry. That is, it is the entry that appeared many times.

Properties of Median

✓ It may not be unique. That is, there may be one or more modes.
✓ It may or may not exist. This happened when each entry occurs as may times as other
entries.
✓ It is not affected by the highest and the lowest scores.

Example 3 :

Angela, a 12th grader, made a survey on the daily allowance of her classmates the results are:

250 150 100 200 225 100 100 175 225 250

Find the mean, median and mode of her classmates.

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 250+150+100+200+225+100+100+175+225+250
MEAN = = 177.5
10

The mean allowance is ₱177.50

MEDIAN Arrange the scores from lowest to highest

100 100 100 150 175 200 225 225 250 250

175+200 375
Median = 2
= 2
= 187.5 The median allowance is ₱187.50

MODE Identify what is the most frequent scores.

250 150 100 200 225 100 100 175 225 250

The mode is ₱100 because it occurs three times.

Try this in your activity notebook!

Activity 5.3 Score Description

Find the mean, median and mode of the given sets of data. 5-6 Very good
1.) A survey among pet owners was conducted in a pet store, asking how many 3-4 Good
dogs each person have. The results were as follows: 2, 7, 2, 0, 7, 2, 4, 3, 10,
2 Fair
Turn to section J
5, 2, 2, 5, 1, 1.
and work on the
2.) The semiannual report of sales of Lant’s Restaurant shows the following 0-1 enrichment
data: January - ₱173,576, February - ₱199,106, March - ₱267,292, activities
April - ₱240,005, May - ₱259,412, June - ₱293,406.

Check your work by turning to the key to corrections.

How many correct answers did you get? Rate your result using the table above.

MEASURES OF VARIATION:
• Measures of variation are used to describe the distribution of the data.
• If a measure of central tendency gets the typical value, the measures of variation
determine the discrepancy or difference between the data.

RANGE (R) it is the difference between the highest and lowest entries.

R = Highest entry – lowest entry

Properties of the Range:

✓ Since it only considers the extreme scores, it does not measure the spread of the
majority.
✓ The larger the range, the more spread the set of data is.
✓ It is quick and easy to compute.
✓ It is a rough measure of spread

Example: In a five item quiz the highest score is 5 and the lowest score is 0. What is the range
between these scores?

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Solution: Range = highest score – lowest score
=5–0
=5

QUARTILES

• are points which divide the set of data into four equal parts.
• there are three quartiles Q1, Q2, Q3.
• the first quartile (Q1) or the “lower quartile” is the value that separates the lower 25%
1
from the higher 75% of the scores: Q1= 4 × 𝑁
• the third quartile (Q3) or the “higher quartile” is the value that separates the lower 25%
3
from the higher 75% of the scores: Q3= 4 × 𝑁
• The second quartile is the median.
• Interquartile Range (IQR) it is the difference between the third quartile and the first
quartile. IQR = Q3 – Q1.

Properties of the Interquartile Range

✓ It eliminates the influence if extreme scores

✓ It covers 50% of the data set,

Example 4:

Justin keeps the record of seamen’s remittances. Listed below are the remittances (in thousands
of peso) of a seaman for the first three quarters of 2015.
MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT
REMITTANCE 34 27 50 54 40 43 65 63 54

Find the median, range and interquartile.

Arrange the scores from lowest to highest.

27 34 43 49 50 54 59 63 65

Median = 5th position from the lowest, so the median is 50.

Range = highest score – lowest score

= 65 – 27
= 38

To solve the interquartile, solve the first and third quartile.

First Quartile
1
Q1= × 𝑁
4

1
Q1= 4 × 9

Q1= 2.25 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

Q1 = 43

Third Quartile
3
Q3= × 𝑁
4

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 3
Q3= 4 × 9

Q1= 6.75 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 7𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

Q3 = 59

Seventy five percent of the remittances are higher than ₱43,000 but only 25% are below it.
Twenty five percent of the remittances are higher than ₱59,000 but 75% are below it.

IQR = Q3 – Q1
= 59 – 43
IQR = 14.

