BapJw

s-{-^U-d-nI-v F-wKÂk-ns-â "I-pS-p-w-_-w-, k-zI-m-c-y-k-z-¯-v, `c-W-I-qS-w F¶-n-

h-b-ps-S DZ-v`h-w-' F¶ I-rX-n-b-ps-S ]-p\Àh-m-b-\-I-f-n Hc-p-I-mc-y-w t-_-m[-y-
s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-p; a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-n-\-I¯-v Hc-p s-s-e-wK-n-I-c-oX-ni-mk-v{-X-a-p-s-|-¶-v.
a\-p-j-y\-v c|-p c-oX-n-b-n-e-pÅ DX-v]-m-Z-\-§-f-m-W-p-Å-s-X¶-v a-mÀI-vk-p-w
F-wKÂk-p-w h-yà-a-m-¡-n-b-n-«-p-|-v. 1. P-oh-n-t-X-m-]-m-[-n-I Ifp
If f-ps-S DX-v]-m-Z-\-w. (2-)
k´-X-n-]-c-¼-c-I-f-ps-S s-s-e-wK-n-t-I-m-X-v]m-- -Z-\-w. P-oh hn
h-n-t-X-m-]-m-[-n-I-f-ps-S DX-v]-m-
Z-\-¯-ns-â h-nI-m-k-]-c-n-W-m-a-§-f-mW-v KW-þ-ttK
\-mS-p-h-m-g-n¯þa-pX-e-m-f-n¯þt-k-mj-y-e-nÌ-
k-m¼-¯-n-I-h-fÀ¨. Ah-s-b-¡-p-d-n¨-v a-mÀI ÀIv
ÀI-
KS
Ìpp h-
-K-mm--{-X
hyyh-
Ivkp- w- FwK
X--þþ--A-S-n-a-¯-þ-^-y-q-UÂ
h-Ø-I-s-f¶ k-ma-q-l-nI
F
F-wKÂk-p-w t-h|-p-t-h-mf-w
O
DÄ¡-m-g-vN-IÄ \e-vI-p¶ A]-{-K-Y Y--\
\--§Ä \S- \S
\ ¯-n-b-n-«-p-|-v. F¶-mÂ
s-s-e-wK-n-t-I-m-X-v]m-- -Z-\-¯-ns-â Nc- cn-nn--{-X
c X--]-c-nnWn--W-m-a-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-v , AX-m-bX-v
BO

KW-s-s-e-w-K-nI a-mX-r-]-n-X-r-Z-m-b b--þ-I-qq--«-pp--I-pp--S-ppw-w_þAW-p-I-p-S-p-w_ c-q]-L-S-\-

Is-f¡-pd-n¨-v a-mÀI-vk-ns-â P- Pooh
ohn-
h-
hnn--X-I-mme m--e¯-v I-mc-y-a-mb Fg-p-s-¯-m¶-p-w
At-±l-w \S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-nn--Ã. 1883þ I- Imd a-mÀI-vk-v A´-c-n-¨-X-n\p t-ij-
a-mW-v At-±-l-¯-ns-â I- Ippdn-
Ipd d-
dn-¸-p-IIÄ ÄI-qS-n B[-m-c-a-m-¡-n-s-¡-m|-v F-wKÂk-v
"I-pS-p-w-_-w-, k-zI-m-c cy--y-k-zz--¯-v, `c- ` W-I-qS-w F¶-n-h-b-ps-S DZ-v`h-w-' F¶ I-rX-n
`c
C

{-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨-X-v. a\-a\pp--j-yys ysâ

s-â k-ma-q-l-nI ]c-n-W-m-a-N-c-n-{-X-¯-n k-v{-X-o-
b-ps-S Ø-m\-w AS AS-bmm-- f
f-
- s - ¸
- S- p- ¯
- p- ¶ C-u I-rX-n a-mÀI-vkn- k - ¯- n- s-â s-se - w- K-n-
D

I-c-oX-n i-mk-v{-X-w I- IqqS qSn

S-n-b-m-W-v. t-e-mI-¯-ns-e Gäh-p-w he-nb s-X-mg-n-e-mf-n-
hÀ¤a-mb k-v{-X-oIs-f h-n¹-h-IÀ¯-r-X-z-¯-nÂ\-n¶-p-w Hg-n-h-m¡-n ]-pc-p-j-
s-¯-m-g-ne -- -m-f-n-hÀ¤-¯-n\-v h-n¹-h-IÀ¯-rX-z-w \e-vI-p-I-b-m-W-v a-mÀI-vk-p-w
F-wKÂk-pw- s-Nb-vXX - v-. F¶-m ]-n¶-oS-v F-wKÂk-v Ah-Xc - n- ¸
- n- ¨ a-mÀI-vkn- -
k¯-ns-â s-s-e-wK-nI c-oX-n-i-mk-v{-X-w CX-ns-\ X-nc-p-¯-p-¶-p|-v. a-mÀI-vk-v
I-pd-¨-p-I-me-w I-qS-n P-oh-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p-s-h-¦-n k-v{-X-os-¯-m-g-nÂhÀ¤-¯-ns-â
IÀ¯-r-X-z-s-¯- A-wK-o-I-c-n-¨-p-s-I-m-|-pÅ I-mg-vN-¸-m-S-p-IÄI-qS-n Ah-X-c-n-¸-n-
¡-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p F¶-v F-wKÂk-v Xs-â {-KÙ-¯-n\-v Fg-p-X-nb a-pJ-h-p-c-
b-nÂ\-n¶-p-w h-mb-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m-w. hÀ¤-þ-e-n-w-K-þ-]-p-c-p-j-m-[-n-]X-y k-zI-m-c-y-k-z-
¯-p-Sa-m _Ô-§Ä Ge-v]-n-¡-p¶ ]-oU-\-§Ä X-o£-vW-a-mb-n A\-p-`-h-n-
¡-p-¶-hÀ k-v{-X-oI-f-mW-v F¶ Nc-n-{-X-h-k-vX-p-X-b-n-t-e¡v a-mÀI-vk-p-w
F-wKÂk-p-w F¯-n-t-¨À¶-n-c-p¶-p F¶-mW-v Fs-â \-nc-o-£-W-w.
a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-n-\-p-Å-n Hc-p s-s-e-wK-n-I-c-oX-ni-mk-v{-X-a-p-s-|¶-v k-w`-m-
j-W-at-[-y k-qN-n-¸-n-¨-t-¸-mÄ DS³ AX-n-s-\-¡-p-d-n¨-v Fg-p-X-W-s-a¶p
 DÅ-S¡w

BapJw 5
`-mK-w H¶-v 9
a-mÀI-vk-p-w s-^a-n-\-n-kh-p-w 11
F-wKÂk-ns-â k-v{-X-o]£-w 19
F-w-KÂk-n\-v FX-ns-c s-^a-n-\-n-Ì
F-w-KÂk-v aS-§-n-h-c-p¶-p
a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-ns-â s-s-e-wwK K-
KS Ìp--pp--IÄ

