VINAYAKA

Features Of OOPS: -
1) Encapsulation
2) Data Abstraction

3) Inheritance
4) Polymorphism

Application Of OOPS: -
1) BAPI’S
2) BADI’S
3) Enhancement Frame Work
4) Webdynpro
5) HR-ABAP
6) CRM-Technical

7) SRM
8) EP
9) BSP……………

Class: - A class is a user defined data type which is the collection of different type of components.
 A class only provides a template it’s doesn’t allocate a memory.
Object: - An instance of a class is called as an object.
 Whenever we instance a class memory will be allocated.

Access Specifies (Visibility Section): -

Types Of Class: -
1) Local Class  Local class to program (SE38-ABAP Editor).
2) Global Class  Class Builder Tool (SE24).

Syntax for creating local classes: -

1) Definition of class  Declaration of components.
2) Implementation of class  Implementation of method.

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 Definition of class
Class <class name> definition.
Declaration of components.
Endclass.

Implementation class
Class <class name> implementation.
Implementation of methods.
Endclass.

Object Creation: -
1) Create reference for the class

Syntax: -
Data <ref.name> type ref to <class name>
Note: - Whenever an Object is created memory will be allocated for the attributes of the class and
attribute gets initialized to default values.

Access specifiers in ABAP: -

1) Public Section
2) Protected Section
3) Private Section

Components of ABAP classes: -

Attributes Methods Events Interface aliases

Types Constants Data Special Normal Instance Static

Instance Instance
Constructor

Instance Static
Static Static
Constructor

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1) OOPS Concepts
2) ALV Reporting Using Class
3) ALV Reporting Using Function Modules

Procedure for creating global classes: -

1) Define and implement the class in class builder tool (SE24).

2) Access the components of the global class in the repository objects (Executable Programs,
Include Program, and Subroutine Pool). By instantiating the class.

At any point of time they object store one set of values.

Note: - Only public component can be accessed outside of the class.

Interacting with methods in local classes: -

1) Declare the method prototype in the class definition.

Syntax: -
Method/Class-Method <method name> [parameters].

2) Implement the method in the class implementation.

Syntax: -
Method <method name>.
Statements.
Endmethod.

3) Call the method.

Syntax: -
Call method <method name> [parameters]
Instance method  methods
Static method  class-methods
It is recommend to use in the SAP attributes/data members/Instance variables  protected/private.
Method’s/member function  public.

Note: - Whenever a report program contains class implementation and explicitly we need handle
the event start-of-selection to indicate the starting point of program.

Method with parameters: -

Methods: m1 importing X type i,

Y(20) type c.

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Methods returning values: -
Returning Keyword: -

 In case of other object oriented language a method can return exactly one value which
done by using return keyword.

 In case of ABAP a method can return any number of values by declaring those many
numbers of exporting (or) importing (or) changing parameters.

 To receive the method and return exactly one value we use returning parameters.

 If the method contains returning parameters it cannot contains exporting (or) changing
parameters.

 A method can contains only one returning parameter.

 Returning parameter is always passed by value.

Exception handling in methods: -

 An exception is runtime error which is raised during the program execution if the
exception is not handling the program will be terminated.

 Exception handling is process of handling in runtime error and containing program

execution.

 The exceptions are provided by SAP as part of standard exceptions class these exceptions
are triggered by SAP itself as a developer we need to handle these exceptions by using try
and catch block.

 Inside try block we need to declare this statement where the possible exception occurs.

 It the exception is raised in try blocked SAP creates the appropriate exception class object
and the control is transfer to catch block.

 Inside the catch block we need to handle the exception by writing the appropriate
exception handling statements.

 All the exception classes provided by SAP start with the naming standard
‘CX_SY_...........’

Note: - As part of catch block declaration we need to specify the exception class which is
reasonable for rising exception if the developer is not sure of the exception class we can use the
exception class ‘CX_ROOT’.

 CX_ROOT is a super class for all the exception classes and it can handle any kind of
exception.