This means that the middle half has a remittance spread of ₱14,000

Q1 Median Q3
27 34 43 49 50 54 59 63 65

VARIANCE(𝒔𝟐 )

• It is the average of the squared deviation of every score from the mean.
• Most business firms measure the variance. For instance, a budget variance is a discrepancy
between the predicted cost and revenue in a given account. They need to keep the
“discrepancy or difference” small.
Formula for variance

STANDARD DEVIATION(𝒔𝒅)

• It is the principal square root of the variance. It measures the difference of every score from the
mean.
• It is the most important measure of spread.
Formula for standard deviation

• If there is a large amount of variation, then most of the data values will be far from the mean.
Hence, the SD will be large. If the standard deviation is small, the scores have small
discrepancy from the mean.

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)

• It shows variation relative to the mean.

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 Formula for coefficient of variation:
𝒔
CV = 𝒙 x 100%

Example 5:

Compute for the variance, standard deviation and coefficient of variation

27 34 43 49 50 54 59 63 65
Solution: Solve first for the mean.

27 + 34 + 43 + 49 + 50 + 54 + 59 + 63 + 65
𝑥̅ = = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝟑
9

Then solve the variance

(27−49.33)2 +(34−49.33)2 +(43−49.33)2 +(49−49.33)2 +(50−49.33)2 +(54−49.33)2 +(59−49.33)2 +(63−49.33)2 +(65−49.33)2

=
9−1

𝑠 2 = 165.32

To get the standard deviation, just get the square root of the variance.

𝑠𝑑 = √165.32 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟔

To get the coefficient of variation using the formula:

12.86
CV = 49.33 x 100%

= 26.07%

Try this in your activity notebook!

Activity 5.4

Solve the following problems:

1. Ice cream is a popular dessert for all ages. A group of business
students made a survey on the cost of one-liter ice cream
consumers usually buy. The data below vary because of the brands
and flavors they buy.
Cost (in pesos) of a one-liter Ice Cream
234 297 234 287 250
300 285 234 300 285
312 312 297 300 297
287 234 312 285 312
287 257 257 250 250
312 285 287 312 300
285 297 300 234 312

Find the range, median, quartiles and interquartile range. Interpret

the results.

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 2. The data below are the number of business establishments in key
Score Description
cities of the 15 regions.
7-8 Very good
5-6 Good
43 58 21 24 31 49 40 51 55 28 3-4 Fair
50 33 62 30 25 39 59 29 36 42 Turn to section J
38 46 42 16 50 41 37 35 40 52 and work on the
47 35 57 55 36 45 32 45 42 36 0-2 enrichment
activities
Find the mean and the standard deviation.

Check your work by turning to the key to corrections.

How many correct answers did you get? Rate your result using the table above.

F. Developing mastery

We can combine computing for the measures of central tendency and measures of variability
into one problem. See example below.

The following are the top 5 ratings (in %) of CPA board exam last May and October 2019.
MAY 2019 OCTOBER 2019
93.86 96.00
92.86 95.43
92.57 94.00
92.29 93.71
92.14 93.29

Determine the measures of central tendency, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation
of each group.
1. Mode = none because no repeated scores
2.Median is the middle amounts – 92.57 and 94.00
3. For mean:
𝑥1 = (93.86+92.86+92.57+92.29+92.14) = 92.744
5
𝑥2 = (96.00+95.43+94.00+93.71+93.29) = 94.486
5

4. For standard deviation, we can first plot again each column on a table and compute for the
values needed in the formula:

A B C A B C
May-19 (A-Mean) ( )𝟐 Oct-19 (A-Mean) ( )𝟐
93.86 1.116 1.245456 96 1.514 2.292196
92.86 0.116 0.013456 95.43 0.944 0.891136
92.57 -0.174 0.030276 94 -0.486 0.236196
92.29 -0.454 0.206116 93.71 -0.776 0.602176
92.14 -0.604 0.364816 93.29 -1.196 1.430416
Total 1.86012 Total 5.45212

We can now compute for the variance using the values above:
1.86012 1.86012 5.45212 5.45212
𝑠2 = = = 0.46503 𝑠2 = = = 1.36303
𝑛−1 4 𝑛−1 4

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Computing the standard deviation by getting the square root of the variance:
𝒔𝟏 = 0.68
𝒔𝟐 = 1.165

Finally, we can compute for the coefficient of variation of each table by using the formula CV=(s/x)
x 100%
𝑪𝑽𝟏 = (0.682/92.744) x 100% = 0.735%
𝑪𝑽𝟐 = (1.165/94.486) x 100% = 1/165%

G. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living

People in business and in government make reports to the users in order for them to be informed.
They should just know what form or method of reporting is used for each data.