Knn--I-c-ooXoXni
X-
Xni- imk-v{-X-w
31
37
44
O
k-v{-X-ob-ps-S AS-n-a-¯ ¯--s-¯
¯--¡-ppdn¨
p--d-nn¨
¨-v
BO

F-w-K KÂkÂk-
Âkvv 55
F-wKÂk-ns-â e-n-wwK- K-hÀ¤
À ka-c-k-n-²-m´-w 65
k-v{-X-ob-ppw-w `-
`mm--jb-
bp-w 78
C

]-p-wk
k-v{-X-o e-e
enn-wwK-
K-h-y-h-Øb-p-w k-v{-X-o]-£h-p-w 87
D

e--`-mm--j-b-ns-e k-v{-X-o
-A-Ç-o-e 95
F-wKÂk-p-w t-{-^-mb-vU-p-w 108
KW-s-s-e-w-K-n-I-Xb-p-w aX-§f-p-w 119
{-K-o¡-v \-mK-c-n-I-X-b-ns-e s-s-e-wK-nI P-o-h-nX-w 129
{-I-nk-vX-p-a-Xh-p-w s-s-e-wK-n-I-Xb-p-w 137
a[-y-I-me {-I-nk-vX-p-a-Xh-p-w s-s-e-wK-n-I-Xb-p-w 144
s-s-e-wK-n-I- h-n¹-h-¯-ns-â H¶-m-w ]-mT-wþ
a-mÀ«-n³ e-qXÀ 149
Ieb-p-w s-s-e-wK-n-I-\-t-h-m-°-m-\h-p-w 157
s-s-e-wK-n-I-m-[-p-\-n-I-X-b-n-t-e-¡-v 167
 a-pX-e-m-f-n-¯h-p-w s-s-e-wK-n-I-Xb-p-w 171
I-me-v]-\-n-I-X-b-ps-S s-s-e-wK-n-I-h-o-£W-w 178
`-mK-w 2 185
h-y-mh-k-m-b-nI h-n¹-h-¯-ns-â
s-s-e-wK-n-I-a-m-\-§Ä 187
s-s-e-wK-n-I- a-ue-n-I-h-m-Z-§Ä 196
Bt-K-m-f-o-I-c-Wh-p-w s-s-e-wK-n-I-Xb-p-w 203
s-s-e-wK-n-I-P-\-m-[-n-]-X-yh-p-w ]-uc-X-zh-p-w 210
s-s-e-wK-n-I-h-n-]W-n 218

b-qt-d-m h-nt-I-{-μ-nX s-^a-n-\-n-k-§Ä

KS
s-s-e-wK-n-I-cN-\-I-f-ps-S t-e-mIh-n-]W
§Ä
W-n 226
235
O
Ckve-m-a-nI s-^a-n-\-n-k-§Ä 241
Ad_-v s-^a-n-\-n-k-¯-nsâ s-â h h-ym-
y-m-m-]-vX-n 251
BO

`-mc-X-ob s-]-×-IÄ 267

`-mc-X-ob "s-]×-IÄ-' \ \-mS
mS-p-h-m-g-n-¯-¯-n-t-e¡-v 276
{-Z-mh-nU "s-]×
]×-×
×--'IÄ
'IÄÄ 283
C

`-m-c-X-ob \\t
\t-h-mm--°-m-\h-p-w k-v{-X-o]-£h-p-w 293
D

`-mc-X-o-b-s-]×
]× t-Zi-o-b-[-m-c-b-n-t-e¡-v 300
{-I-na-n-\Â k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI a-qe-[-\-¯-nÂ\-n¶-v
s-^a-n-\-nÌ-v a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-n-t-e¡-v 309
kl-m-b-I-{-K-Ù-§Ä 319
]Z-kqNn 325
 a-mÀI-vk-p-w s-^a-n-\-n-kh-p-w

I-md a-mÀI-vk-n-s-\b-p-w a-mÀI-vk-n-k-s-¯b-p-w \-nc-k-n-¡-p¶ he-X-p-]£

s-^a-n-\-n-Ì-p-IÄt-]-me-p-w Hc-p ]c-n-[-n-t-b-mf-w s-{-^U-d-nI-v F-wKÂk-ns-\
A-wK-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. a-mÀI-vk-nÌv s-^a-n-\-n-Ì-p-IÄ¡-p-w F-wKÂk-ns-â
"I-pS-p-w_-w-, k-zI-m-c-y-k-z¯-v-, `c-W-I-qS-w F¶-n-h-b-ps-S DÛh-wþ e-qb-n-k-v.
F¨-v t-a-mÀKs-â Kt-h-j-W-§-f-ps-S s-hf-n-¨-¯-nÂ-' (1884- 1884) F¶ I-rX-n-b-mW-v
AS-n-Ø-m\ {-KÙ-w. Ah-c-p-w I-md a-mÀI-vk-nnÂ\ Â\-
Â\n¶\nn¶
¶-p-w X-pS-§-p-¶-n-Ã.
s-^a-n-\-n-Ì-p-IÄ a-mÀI-vk-n-s-\ (a-mÀI-vk-n-k-s¯
¯-ns-â {-]X-y-b-i-m-k-v{-X-I-m-c-\-m-b-n-«-mW-v h-nne-
X-¯-n At-±l-w k-m·-mÀ¤-n-I-a-q-e-y-§Ä a- apd
s-¯-) ] ]-pc
KS
c-p-j-m-[-n-]-X-y-{-I-a-
e-b-n-c-p-¯-p-¶-X-v. I-pS-p-w-_-P-o-h-n-
appdps
d-ppsI
s-I ]-]nS-n¨ Hc-p h-nt-Î-m-d-n-b³
O
I-pS-p-w-_-\-m-Y\-p-w \Ã AÑ-\-p-a-m-b-n-c cp--p-¶-pp.. \-
\oo|-
|-
|I-m-es-¯ {-]W-b-_-Ô-
¯-n-\-vt-ij-w s-P¶-ns-b h-nh-ml-w Ig- Ig
Ign¨
gnn¨ ¨ I- Immd d a-mÀI-vk-v Cf-b-a-I-f-mb
BO

Fe-nt- \ - m- À a-mÀI-vkn- s-â {-]W-b b-_

_-
- Ô - s-s¯ FX-nÀ¯-p. Bd-n¯ - W - p- ¡
- m- ¯
{-]W-b-Z-p-x-J-¯-n P-oh-n¨ AhÄ HS- HSpph
HSp- -h-n Bß-l-X-y-b-n Bi-z-mk-w
Is-|-¯-n. Ak-m-a-m-\-y-k-u-μ- μ-c-y-h-X-nbb-p-w {-]`-p-I-p-e-P-m-X-b-p-a-mb s-P¶-n aä-p
{-]`-p-I-p-a-m-c³a-m-t-c-mS-v k-
ku l-r-Z-]
ulr
ul -c-a-mb-n CS-s-]-S-p-¶-X-p-t-]-me-p-w a-mÀI-vk-n\-v
]c
]ca
kl-n-¡-m³ Ig-n-ª-nn--c-pp--¶-nn--Ã. (s-P-¶-n-b-ps-S I¯-v 1839-) s-P¶-n-b-ps-S
C

t-ae-pÅ k-z¯-pp--S-a-mm--t-_-mm--[h-
hp-w {-]W-bh-p-w A{-X X-o{-h-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. 1865
þÂ Hc-p t-N-mZ-y-mm--h-e-nn--¡-ppÅ
Å D¯-c-§-f-ps-S I-q«-¯-n a-mÀI-vk-v C§s-\
D