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Capturing system defined exception message: -

Procedure for handling standing exception: -

These exception are declared and raised SAP as a developer we need to handle try and catch.

User defines exception: -

These exceptions are declaring and handle are raised developers itself.

Procedure for handling user-define exception in local classes: -

1) Declare the user define exception as part of method declaration.

Syntax: -
Exception <exception name>

2) Raise the exception at appropriate place in the method implementation

Raise <exception name>

3) Handle the exception while calling the method by checking sy-subrc status.

Instance attribute: -

 These attribute are specific to an object and they are declared by using the keyword
‘DATA’ in local classes.

 For each instance attribute separate memory will be allocated they can be an accessed
only by using the object of the class.

Static attribute: -

 They are not specific to any object and they are declared by using the keyword
‘CLASS_DATA’ in local classes.

 For the static attribute memory will be allocated only when the first object is created the
remaining objects points to be the same memory location they are also called as class
variables.

 They can be accessed either by using the object are by using the class name.

Instance methods: -

In local classes they are declared by using the keyword METHODS they can be accessed
only by using the object. They can access both instance and static attributes.

Static methods: -

In local class they are declaring the keyword ‘CLASS-METHODS’ and they can be
accessed either by using object are by using class name. They can access only static attributes.

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Constructors: -

A constructor is a special method used for initialized for attributes of class it special because
it cannot be called explicitly it will be called implicitly.

 It is always declare in public section.

 It never returns any values.

1) Instance
2) Static

Instance Constructors: - It is declared by using keyword ‘CONSTRUCTORS’ it is executed

automatically whenever we create new instance of a class. It is specific to object.

 It can contain only importing parameters and exceptions.

Static Constructors: - It is declared by using the keyword ‘CLASS_CONSTRUCTORS’ it is

executed automatically whenever a class is loaded a class will be loaded in cases.

1) When we accesses the static components of the class using the class name before creating any
objects.
2) When we create the first object of the class.
3) It is not specific to any object it cannot contains any parameters and exception.

Note: -
 Instance constructor is executed only once in the life time of object.
 Static constructor is executed only once in a life time of class.

Note: - If a class contains both instance and static constructor and when we create the first object.
1st the static constructor is executed and next instance constructor for rest of the objects only
instance constructor get executed.

NORMAL METHOD SPECIAL METHOD CONSTRUCTOR

It can be declared in any of the sections. Only in public section.

It has to be called explicitly. It called implicitly.

A method can have any types of parameters. Instance constructor can have importing
parameters and static constructor cannot have
any parameters.

Methods can return values. It cannot return values.

It can be called any know of times in the Instance constructor will be called only once
lifetime of an object. in the lifetime of every object where as static
constructor will be called only once in the
lifetime of class.

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User defined exception: -

Rising: - If a method is a capable of raising the exception that enable to handle the exception then
we need to use the keyword ‘RAISING’ as part of method declaration in this case the caller of the
method as to take the responsibility of handling the exception.

Friend classes: - By default outside the class of an object can access only public components of the
class directly.

 By using friend classes to enable the object to access any components of the class
directly irresponsibility of the visibility for this consider the following session.

 Consider two independent classes A and B.

 If class A considers class B as friend by inside class B methods we can instantiate class A
and use the instance we can access all the component of class A directly irrespective of
the visibility.

 In the above case the class B should be forward declared by using the keyword
‘DEFERRED’.

 Deferred keyword indicates to SAP that the class definition has been delayed and it has
been declared same where else in the program.

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Inheritance: -
It is the process of acquiring the properties of other entity (class). The advantage of
inheritance is reusability. They are three types of inheritance.

1) Single
2) Multiple
3) Multilevel

 The class which gives the properties is called as super class, and the base class which
takes the properties is called as subclass (or) derived class.

 Only public and protected components can be inherited.

 In local classes we need to use the keyword ‘INHERITING FROM’ for achieving
inheritance.

1) Single inheritance: -

A class derived from single super class.

2) Multiple inheritance: -

A class derived from more than one super class.

