Ak'¨bmomaumif; q&mjzpfvdkY &Sdcdk;jcif;?
jrifhjrwfvdkY &Sdckd;jcif;vdkY av;
t&Sifbk&m;?
wynhfawmfrwdkY rdom;pku w½kwfjzpfvdkY w½kwf½dk;
&m uGef,if r,fawmfeJY tef;ukef;BuD;awGudk udk;
uG,fMuygonf/ 'gayr,hf Ak'¨bmompmawGudk zwf
wJhtcg bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmuvGJNyD; tjcm; udk;
uG,fp&mudk &Sm&if o&P*kHysufw,f[k od&yg
onf/ ewf? bdk;awmfawGudk udk;uG,f&ifvnf; o&
P*kH ysufw,fvdkY od&ygonf/ uGef,ifr,fawmfeJY
tef;ukef;wdkYu ax&0g'rSm ygwmvm;/ ewfawG
vm;/ olwdkYudk udk;uG,f&if o&P*kHysufygovm;/
vlwpfa,muf&JU aumif;usKd; qdkusKd;[m tJ'D
vl&JU aumif;uH raumif;uHeJY qdkifw,fvdkY ,kH
MunfwJhtwGuf wynhfawmfr[m 0goemygayr,hf
aA'ifq&m? tMum;tjrif q&mawGqDudk roGm;
awmhygbl;/ tdrfae&m taumif;tqdk;udk azmfjywJh
zkef;a½T qdkwmaum ax&0g'eJY nDñGwfygovm;/
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifaumif; wpfa,muf
jzpfatmif b,fvdk usihfBuHaexdkif&r,f qdkwmudk
vnf; ajymjyay;apvkdygonf/
tdrfhtdrfh
-----------------
aqmufwnfykH 4 rsKd;
o&P*kH cH,l(aqmufwnf)ykH 4 rsKd; &Sdw,f ... 1)
],aeYrS pNyD; ighudk,fudk &wemokH;yg;tm; vª'gef;yg
w,f}vdkY udk,fcE¨mudk ay;pGefYNyD; cH,ljcif; 2) ],
aeYrS pNyD; &wemokH;yg;[m ighudk;uG,f&myJ}vdkY
tm;udk;&mtaeeJY cH,ljcif; 3) ],aeY rSpNyD; &wem
okH;yg;[m igh q&myJ}vdkY wynhftaeeJY cH,ljcif; 4)
],aeYrSpNyD; &wemokH;yg;udkyJ &Sdckd;t½dktao jyKyg
w,f}vdkY ½dkaoylaZmf&m taeeJY cH,ljcif;/ tJ'D 4
rsKd;xJu wpfrsKd;rsKd;eJY cH,lvdkuf&if o&P*kH wnf
ygNyD/ trSwf 4 rSmvnf; aqGrsKd;jzpfvdkY &Sdcdk;jcif;?
aMumufvdkY &Sdckd;jcif;?
1
rsKd;&Sdjyef&m ]t,H avmau t*¾'u©daPa,sm =
Ak'¨qdkwm avmurSm tjrwfqkH; tvªudk cHxdkufol}
vdkY jrihfjrwfol taeeJY ½dkao&Sdcdk;NyD; cH,lrS o&P*kH
ajrmufw,f/ usefykHpH 3 rsKd;eJY cH,lvdkY o&P*kH r
ajrmufbl;/ &wemokH;yg;udk txGwftjrwf taeeJY
cH,lrS o&P*kH ajrmufNyD; (tnwdwåd,udk &wem
okH;yg;xuf) jrifhjrwfwJh t&mtaeeJY cH,lrS o&P
*kH ysufw,f (ao|0aoae0 [d o&PH *PSmwd?
ao|0aoe p bdZÆwd/ 'D-| 1? 206)/
o&P*kH rysuf
tJ'DykHpH 4 rsKd;eJY o&P*kH wnfNyD;ol[m tjcm;bm
udkrS &Sdrckd;? rylaZmf&awmhbl;vm;? &Sdcdk;jcif; yl
aZmfyojcif; vkyf&ifaum o&P*kH ysufovm;vdkY
ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ usrf;*eftqdku ]bmomwpfyg;rSm
bkef;BuD; vkyfaewJh aqGrsKd;udk 'g ighaqGrsKd;yJ qdkwJh
todeJY &Sdcdk;½kHeJY o&P*kH rysufbl;/ bkef;BuD;
r[kwfwJh omrefvl (bmomjcm;)udk &Sdcdk;wmawmh
ajymp&mawmif rvdkbl; ('D-| 1? 208)}wJh/ 'Dtqdk
t& rdb½dk;&m&SdcJhwJh ylaZmft½dktao jyKp&mawGudk
jzwfvdkuf&if qdk;usKd;wpfckck jzpfvmavrvm;vdkY
pdk;&drfNyD; ]½dk;&mygyJav}qdkwJh todeJY &Sdcdk;OD;wif&if
o&P*kH rysufbl;vdkY rSwfEdkifw,f/ &wem okH;yg;
udk txGwfjrwfqkH; ae&mrSm xm;oa½GU o&P*kH
rysufbl;vdkYvnf; rSwfEdkifw,f/
rñId;EGrf;bl;
ykxkZÆOfawG&JU o&P*kH ñId;EGrf;EdkifwJh taMumif;awG
u 1) tnmP = &wemokH;yg;&JU *kPf&nfudk
rodjcif; 2) oHo, = Ak'¨tppf [kwfyghrvm;vdkY
oHo,&Sdjcif; 3) rdp>mÓmP = Ak'¨rSm t&[H *kPf