Fg-p-X-n. ""k-v{-X-ob-n \- \n§Ä Gäh-p-w h-ne-a-X-n-¡-p¶ kÂK-pW-w?-'-'þ ""_e-

l-o-\X-'-'. (a-mÀI-vk-n-s-\b-p-w F-wKÂk-n-s-\b-p-w I-pd-n-¨-pÅ A\-p-k-va-c-W-
§Ä t-]P-v 249-). ]-pc-p-j-\-n h-ne-a-X-n-¡-p¶ kÂK-pW-w "_e-'a-ms-W¶-p-w
Fg-p-X-n. k-z-m`-m-h-n-I-a-mb-p-w I-md a-mÀI-vk-ns-\ Hc-p ]-pc-p-j-m-[-n-]X-y {-]
X-y-b-i-m-k-v{-X-I-m-c-\-mb-p-w a-mÀI-vk-n-ks-¯ ]-pc-p-j-m-[-n-]-X-y- {-]-X-y-b-i-m-
k-v{-X-a-mb-p-w s-^a-n-\-n-Ì-p-IÄ h-naÀi-n-¡-p-¶-p.
a-mÀI-vk-ns-â ]-nX-r-]-m-c-¼c-y-w
]- p c- p - j -m-[-n-]X-y-w AX-n-i-à-a-mb-nc-p¶ P-qX-I-p-S-p-w-_-¯-n-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p
a-mÀI-vkn- s-â P\-\w- .(1818 s-ab-v 5-). ]-nX-rI - p- S- p- w- _
- h-pw- a-mX-rI - p- S- p- w- _-- h-pw- P-qX³-
a- m À¡- n - S - b - n s- e "dº- n - ' If- p s- S I- p S- p - w - _ - a - m - b - n - c - p - ¶ - p . P- q X- \ - n - b - a - § Ä
]T-n¸ - n- ¡ - p- I- b-pw- h-ym- J-ym- \ - n- ¡
- p- I
- b-pw- s-N¿-p¶ BN-mc - y- ³a-mc - p- s-S I-pS-pw- _-w.
AX-ps - I- m- |- p- X
- s-¶ I-pS-pw- _ - ¯ - n- Â ]-nX-mh - n- s-â \-nb-{´ - W - h-pw- A[-nI - m- c
- h-pw-
Hc-pX - c-w A[-n\ - n- t- h
- i
- ]
- c
- a- m- b-n Xs-¶ \-ne-\n- ¶ - n- c - p- ¶
- p- . a-mÀ-Iv-kn- s-â dº-n-
11
 F-wKÂk-ns-â k-v{-X-o]£-w

]- p c- p - j - m - [ - n - ] X- y - w AX- n - i - à - a - m b- n \- n e- \ - n ¶ I- p S- p - w - _ - ¯ - n - e - m W- v
F-wKÂk-ns-â P\-\-w. PÀ½-\-n-b-ns-e {-][-m\ \Z-n-b-mb s-s-d³ \Z-o-X-o-
cs-¯ (s-s-d³ e-m³U-v-) I-rj-n-b-n-S-§-f-n bl-m³ I-mk-v]À F-wKÂk-v
H¶-m-a³ (1715þ87-) F¯-p-¶-t-X-m-s-S-b-mW-v F-wKÂk-v I-pS-p-w-_-¯-ns-â
Bc-w-`-w. I-rj-n-b-n \-n¶-p-w \-qÂ\-qev]-p h-y]-m-c-¯-nn--t-e¡-p-w ]-n¶-oS-v k-zX-
{-´-a-mb DX-v]-m-Z-\-¯-n-t-e¡-p-w {-]t-h-i-n-¨-p. t-]-mm¡- ¡-ä-nnÂ
 25 X-meÀ (s-h-Å-n-
\-m-W-b-w-) a-pXÂa-p-S-¡-p-a-m-b-n-«-mW-v I-mk-v]À F-
k-wc-w-`-¯-n\p X-pS-¡-a-n-«-X-v. s-{-^U-d-nI-v F-
t-g¡-p-w _-mÀ-as-â h-yh-k-mb]-pt-c-m-K-X-nn¡
KS ¡-
FwwKÂk
FwKÂk-
¡v \-
KÂk-
wKÂ
KÂkn
KÂk
\nnÀ®
kv Xs-
X â h-yh-k-mb
kn-s-â- I-mea-mb-t-¸-m-
À®-m-b-I-a-mb ]¦-p-h-l-n-
O
¡-p¶ Hc-p h-yh-k-m-b-I-p-S-p-w-_-a-mb-n F- FwwKÂkwKÂkns
KÂk- kns-â I-pS-p-w_-w a-md-n-¡-g-n-
ª-n-c-p-¶-p. s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-IÄ¡-v B\- B\ \ppIq-
p--I-qq--e-yy§Ä
y--§Ä s-I-mS-p-¡-p-¶-X-ne-p-w _-me-
BO

t-he \S-¯-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-ne-p-w F F-wKÂk

wKÂkv
wKÂk- kv I I-pS-p-w_-w {-i²-n-¨-p. `£-W-k-m-
[-\-§-f-ps-S Z-uÀe-`-y-I-m-e¯ ¯-v "`£-W-¡-e-hd-' D|-m¡-n s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-I-s-f
AhÀ kl-m-b-n-¨-p. X-pS-¡-¯-nnÂXs ÂXs-¶ Xs-â ^-mÎ-d-n-I-f-ns-e s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-
I-f-p-a-mb-n CS-I-eÀ¶- ¶p P P-oh
oh-n¨ F F-wKÂk-n aä-p I-pS-p-w-_-m-w-K-§-f-nÂ
\-n¶-p-w h-yX-y-k-vX-a -mb-
amb A]hÀ¤-h¡-cW-w (declassing) k-w`-h-n¨-p X-pS-
bn A]-
C

§-n-s-b¶-v ]d-b-m-ww.. ]- ]ne

] nne
ev¡-m-e¯-v h-yh-k-m-b-n-b-mb I½-y-q-W-nÌ-v F¶-v
e-
N-neÀ h-nt-i-j-n-n-¸-n-n-¡-¯-¡-h-n-[-¯-n-e-pÅ Hc-p a-mä-w Bc-w-`-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p.
D