Note: - In ABAP we cannot implement multiple inheritances directly we can implement indirectly
through the concept of INTERFACE.

3) Multilevel inheritance: -

A class derived from another derived class.

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B

CLASS B

CLASS B CLASS C

CLASS C
Single inheritance
Multilevel inheritance Multiple inheritance

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Polymorphism: -

Poly  Many
Morph  Forms
Ism  behavior

Examples: - Method overloading

Method overriding

Method overloading: -

If a class contains two methods with the same name but different signature it is called as
method overloading.

 ABAP doesn’t support method overloading.

Method overriding: -

If a sub class overwrites a super class method is called as method overriding.

 Whenever a sub class wants to override the super class method a sub class wants to
declare the super class method in the subclass by using REDEFINITION keyword.

 While redefined the methods we cannot change the visibility of the method.

 Whenever a subclass overrides the super class method it is always recommended to call
the super class method version in the subclass by using keyword. ‘SUPER’.

 Super keyword is used for referring to super class components from the sub class.

 To redefine a global method put cursor on the method click on redefine.

Final keyword: -

Final keyword can be used at two levels.

1) Class level
2) Method level

 The class created as final cannot be inherited.

 A method created as final can be inherited but cannot redefine.

Hierarchy of constructor execution: -

When a super class contains static and instance constructor and if sub class contains only the static
constructor in this case if we instantiate the sub class then the static constructor are executed from
super class to sub class and then the instantiate constructor of the super class will be executed.

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Note: - If the super class and sub class contains respective instance constructor it must for subclass
instance constructor to call the super class instance constructor this is done by using ‘SUPER’
keyword.

This is the only place where the constructor can be are must be called explicitly.

Note: - If the super class and sub class contains respective static and instance constructor and if
instantiate the sub class first the static constructor are executed to super class to subclass and when
the instantiate constructor will executed subclass to super class.

Me keyword: - Me keyword refer to current object execution it is used to differentiate both

attribute and method parameters whenever attribute and parameter names are same.

Visibility of component level: -

1) Public section
2) Protected section
3) Private section

Visibility of class level: -

1) Public
2) Protected
3) Private
4) Abstract

Public: - The default visibility of a class is public.

 Public classes can be instantiated.

 Public classes can be inherited.
 The sub classes inherited the public class is also created as public by default.

Protected classes: - Protected classes can be inherited but cannot be instantiated outside the class
but it can be instantiated within the sub class method.

 The sub class inheriting the protected class is also created as protected by default to create
the sub class as explicit public class we need to use extension create public as part of sub
class definition.

Private classes: -

 Private classes cannot be instantiated.

 Private classes can be inherited.
 The sub class inherited the private class is also created as private class by default.
 This sub class cannot be created as explicitly public class this can be mode possible if the
super class considers the subclass as friend.

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Abstract class: -

 It is a class which contains at least one abstract method. Abstract method is a method
which is just declared but not implemented in local class they are declared by using the
keyword abstract.
 If a class contains at least one abstract method then the entity class should be declared as
abstract.
 Abstract methods are always declared in public (or) protected section.
 We cannot instantiate the abstract classes because they are not fully implemented.
 The class which ever inheritance the abstract class can implement the abstract method of
the abstract class otherwise the subclass will declared as abstract.
 Abstract methods are also called as non-concerted methods.
 We declared method as abstract when we are not sure about the implementation but we
are sure that the other classes as to use the same methods.

Interfaces: - It is pure abstract class i.e. by default all methods of interface are abstract. By using
interfaces we can implement multiple inheritances.

 By default the visibility of the interface components are public.

 Interface methods contain only declaration but not implementation the implementation
must be provided in the corresponding class. The class whichever implements the
interface is called as implementation class and this class should implement all the
methods of the interface otherwise this class should be declaration as abstract.
 A local class whichever wants to implement the interface must declared the interface in
the class definition by using interface keyword.

Syntax: - interface <interface name>.