&Sdwm rjzpfEdkifbl; ponfjzihf rSm;,Gif;pGm BuHqjcif;
4) r½dkao jyKjcif; ('D-| 1? 209/ 'D-#D 1 282)/ 'D
pmt& rdrd&JU o&P*kH aqmufwnfrIrSm pdwfxJu
*kPfudk em;vnf? oHo,rJh? vGJrSm;pGm rBuH? udkif;
½Idif;qdkwJh t&nftcsif; av;&yfeJY trSefwu,f
jynhfpkH&if rd½dk;zvmawG tdrfay:rSm &Sdae½kHeJY o&P*kH
rñId;Edkifbl;vdkYawmif qdkEdkifw,f/ 'gayr,hf bk&m;
ausmif;rSm t&ufykvif; wifwmrsKd;? rzG,fr&m
uRJcgif;½kyfvdk [mawGudk bk&m;qif;wkeJY wef;wl
xm;wmrsKd;uawmh r½dkao&m usvdkY o&P*kH npf
EGrf;rSmaygh/
rjynhf0ol
bmomw&m; wpfckudk ,kHMunfrdNyD;&if om;pOf
ajr;quf ESvkH;om;xJ pdrfh0ifaeavh&Sdw,f/ 'g
aMumihf oD[dkVf q&mawmfBuD; bdu©Kem&' rax&f
wdkYvdk omoemjyK yk*¾KdvfausmfawG[m olwpfyg;&JU
,kH MunfrIudk tvGef av;pm;MuNyD; vlawGudk
Ak'¨bmomxJ ul;ajymif;zdkY rqG,fMuygbl;/ "r®ouf
oufudkyJ a[mMum;Muygw,f/ w½kwf 'umawG
tdrfu uGef,ifeJY tkef;ukef; qif;wkawGudk t
onf;toef z,fcdkif;NyD; 'g ]em}vkyfwmvdkY qdkavh
&SdwJh yk*¾Kdvf wpfOD;eJY qkHzl;ygw,f/ Ak'¨0g'[m tjcm;
,kHMunfrIawGeJY twlwl vufwGJoGm;EdkifvdkY oabm
xm; jynhf0w,fvdkY Ak'¨bmom r[kwfwJh ,aeY
taemufwdkif;om; ynm&SdwdkY csD;rGrf;aeMucsdefrSm tJ
vdk vkyf&if oabmxm; ao;odrf&m rusbl;vm;/
uGef,if? tef;ukef;
uGef,if tef;ukef;u ax&0g' r[kwfbl;/ at'D
1 &mpkavmufrSm xif&Sm;vmwJh Ak'¨0g' *dkPf;uGJ
r[m,meu vmwm/ uGef,if&JU rl&if;u t0
avmudawoGm& (avmu&JU idk½IdufoHudk ulnDzdkY
apmihfMunfhaewJh u½kPm&Sif) bk&m;avmif;/ rl&if;
usrf;awGrSm ykHvdif (masculine)eJY &nfñTef;ayr,hf
aESmif;acwfrSm £w¬dvdif (feminie) ykHpHeJY o½kyf
azmfMuowJh (Seeker's Glossary of Buddhism, p.
45)/ tef;ukef;&JU rl&if;udk bkef;BuD; odwJhtcg rQa0
ygr,f/ trSefawmh tJ'D bk&m;avmif;awGu ppf
wdkufwJh vlrdkufawG r[kwfygbl;/ av;pm;xdkufwJh
olawmfaumif;awGyg/
ynm&yfvdkYyJrSwf
uHudk ,kHw,f? aA'if tMum;tjrif bdkifhbdkif qdkvdkY
0rf;omygw,f/ aA'ifqdkwmudk Ak'¨"r®&JU tjyifzuf 2
u ynm&yfwpfckvkdY em;vnfyg/ aum@n ykPÖm;
[m arG;uif;p rif;od'¨wfudkMunfh? vufñId; wpf
acsmif;axmif? bk&m;{uef jzpfr,fvdkY qdkNyD; rif;
od'¨wfxuft&if awmxGufcJhw,fqdk r[kwfvm;/
zkef;a½Tqdkwmudkvnf; qifMueftif jrif;Mueftifudk
zGihfqdkwJh qifusrf;? jrif;usrf;awGvdk tdrfMueftifudk
azmfjywJh w½kwf½dk;&m tdrfusrf;vdkY rSwfyg/ ,kHwm
r,kHwmu udk,hfpdwfyg/
Ak'¨bmomaumif;
&wemokH;yg;? uHuH&JUtusKd;udk ,kHMunf? ,kHMunf
wJhtwdkif; ax&0g'u oifMum;wJh"r®udk vdkuf
emusihfokH;&if ax&0g'D jzpfEdkifygw,f/ usihfokH;ykHu
]raumif;rIa&Smif? aumif;rIaqmif? jzLatmif pdwf
udkxm;}wJh/ tJ'D okH;ckudk xyfcsJU&if r*¾if&Spfyg; jzpf
vmw,f/ r*¾ifusihfpOfudk wpdkufrwfrwf usihfae
&if aomwmyef jzpfcGifh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dawmh Ak'¨bm
omaumif; jzpfcsif&if r*¾if&Spfyg; tzGifhudk &SmzwfzdkY
tBuHjyKyg&ap/ (þusrf;? pm-261 u o&P*kH
rSwfpkudk jyefzwfyg/) 
--------------------
rdrd&efol? jzpfbdrlvnf;? MunfjzLarwåm ydkY&rnf/
&efoluif;&m? q,frsufESm? arwåmy&dwf qdkY&rnf/
jrufrIdufykHwk? raumif;rI? ukodkvfrD;ESihf ½IdU&rnf/