I-mÄh-n-\-n-Ì-p-I-p-Sp-pw_-w
F-wKÂk-ns-â ]-nX-m-a-l-\-mb bl-m³I-m-k-v]À c|-m-a³ 1808þÂ a-p³k-n-
¸Â I-u¬k-n-e-d-mb-n \-nb-a-n-¡-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-p-t-]-ms-e "_-mÀa³k-v
b-ps-s-W-äU-v s-{-]-m«-Ìâ-v NÀ¨-n-'s-â Ø-m]-I-·-m-c-n Hc-m-f-m-h-p-Ib-p-w
s-Nb-vX-p. Cc-p-\-q-t-d-mf-w ^-mÎ-d-n-IÄ F-wKÂk-ns-â \-mS-mb h-p¸À \Z-n-b-ps-S
X-oc-{-]-t-Z-i-a-mb X-mg-vhc-b-n-e-p-|-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-n-i-à-a-mb aX-`-à-nb-p-w
aX-t-_-m-[-h-p-a-pÅ I-pS-p-w-_-§-f-mW-v _-mÀa-\-n D|-m-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. I-qä³
]Å-n-IÄ-, H-mt-c-m -Ø-e-¯-n\-p-w AX-n-t-â-X-mb s-s-__-n-f-p-IÄ-, a-nj-W-d-n-
a-mÀ F¶-n-h-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p _-mÀas-â as-ä-mc-p {-]t-X-y-I-X. F-wKÂk-ns-â
A`-n-{-]-m-b-¯-n _-mÀa³ "h-nÚ-m-\-h-n-t-c-m-[-n-I-f-ps-S k-nt-b-m³-' Bb-n-c-p-
¶-p. A{-I-a-k-z-`-m-h-a-pÅ aX-`-à-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p PÀ½³ e-qXÀ NÀ¨-ns-\
I-og-S-¡-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. AX-n-i-à-a-mb ]-pc-p-j-m-[-n-]-Xy-- -a-pÅ I-pS-p-w-_-§Ä
I-mÄh-n-\-n-k-¯-ns-â {-]X-n-t-e-m-a-I-c-a-mb k-z-m[-o-\-¯-nÂs-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-p.
19
 F-w-KÂk-n\-v FX-ns-c s-^a-n-\-n-Ì-p-IÄ

k-v{-X-ob-ps-S s-s-e-wK-n-Ih-p-w k-ma-q-l-n-I-h-p-a-mb AS-n-a-¯-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-v Nc-n-

{-X-]-c-a-mb `-uX-n-I-h-m-Z-¯-ns-â c-oX-n-i-m-k-v{-X-¯-n A]-{-K-Y-n¨ s-{-^U-
d-nI-v F-wKÂk-ns-â I-pS-p-w-_-w-, k-zI-m-c-y-k-z-¯-v, `c-W-I-qS-w F¶-n-h-b-ps-S
DÛh-w F¶ I-rX-n (1884-) C¶-p-w Hc-p ¢-mÊ-nI-v cN-\-b-mb-n \-ne-\-n-e-v
¡-p-¶-p. AX-ns-â DÅ-S-¡-¯-n-t-e¡-p IS-¡-p-¶-X-n\pp a-p¼-v F-wKÂk-n\v
FX-n-s-c-, {-]t-X-y-I-n¨-p-w a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-n\-v FX-ns- scc _- _qqÀj
_qÀj Àj-z-m s-^a-n-\-n-Ì-p-
IÄ \S-¯-nb h-naÀi-\-§Ä ]c-n-t-i-m-[-n-t-¡-|
]S-n F-wKÂk-v ]d-ª-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p F¶-X-n-\
I-X-b-ne-p-w Ak-vX-n-X-z-h-m-Z-¯-ne-p-w D-u¶-
\-n-k-¯-n BI-r-ã-c-m-b-hÀ F-wKÂk- Âk
KS
¶nnb
knns
\mÂ
b k-
s-â k-
|--X-pp--|-v. Ah-
-mmÂ
 {-{]t
{]
]tX
knntt-a
am³
Ahb-v¡-p-I-qS-n ad-p-
A
t-X-yy--I-n¨-p-w. s-s-hb-à-n-
-m³ _-uÆ-d-ps-S s-^a-n-
kv{-X-o]£ h-ni-I-e-\s-¯
O
AX-n-c-p-I-S¶ k-m¼-¯-n-I-h-mZ-w F¶- F¶v
F¶ ¶v h- hnnaÀi
aÀi- inn--¨-p. I-y-mt-ä-a-n-Ãä-v (s-kI-vj-zÂ
s]-mf-n-ä-n-I-vk-v) F-wKÂk-v ]-nX- Xr-r-Z-mm--b-{-I
I--a
a--¯-ns-â Nc-n-{-Xh-p-w k-m¼-¯-nI
BO

LS-\b-p-w h-yà-a-m-¡-p-I-bmW mWv

-mW
W-v s s-Nb
Nbv
Nb b-vX-s-X¶-v Bt-£-]-n-¨-p. At-±l-w
s-s-e-wK-nI h-n`-P-\-s-¯b-p-w AX- AX
AXns Xns-â t-]c-n-e-pÅ Ak-a-X-z-s-¯b-p-w
N-qj-W-s-¯b-p-w A{-]- ]-[-m-m-\-o-I-c-n¨
n¨
¨-v k-m¼-¯-nI N-qjW¯-n\-p-w hÀ¤-h-n-
`-P-\-¯-n\-p-w {-]-m[- [m\ \yyw-w \e-
m\- \e evI-nbX-n-\-m I-pS-p-w-_-¯-n-\-p-Å-n k-v{-X-o
C

\S-¯-p¶ `-uX-nI {]hÀ¯- {{-]

]hÀ¯-
hÀ¯-\-s-¯b-p-w `-uX-n-t-I-m-X-v]m-Z-\-s-¯b-p-w I|-nÃ.
P-oh-n-t-X-m-]-m-[-nn--I-f-psS
ps-S ``-uX-n-t-I-m-X-v]m-- -Z-\-¯-n\-v (productrion) {-]-m[-m\-y-w
D

\e-vI-n-b-t-X-ms-S {-]P-]P-\-t-\-m-X-v]-m-Z\-w (reproduction) Z-z-nX-ob-Ø-m-\-t-¯¡-v