A class can implement any number of interfaces which is nothing but multiple inheritances
whenever the interface component is referred the outside of the interface they must be prefixed with
the name of the interface.

 Interface is always implemented in public section.

 We cannot the instantiate the interfaces because it is not implemented.

Syntax for local interfaces: -

Interface <interface name>.

Declaration of components
End interface.

Aliases: - aliases are the alternative names provided to the interface components i.e. whenever the
interface components is referred outside the interface declaration it must be prefixed with the name
of interface we can avoid the lengthy naming standard by declaring the aliases by the interface
components these aliases must be declared in the definition of a class whichever the implementing
the interface. By using aliases we can also change the visibility of the interface components.

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ABSTRACT CLASSES INTERFACES

Can contain both abstract and non-abstract Can contain only abstract methods.
methods.

Explicitly we need to use abstract keyword. By default all methods are abstract.
Abstract methods can be declared in public or All components of interface by default are
protected section. public.

A class can inherit only one abstract class. A class can implement any know of interfaces.

Abstract class components are directly referred Interface components must be prefixed with the
in subclass. name of the interface.

Persistence service: - It is used for storing the state of an object formality it is similarly to
serialization java and .net. This service is implemented by using persistence classes. This service is
implemented in two ways.
1) By using business key identity.
2) By using GUID (global unique identifier)

 Storing the state of object permanently in the database is called as persistence.

 By default the lifetime of the scope of an object is within the program where it is created.
 Persistence class is always global and the naming standard is ‘ZCL_ (or) YCL’.
 Persistence class is always created as protected class.
 Whenever a persistence class is created SAP automatically create to class.
1) Base agent class naming standard is ‘ZCB_ (or) YCB_’.
2) Agent class or actor class ‘ZCA_ (or) YCA_’.

 Base agent class is always created as abstract the class and it is the friend of persistence
class.
 Actor class is always created as private class and it is a sub class of base agent class.
 Once the persistence class is created it needs to mapped with the corresponding database
table.

Persistence class using business key identity: -

 In this we consider the primary key fields of the database table as business key identity
which is used for identity the object uniquely.
 In this case when the persistence class is mapped with the database tables SAP adds the
fields of the database as the attributes of the persistence class.
 Also it creates the following methods as part of the base agent class.

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1) Create_persistence.
2) Delete_persistence.
3) Get_persistence.

 The above three method are public instance methods which gets inherited to actor class.
We need to use the above methods to interact with the persistence service.
 A part from this SAP also generates getter and setter methods as part of persistence class.
 Getter method is generated for all the fields of the database and setter methods are
generated for non-primary key fields of the table.
 To access the above three methods we require the object of base agent class. But the base
agent class is always created as abstract class and therefore cannot be instated.
 Since the above three method are inherited to actor class we need to instantiate the actor
class and access these methods. But actor class is created as private class and therefore
cannot be instated.
 We use the following mechanize to access these methods.
 Actor class is created as singleton class.
 As part of the actor class SAP as provided a public static attribute agent.
 We need to access this public static attribute agent using the actor class name. When
accessed internal it execute the static constructor of actor class it is reasonable for
creating the object. This object is return back using which we access the above three
methods.

Singleton class: -
Creating a class in such way so that we can create exactly one object is called as
singleton.

Persistence service using GUID: - In this we need to consider database table which contains
GUID as the first field. The data element of this field can be GUID/OS-GUID.
The data type of this field raw data type.

 This field is used for unique identification of the object.

 The value for this field is generated dynamically by SAP.

Note: - when a persistence class is mapped with the database table containing GUID also the field
expects the GUID are added as attribute of class and also getter and setter method are generated for
the entire field except GUID.

Transact

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ion service: - It is use for managing the object oriented transaction involving database operations.
As part of this we need to use the following class and interfaces.

1) CL_OS_SYSTEM  CLASS
2) IF_OS_TRANSCATION_MANGAER  INTERFACE
3) IT_OS_TRANSACTION  INTERFACE

Procedure for interacting with transaction service: -

1) Start the object oriented transaction by calling the start method of the interface.
IT_OS_TRANSACTION

Start method is an instance method of interface IT_OS_TRANSACTION so we need to instantiate.