Textual report can be used if the report is qualitative or does not involve number and may just
be analytical or delivery of facts or news. However, when there are figures involved, it is better
to use charts or graphs. Charts are used for comparison of different figures. Example of chart
reporting is the government report on COVID cases. Every barangay and place is included in the
report so that everyone is informed which one has the highest cases and which one has the lowest
cases and which barangay has the best effort in terms of fighting the virus. Each figure can be
computed by the user for his consumption or analysis. Graphs on the other hand are used to
show the big picture. Usually, graphs are for those who do not want details but want to see the
summary of the report already. We can also compare graphs but the figures aren’t shown to its
last centavo.

Whatever report you will prepare, it is important that you know the profile of the users or audience
who will read the report, what details they need and how they will use them.

H. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson

Charts are used to show exact figures of a report and for comparison purposes of the users. We
can check the reliability of the figures of our report by using measures of central tendency and
measures of variability.

Measures of central tendency tells us what is common or typical among the values in the charts
while measures of variability tell us how spread the figures are in the charts. The lower the
variability, the more consistent are the figures in your charts.

Knowledge on the measures of central tendency and measures of variability helps us to gauge
our reports and give us a summary of the whole picture as their values are important in presenting
our report.

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I. Evaluating learning

Solve it!

Direction: Solve each problem. Provide the necessary solutions for your answers. Use a
separate 1 whole sheet of yellow paper to answer the problems following the format
shown below:

Name: ____________________________ Section: _________________

Subject: Business Math Week: 5 Parent’s Signature: ________

WORKSHEET #5

A. Determine whether the statement is True or False. (WRITTEN WORK)

(5 points)
1. The median is the measure of central tendency most likely to be affected by an
extreme value.
2. Every data has a mode.
3. Every data has a median.
4. The mode in a data is unique.
5. The mode used to look for the lowest count.

B. Below is the list of the number of minutes spent by twenty-eight editors in correcting a
manuscript. (WRITTEN WORK) (40 points)

24 33 55 60 38 50 46
45 38 57 48 37 53 50
60 47 40 45 40 54 51
55 49 59 33 48 55 60

Calculate the measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode)

and measures of variability (range, third quartile [Q3}, variance, standard deviation
and coefficient of variation).

J. Additional activities for application or remediation

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

Presentation of Business Data

Determine the form of report (textual, graphical, tabular) that you will use for the following:
1. The president’s status report of the economy this year.
2. Trend in the number of COVID cases from January to August.
3. Number of COVID cases by barangay in Pampanga

Measures of Central Tendency

4. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following data:
2, 56, 32, 38, 48, 32, 6, 23, 32,
62,17, 86, 62, 92, 17, 66, 32, 19
7, 0, 73, 32, 32, 9, 18, 83, 18
23, 2, 74, 48, 48, 21, 32, 48, 32

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Measures of Variability
5. Two machines, A and B, in a factory produce pens which are on average 10 inches long. A
sample of 11 pens is selected from each machine. Which of the two machines produce pens
that are close to the average pen length:
Machine A: 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14
Machine B: 6, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 14

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Activity 5.1
1. 33
2. 50
3. 30
4. 19
5. 70

Activity 5.2
1. Potato
2. Macaroni
3. Fruit
4. Fruit

Activity 5.3
1. Mean = 3.53, Median = 2, Mode = 2
2. Mean = P 238,299.50, Median = P 249,708.50, No Mode

Activity 5.4
1. R=78
median =282
𝑄1 = 257
𝑄3 = 300
IQR = 43
2. mean = 40.525
Standard deviation = 11.027

Enrichment Activities
1. textual
2. graphical
3. tabular
4. Mean = 37, Median = 32, Mode = 32
5. Machine A = 3.35, Machine B = 2.19

NOTE:
If you need more help, you may reach your business math teacher via mobile phone or
Facebook account.

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