XÅ-s-¸-«-p. hÀ¤-]-c-a-mb AS-n-¨-aÀ¯-e-ns-â AS-n-Ø-m\-w Xs-¶-b-mW-v
k-v{-X-ob-ps-S AS-n-¨-aÀ¯-e-ns-â AS-n-Ø-m-\-s-a¶-v F-wKÂk-v \-nc-o-£-n-¡-p-
¶-X-mb-n Pb-v³ l-w {-^-ok-v Fg-p-X-p-¶-p. (F-w-KÂk-v d-oh-n-k-n-äU-v F¶ I-r-
X-nb-nÂ-). {-]P-\-\-]-c-a-mb ]¦-ns-\ I-mW-ms-X I-pS-p-w-_-¯-ns-â h-nI-m-ks-¯
k-m¼-¯-n-t-I-m-X-v]-Z-m\ t-aJ-e-b-ns-e a-mä-h-p-a-mb-n _Ô-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-I-b-mW-v
F-wKÂk-v s-Nb-vX-X-v. k-v{-X-ob-p-w ]-pc-p-j\-p-w X½-n-e-pÅ h-yX-y-k-vX-Xb-p-w
s-s-hc-p-²-yh-p-w a-mÀI-vk-nk-w I-mW-p-¶-nà F¶-X-mW-v as-ä-mc-p h-naÀi-\-w.
X-o{-h-s-^-a-n-\-n-Ì-p-IÄ k-ma-ql-nI s-s-hc-p-²-ys-¯ C§s-\ t-hÀX-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p.
k-m¼-¯-nI-hÀ¤-{-Ia-w (Economic class system) s-s-e-wK-nIhÀ¤-{-Ia-w (Sex
class system) h-y-mhk-m-b-n-t-I-m-X-v]-m-Z\ c-oX-n- (Industrial mode of production)
I-pS-p-w_]-c-a-mb DX-v]-m-Z-\-c-oX-n (The family mode of production) a-pX-e-m-f-n¯-w
(Capitalism) ]-nX-rþ-B-[-n-]X-y-w (patriarchy) C-u c-oX-n-b-n-e-mW-v k-v{-X-ob-ps-S
AS-n-a-¯s-¯ h-ni-I-e\-w s-Nt-¿-|-X-v. (h-m-k-vX-h-¯-n CX-v F-wKÂk-nÂ
\-n¶-p-w I-n«-nb A]-{-K-Y\ c-oX-n-I-f-m-W-v.-)
31
 F-w-KÂk-v aS-§-n-h-c-p¶-p

k-v{-X-ob-ps-S K-mÀl-n-Ih-p-w s-X-mg-nÂ]-ch-p-w e-n-wK-]-c-h-p-a-mb AS-n-¨-aÀ¯-

e-p-Is-f s-{-^U-d-nI-v F-wKÂk-v ]c-n-K-W-n-¨-nà F¶-X-m-b-n-c-p¶t-Ã-m s-^a-n-
\-n-Ì-p-I-f-n N-ne-c-ps-S h-naÀi-\-w. F¶-m 1845þ {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨ "C-w¥-
|-ns-e s-X-mg-n-e-mf-nhÀ¤-¯-ns-â AhØ-' F¶ I-rX-n-b-n l-rZ-b-k-v]
Ài-n-b-mb c-oX-n-b-nÂXs-¶ F-wKÂk-v k-v{-X-os-¯-m-g-n-n-e-m-f-n-I-f-ps-S AhØ
N-n{-X-o-I-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. a-m©-ÌÀ-, e¦-m-s-j-bÀ F¶- ¶o ]«-W-§-f-ns-e X-pW-n-
a-n-Ã-p-I-f-n ]W-n-s-N-¿-p¶ s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-IÄ 52%
F-wKÂk-v Fg-p-X-n-b-n-«-p-|-v. s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-I-s
h-nh-c-§Ä ^-mÎd-n DS-a-IÄ cl-k-y-a-m¡-
sf-
¡n s-
-f KS
% t-t]À
t] ]À À k-
f--¡-pp--d-nn--¨-ppÅ
sh h¡p-
h¡
kv{-X-oI-f-m-s-W¶-v
kv
Å kX-y-k-Ô-a-mb
¡-p-¶-p F¶-p-w F-wKÂk-v
O
]d-b-p-¶-p-|-v. 1839þÂ C-w¥-|-ns-e DX- DXv
Xv]-mm--Z-\-t-a
a--J-e-I-f-n D|-m-b-n-c-p¶
419-,590 s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-IÄ 242-,296 t-t] ]ÀÀ k-kvv{-X-oIf-m-b-nc-p¶-p. 112-,192 t-]À
k
BO

]X-n-s-\«-p hb-Ê-n\p X-ms-g-b-pp--Å-h-c-mm--W-v. t-tI-m«¬a-n-Ã-p-I-f-n 70 iX-a-m-

\h-p-w I¼-n-f-n-¯-p-W-n-a-n-Ã-p-I-f-nn  69 iX-a-m-\h-p-w k-n¡-v X-pW-n-a-n-Ã-p-I-f-nÂ
70 iX-a-m-\h-p-w NW-a-n-à Ãp--p-I-f-nn  70 iX-
iXa-m-\h-p-w k-v{-X-oI-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p F¶-v
i
F-wKÂk-v Xs-¶ Fg-pp--X-ppt¼ p--t-¼-mÄ s-sX-mg-n-e-m-f-n-hÀ¤-¯-n Ah-c-ps-S {-]-mX-n-
\-n[-y-w ]-pc-p-j-s-X-mm--g-nn--e-mm--f-nn--I
Iss-
sf¡-mÄ I-qS-p-X-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p F¶-v h-yà-a-m-
C

I-p-¶-p. F¶-n-t-«-m-, Xs- Xsâ I-

Xsâ IrrX
IrX X-n kaÀ¸-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-¶X-v ]-pc-p-j-s-¯-m-g-n-e-m-f-n-
Is-f (working men) A` `nk-wt-_-m-[\ s-Nb-vX-p-s-I-m|-p-w-! (The condition of
D

A`-
A`nk
the working class in Engla
England - Collected works Vol.2. page 378).
]{-´|-p-w ]X-n-a-q¶-p-w aW-n-¡-qÀ a-nÃ-p-I-f-n ]W-n-s-N-t-¿-|-n-h-c-p-¶-
X-n-\-m k-v{-X-os-¯-m-g-n-e-m-f-n-I-f-ps-S I-pS-p-w-_-P-o-h-nX-w X-md-p-a-md-mI-p¶-X-mb-n
F-wKÂk-v t-cJ-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-p. I-p«-n-Is-f {-]k-h-n-¡-p-¶-X-Ã-ms-X i-p{-i-q-j-n¨-v
hfÀ¯-m³ Ig-n-b-p-¶-n-Ã. A-X-p-s-I-m|-v AhÀ A]-I-S-¯-nÂs-¸«-v ac-n-
¡-p¶-p. a-m©-Ì-d-ns-e IW¡-v F-wKÂk-v Ah-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p-|-v. H¼-X-p-
a-m-k-¯-n-\-p-Å-n 69 I-p«-n-IÄ s-h´-p-a-c-n-¨-p. 56 t-]À h-oS-p-I-f-ps-S ]c-n-k-
c-¯-ns-e s-hÅ-s-¡-«-pI - f - n- Â h-oW-p a-p§-na - c
- n- ¨
- p- . 23 I-p«-nI- Ä h-oW-p ac-n¨-p;
67 t-]À aä-p I-mcW--§-f-m ac-W-s-¸«-p. AX-p-t-]-ms-e e-nhÀ]-q-f-n 146
A]-IS- a - c
- W - § - f - p- |
- m- b
- n- . I-p«-nI
- s-f {-i²-n¡- m- ³ Ig-nb - m- ¯
- X - p- s- I
- m- |-v AhÀ
Ak-m-·-mÀ¤-nI a-mÀ¤-§-f-n-t-e¡-p X-nc-n-b-p-¶-p. s-X-mg-ne-p-w hc-p-a-m-\h-p-w
k-v{X
- o- s-¯m- g - n- e
- m- f
- n- ¡-p \evIn- b k-zm- X{-´y- w- I-pS-pw- _ - ¯ - n- s-â t-kz- Ñ-m[ - n- ]
- -
X-y-¯-n h-nÅ-e-p-IÄ h-og-v¯-p-¶-p. `-mc-y `À¯-m-h-n-t-\-mS-v k-zX-{-´-a-mb-n
s-]c-pa - m- d
- n- ¯
- p- S- § - p- t- ¼- m- Ä `À¯-mh - n- s-â s-]c-pa - m- ä-w a\-pj - y- X- z- c
- l
- n- X
- a
- m- b
- n- -
37
 a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-ns-â s-s-e-wK-n-I-c-oX-ni-mk-v{-X-w