The interface IF_OS_TRANSACTION which cannot be done directly. So we need to access the
instance method Create_Transaction of the interface IF_OS_TRANSACTION_MANAGER to
access this method we required the object of transaction manger interface. To get these object of
transaction manger interface. To get this object we need to access the static method
GET_TRANSCATION_MANAGER of the class CL_OS_SYSTEM.

2) Perform the required operation: -

 End the transaction by calling the end method of the interface IF_OS_TRASACTION.
 When the transaction is successfully completed SAP issues commit work statement
internally for saving the transaction permanently.
 If the transaction fails SAP raise the exception as part of this exception handling we need
to cancel the transaction by calling the undo method of the interface
IF_OS_TRANSCATION.

Implementing persistence service using transaction service: -

Note: -
Transaction service is always implemented globally.

Since transaction service is implemented in global classes we need to attach a T-code for a
transaction class method so that everything will be executed as single process. If we access the
transaction class method form local program it executed the different process which are assuming
as two different translations.

Casting: - It is the process of converting a variable from one data type to another data types they
are two types.

1) Wide casting
2) Narrow casting

Wide casting: - It is the process of converting an object from a less detailed view to more detailed
view.

Narrow casting: - It is a process of converting an object from a more details view to be less
detailed view.

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Procedure for deleting the persistent object using GUID: -

Check the existent persistent object using the method gets persistent OID. If the persistent object is
available it returns the object of object class which needs to be type casted to the corresponding
persistent class object. Pass the persistent class object as an input to the method.
‘DELETE_PERSISTENT.’

Event handling in object oriented: - As part of ABAP objects SAP as provided many events as
part of standard classes. These events are used in ALV reporting work flow customization CRM
technical DSP and webdynpro programming.
As part of custom classes we can declare user defined events. These events are declared are raised
and handle by the developer itself.

Procedure for interactive with user defined events in local class: -

 Declare the event in the definition of the class.

 Declare the event handler method in the definition of the class.
 Implemented the event handler method in the class implementation.
 Raise the event in one of method implementation.
 Register the handlers.

Step1 Syntax: -

Events/class-events <event name> [exporting parameters list].

Step2 Syntax: -

Methods/class-methods <method name> for event <event name> of <class name> [importing
parameter list].

Step3 Syntax: -

Raise event <event name> [exporting parameter list].

Step4 Syntax: -

Set handler <handler> [for <instances>].

They are two types of events

1) Instant
2) Static

 Instance events are declared by using keyword ‘events’.

 Static events are declared by using keyword ‘class-events’.
 Instance event is specific to an object.
 They are static event is not specific to an object.
 For every event there can be one are more event handler methods within the class are
across the classes.
 These event handler methods are executed automatically whenever the event is raised are
triggered.

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  For executing the event handler methods we need to register the handlers. By using this
register handlers SAP will execute all the event handler methods. One after the other.
Accordingly to sequence of register.
 Events can contains only exporting parameters which are imported by event handler
method these parameters are always passed by values. The parameter name in the event
as well as in event handler method must be same.

Note: - if the handler is not register events can be triggered but no actions can be performed
because the event handler methods will not be executed.

For all instance: - while register the handler for register events as part of set handler statement we
need to specify the object name after for keyword. This is reasonable for raising the event. This as
to be done for every object separately which is raising the event instead of this we can use ‘FOR
ALL INSTANCE’ keyword.

 As part of handler such that the event handler method will executed irrespective of object
used for raising the event.

Static event: - While registering the handlers for static even we should not specify the object which
is reasonable raising the static event. Because static event is not specific to on object i.e. for
keyword is not allowed for the static event part of set handler this similarly for all instances in case
of instance event.

Static event handler method: -

 Instance event can be raised only in instance methods.

 Static event can be raised either in instance are static method.

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