"I-pS-p-w-_-w-, k-zI-m-c-y-k-z-¯-v, `c-W-I-qS-w F¶-nh-b-ps-S DZ-v`h-w-' F¶ I-rX-n

a-mÀI-vk-nk¯-ns-â s-s-e-wK-nIc-oX-ni-mk-v{-X-a-m-W-v. P-oh-t-\-m-]-m-[-n-I-f-ps-S
DX-v]m- Z- \- h
- y- h
- Ø k-ma-ql - n- I k-m¼-¯n- I _Ô-§s - f - b-pw- hÀ¤-§s- f
- b-pw-
c-m{-ã-c-q-]-§-s-fb-p-w \-nÀ®-b-n¡-p-¶X-pt-]-ms-e s-s-e-wK-n-I-a-mb {-]X-y-p-X-v]-m-
Z-\-{-]-{-I-nb KW-§Ä-, t-K-m{-X-§Ä-, I-pe-§Ä-, h-wi-§Ä-, I-pS-p-w-_-§Ä
X-pS-§-nb k-ma-p-Z-m-b-n-I-h-y-h-Øs-b \-nÀ®-b-n-¡ ¡p--p-¶-pp.. a-
aqqe
aqee-[\-w DÄs-¸-s-S-
b-pÅ a-mÀI-vk-n-s-âb-p-w F-wKÂk-n-s-âb-p-w cN-
\-b-ps-S A]-{-K-Y-\h-p-w ]T-\-h-p-a-m-W-v. F¶-
j-vT-n-X-a-mb {-]X-y-pX-v]-m-Z\ _Ô§-s-fb
KSF¶
fbp
N-\
¶mmÂ
\--IÄ BZ
 s-
fb-p-w kma
k
BZ-y-w ]dª LS-
ss-e-wK-n-I-X-b-n A[-n-
ss
k-ma-q-l-n-I-c-q-]-o-I-c-W-§-
O
s-fb-p-w I-pd-n¨-v a-mÀI-vk-v P-oh-n-¨-n-c-p¶ Im I-me¯
e
e¯-v cN
c
cN-\-I-s-f-m¶-p-w D|-m-b-n-Ã.
A¯-c-¯-n-e-pÅ Hc-p cN-\-b-mW-v a- amÀI-
ÀIvvk-ns-
ÀI sâ I-pd-n¸-pIs-fb-p-w t-a-mÀKs-â
BO

"{-]-mN-o-\-k-a-p-Z-mb-'s-¯b-p-w Bk Bk-
kv]-Z-a-m¡
m¡-n F-wKÂk-v X¿-m-d-m-¡-n-b-X-v.
AX-p-s-I-m|-v a-mÀI-vk-n-k-¯-nns s-â s-
ss-e-wK-nI k-ma-q-l-n-I-i-m-k-v{-X-a-mW-v
ss
""I-pS-p-w-_-w-, k-zI-mc-yk-z¯- ¯v-, `c-W-I-qqSS-w F¶-n-h-b-ps-S DZ-v`h-w-''F¶ I-rX-n.
a\-p-j-y-k-a-p-Z-mb \-nÀ½- ½nnX n--X-nn--b-n k-
km¼-¯-nILS\t-]-ms-e k-v{-X-o]-p-c-pj
s-s-e-wK-nI _Ô-§fp §f-p-w \- \nnÀ®À®- ®m-b-Ih-p-w ]c-k-v]c ]-qc-I-h-p-a-m-s-W¶-v F-wK-
C

Âk-v h-yà-a-m-¡-pp--¶-pp--|-v. "`- ""`uX-n-I-h-mZ [-mc-W-b-\-p-k-c-n¨-v Ah-k-m\

h-ni-I-e-\-¯-n Nc- Nc
N cnn--{-X
X--¯-ns-e \-nÀ®-m-bI LS-I-a-m-b-n-hÀ¯-n-¡-p-¶X-v
D

{-]X-y£ P-oh-n-X-¯-nns s-â DX-v]-m-Z-\-þ-{-]-X-y-p-X-v]-m-Z\ {-]{-I-n-b-b-mW-v. CX-p-

Xs-¶ c|-p -h-n-[-¯-n-e-p-Å-X-m-W-v. Hc-p hi¯-v Bl-m-c-w-, hk-v{-X-w-,
]-mÀ¸-nS-w X-pS-§-nb P-oh-k-Ô-m-c-t-W-m-]-m-[-n-I-f-ps-S C-u Bh-i-y-¯-n-t-e-
¡-pÅ DX-v]-m-Z-\-a-mW-v AX-n A´À`-h-n-¨-n-«-p-Å-s-X-¦-nÂ-, ad-p-h-i¯-v
a\-p-j-y-P-o-h-n-I-f-ps-S Xs-¶ DX-v]-m-Z-\-a-m-W-v, a\-p-j-y-h-w-i-hÀ²-\-b-mW-v
CX-n AS-§-n-b-n-«-p-Å-X-v. Hc-p \-nÝ-nX c-mP-y-¯-n-e-pÅ Bf-p-I-f-ps-S k-ma-q-
l-nI k-wL-S-\-m-c-q-]-§Ä F´-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-s-a-¶X-v C-u c|-p-h-n[ DX-v]-m-Z-
\-§-sfb-p-w B{-i-b-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p¶ Hc-p k-wK-X-n-b-m-W-v. Hc-p- h-i¯-v A[-z-m-
\-¯-ns-â hfÀ¨-b-ps-S L«-a-mW-v CX-v \-nÝ-b-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¦-n ad-p-h-i¯-v
I-pS-p-w-_-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w CX-n-¶-m[-m-c-a-m-b-n-«-p-Å-X-v. A[-z-m-\-¯-ns-â hfÀ¨
F{-X N-pc-p-§-n-b-n-c-n-¡-pt-a-m-, AX-ns-â DX-v]-m-Z-\-¯-ns-â Afh-p-w AX-p-
s-I-m|-pXs-¶ ka-p-Z-m-b-¯-ns-â k¼¯-p-w F{-X ]c-n-a-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-t-a-m-
A{-Xb-p-w h¼-n-¨-X-m-b-n-c-n¡-p-w k-ma-q-l-n-I-h-y-h-Ø-b-n k-v{-X-o]-pc-pj_Ô
-§Ä¡-pÅ B[-n-]-X-y-s-a¶-v t-X-m¶-n-t-b-¡-m-w. F¶-mÂ-, k-v{-X-o]-p-c-pj
44
 k-v{-X-ob-ps-S AS-n-a-¯-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-v F-w-KÂk-v

ka-p-Z-m-b-¯-ns-â Bc-w-`-I-me-w a-pXÂt-¡ k-v{-X-o ]-pc-p-js-â AS-n-a-b-m-b-n-

c-p¶-p F¶ [-mcW ""\a-p¡-v Hk-y-¯-mb-n I-n«-n-b-n-«-pÅ Gäh-p-w he-nb
A_² [-mc-W-I-f-n-s-e-m-¶-m-s-W¶-v-'' F-wKÂk-v ]d-b-p-¶-p. (I-pS-p-w-_-w....
DZ-v`h-w t-]P-v 76-) a-m{-X-a-Ã I½-y-q-W-n-Ì-p-a-«-n-e-pÅ I-q«-p-I-p-S-p-w-_-s-a¶-p
]d-b-p-t-¼-mÄ Xd-h-m-«-n k-v{-X-o¡-pÅ B[-n-]-X Xy--yy--¯-n-t-e¡-mW-v AX-v
h-ncÂN-q|-p-¶X-v-.' {-]-mN-o\ KW-§-f-n k-v{-X-o¡- ¡pp--|-mm--b-n-c-p¶ A[-n-I-m-c-
s-¯b-p-w t-aÂs-s-¡s-- bb-p-w I-pd-n¨-v {-I-nk-vX-p-aX
s-s-dä-v k-m£-y-s-¸-Sp- ¯
Ab-ms-f k-mZ-mK - W
- n- b
- m- w- K - a
- n- «- p- |
- m- ¡
- v-. KW-¯e
- m- ³ KW-am-m- X
KS
- hs hsâ
h
- m-m- h
aX {{-]N
- s-â I
- n\p
Inc
I-nc
n- \p I
]N

Ig-nb
N-m-m-c-I-\-mb BÀ¡À
nc-o-oS- w- t- ] - m- e-pw- s-Xd-n¸
- p- a- m- b - n- c
- p- ¶
- p- . "Ht-c
- n- ¨-v
O
KW¯-nÂs-¸« k-v{X - o- If-pw- A\-yK - W- W
- § §-
- f - n- Âs
Âs- s¸« ]-pc-pj - · - m- c-pw- AS-§n- b
B Xd-hm- S- m- W-v BZ-na - I- m- e - ¯-v s- s]mmX mXp-
- X-pp-h - nnÂ- Â Z-Zri-ya - m- b k-v{X - o- t-a[ - m- h - n- X- z- -
BO

¯-ns-â `-uX-nI - a - m- b AS-n¯ - d - .-' BZ-

BZy-yI
BZ - mme - e `- `uX-nt- I - m- X - v-]m- Z- \ - ¯ - n- Â k-v{X - o- -
IÄ¡-v B[-n] - X - y- a - p- |- m- b - n- c - pp¶ p¶p
- ¶-p F¶-Xnn\ - \-v a\-pj - y- N
- c - n- {- X
- ¯ - n- e-pw- k-mw- k-vIm- -
c-nI Nc-n{- X - ¯
- n- e-pw- \-nds-b s-X f-
fnn-h
Xfn-
Xf - pp-- I- f - p- | - v-. I-rj-nb-pw- s-sI - s-¯m- g - n- e- p- I
- f-pw-
]-mN-I-I-eb-p-w I|-pp--]-nnS n--S-nn--¨X- Xv k- kv{-X-oI-f-m-W-v. Ahs-b k-w_-Ô-n-¡-p¶
]Z-mh - e - n- I - f-pw- _-nw- _-hy-y- h - Ø - - f
I - p- s
- a - Ã-mw- k-v{X - o- k-qN - I - § - f - m- W- v-. t-em- I¯-v
C

Fh-ns - S- b-pw- [-mt-t\y- mmX - X-

mXv Xv]mmZ\ - Z\-¯n- Â h-nX-, s-Im- b-v¯v-, s-aX-n¡ - Â X-pS-§n- b
s-Xm- g-nÂt-aJ - e - b - nnÂ-Â k k-v{X - o- IÄ¡-mb - n- c - p- ¶-p t-aÂs-s¡ - . `-qa-nb - p- s-S kk-yk - -
D

a-r²
- n- b-pw- k-v{X - o- b-ps- sS {-{{]]P-\\t-ij-nb-pw- ]-pc-mh - r- ¯- § - Ä¡-pw- _-nw- _-Ie - v-]-
\-IÄ¡-p-w AS-n-Ø-m-\-a-mb-n \-n¡-p-¶-p. AX-p-s-I-m|-p Nc-n-{-X-¯-ns-e
AS-nØ - m- \ LS-Is - a - ¶-v a-mÀI-vkp- w- F-wKÂk-pw- \-nc-o£ - n- ¨ DX-v]m- Z- \ - h-pw-
{-]X-yp- X - v-]m- Z- \- h-pw- Bc-w` - n- ¨ - X-v k-v{X - o- b-n \-n¶-mW - v-. Gäh-pw- \à DZ-ml - -
cW-w {-Zm- h-nU `-mj-bn- s-e "s-]¬-' F¶ iÐ-am- W-v. "]®-pI-' F¶ {-Z-mh-nU
{-I-nbb-v¡-v "s-N¿-pI-' F¶-m-WÀ°-w. AX-nÂ\-n¶-v ]W-n (s-X-m-g-nÂ-)
]W-n-a-p-S-¡-v , ]W-n-¡-mÀ X-pS-§-nb ]Z-§Ä \-nj-v]-m-Z-n-¸-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p.
At-¸-mÄ ]®-p-¶-h-f-m-W-v, s-X-mg-n s-N¿-p-¶-h-f-mW-v "s-]®-v-.' a\-p-j-y-
N-c-n-{-X-¯-ns-e BZ-ys-¯ A[-z-m\ Z-mX-mh-v s-]®-m-W-v. "B¬-' ]Z-¯-n\-v
AW-b-p-¶-h³ F¶-mW-v AÀ°-w. t-K-m{-X h-nh-m-l-I-m-e¯-v k-zt-K-m-{-X-
¯-nÂ\-n¶-p-w s-s-e-wK-n-I-t-h-g-vN-bv¡-p-t-h|-n as-ä-mc-p t-K-m{-X-¯-n-t-et-¡-m
A\-y Xd-h-mS-p-I-f-n-t-et¡m (K-W-w-) c-m{-X-n-I-m-e-§-f-n AW-b-p-¶-h-\-mW-v-,
s-NÃ-p-¶-h-\-mW-v "BW-v-' (t-I-c-f-¯-ns-e k-w_Ô-w DZ-m-l-c-W-w-). AX-
s-Ã-¦-n KÀt-`-mX-v]-m-Z-\-¯-n-\-v, {-]X-y-p-X-v]-m-Z-\{-I-nbb-v¡-v AW-b-p-¶-h³
55
 F-wKÂk-ns-â e-n-wK-hÀ¤ ka-c-k-n-²-m´-w

DX-] v m- Z- \ - t- a - J - e - b - n-  hÀ¤kac-w \-ne-\n- ¡-p¶ - X-pt-]m- s-eXs-¶ {-]X-yp- X -- ]

v- m- -
Z\t-aJ-eb - n- e-pw- hÀ¤-ka - ca-ps-|¶-v F-wKÂk-v k-n²-m´ - n- ¡ - p- ¶-p. k-m¼-¯n- -
I-hÀK-§Ä Nc-n{- X - ¯ - n-  {-]X-y£ - s - ¸ - S- p- ¶ - X - n- \p a-p³t-] {-]X-y£ - s - ¸ - «- h - -
c-mW-v ]-pw- k-v{X - o- h - À¤-§Ä. aä-p- P-oh - P - m- e - § - f - n-  I-mW-p¶ B¬-þs - ] - ¬
P-mX-n-I-fà a\-p-j-yÀ¡-n-S-b-ns-e e-n-wK-hÀ¤-§Ä. s- sX X-mg-n h-n`-P-\-a-mW-v
Ahs-c Ht-ckab-w e-nw- K-hÀ¤h-pw- (sex class) s-se - w- K- KnnI- I-hÀ¤h- À¤hpw- (gender class)
À¤
F¶ \-ne-bn- Â t-hÀX-nc
hÀ¤-§Ä¡-v a-p³t-] Bc-w`- n- ¨
t-NÀ¶-v Fg-pX - n- b ""PÀ½³ s-FU-nt- b
- n- ¡ - p- ¶ - X - v.- ChÀ X½-ne
- p- I- g - n- ª -
- mmfPn
KS
m-- f
p- . 1849þÂ
- P- Pn'''F¶
epÅ
- p- Å s-
49þÂ a-
- 'F¶ I-
ssh
ammÀI
amÀI
IrX-nb
hc
- c- cpp[ [-yw- k-m¼-¯n- I
ÀI-vkp- w- F-wKÂk-pw-
- n- s-e e-nw- K-hÀ¤-
O
]c-m-aÀis-¯ hÀ¤-k-a-c-k-n-²-m-´-c cq--q-t-] ]W W F- FwKÂk-v Ah-X-c-n-¸-n-¨X-v
"I-pS-pw- _- w- ,- k-zI-mc - y- k - z- ¯ - ,-v `c-WI - qqS - S-Sw F¶n- F¶
F¶- ¶nhb nh
- b - p- s-S DÛh-w'- F¶ ]-ne-¡ v m- e
BO

cN\b-ne-mW - v.- ""k´-mt- \ - m- X-v]mm-- Z- \ \-

- ¯ - nn-- \ - mmb mbn
- b- bn k-v{X - o- b-pw- ]-pc-pj - \-pw- X½-nÂ
\S-¯p- ¶ {-]h-r¯-n h-n`-P\ - a
\a - mmW
- W-
mWvWv t-temmI - I-¯n- s-e BZ-ys-¯ A[-zm- \ h-n`-P-
\-w. Ct-¸m- Ä R-m³ CX-ns-â I- IqqsqsS
s-S C{- C Xb-pw- I-q«-nt- ¨ - À¡-pw- . Nc-n{- X - ¯ - n- s-e
BZ-ys-¯ hÀ¤-ss - h- c - pp² p²y
- ²-yw- GI- GIZ IZm Zm- ¼ - X - y- ¯ - n- Â k-v{X - o- b-pw- ]-pc-pj - \-pw- X½-n-
e-p|- m- I - p- ¶ s-sh - c-pp-[ - yy-- a - mmbpw - b-pw- hÀ¤- h ]c - a - m- b BZ-ys-¯ aÀ±\-w k-v{X - o- b-ps-S
C

t-a ]-pc-pj - ³ \S-¯pp¶ - ¶ aÀ±- a \a - m- b-pw- H¯-pt- ] - m- I - p- ¶ - X - m- W - v.- '- '(F-wK - Âk-v
t-]P-v 101-) I-pª ª-pp-§ - s- sf {-{]k-hn- ¡ - p- I - ,- s-si - i-hI - m- e s-sZ- ÀL-yw- Gs-db - p- Å
D

a\-pj - y- ¡ - p- ª - n-- s-\ i- ipp{{-iq- j - n- ¨-p t-]m- ä-nh - f - À¯-pI F¶ s-Xm- g-n k-v{X - o- ¡-v
\evIn- b - - BZ-naI-me-wa-pXÂ Bc-w`- n- ¨ s-Xm- g-nÂh-n`-P\-w GI-Zm- ¼ - X-y I-pS-pw- -
_-cq- ] - o- I-cW - t- ¯ - m- s-S X-pd¶ k-wLÀj-¯n- Â F¯-pI - b - m- W-v s-Nb-vXX - v.-
"k-zm- `-mh - n- I - a - m- b-n c-q]-ws - I - m- | Bc-w`- I - m- e - s-¯ s-]m- X-ph - p- S- a - Ø - X - b - p- s-S t-aÂ
k-zI-mc - y- k - z- ¯ - p- S- a - b - ¡ v- p- | - m- b h-nP-b¯ - n- s-â AS-nØ - m- \ - ¯ - n-  hfÀ¶-ph¶
BZ-ys-¯ I-pS-pw- _c-q]-am- W-v GI-Zm- ¼ - X-y I-pS-pw- _-w'- . k-m¼-¯n- I - c - w- K- s-¯
hÀ¤-ss - h - c - p- ² - y- ¯ - n- Â\-n ¶-pw- k-wLÀj-¯n- Â\-n ¶-pw- I-pS-pw- _ - ¯ - n- \-v Hg-nª-p
\-n¡-m³ Ig-nb - p- I - b - n- à - . s-^a-n\ - n- Ì- p- I - Ä h-naÀi-n¡ - p- ¶ - X - p- t- ] - m- s-e F-wKÂk-v
k-{v X
- o- ]-pc - p- j- _ - Ô - s-¯ k-m ¼-¯n- I h-mZ-¯n- \-v I-og-s-v ¸S- p- ¯ - p- I - b - Ã - ,- e-nw- K-
hÀ¤-ka- c - s-¯ h-ni-Zo- I - c - n- ¡- m- ³ Nc-n{- X - s-¯ D]-tb - m- K - n- ¡
- p- I - b - m- W-v s-N¿-p¶X-.v
]-pc-pja-pX-e-m-f-nb-p-w k-v{-X-os-¯-m-g-n-e-m-f-nb-p-w
]-pc-p-j³ k-zI-m-c-y-k-z-¯-p-S-a-Ø-\-mb a-pX-e-m-f-nb-p-w k-v{-X-o s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-b-p-
a-m-W-v. AhÀ X½-n-e-pÅ hÀ¤-h-n-`-P\-w k-w`-h-n-¨X-p {-]X-y-pX-v]-m-Z-\-]-c-a-mb
65