Module 1-Set of Real Numbers

The Set of Real Numbers
OVERVIEW
The first part of this module serves as a review of your basic knowledge about the topics
that you have learned in high school. These are the following: Integer exponents, Operations
of Polynomials, Special Products, and Factoring Polynomials. It is required to have a good and
strong foundation of the aforementioned topics so that you can be able to understand the
succeeding lessons with ease.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Simplify exponential expressions.

2. Identify the properties of exponents used in simplifying exponential expressions.
3. Perform operations of polynomials.
4. Factor different types of polynomials.
LEARNING CONTENT:
1.1 Integer Exponents
CONCEPT OF AN EXPONENT
Recall that an exponent indicates the number of times a particular number (base) is
being multiplied by itself.
If b is any number and n is a positive integer then,
exponent
𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 ∙∙∙∙∙ 𝑏𝑏
base
So, for example:
𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
There are many exponential properties that are commonly used in algebra. Here are the
following properties that you need to remember when simplifying exponential expressions.
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
1. Zero power 𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏
2. Negative power 𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙−𝒏𝒏 = 𝒏𝒏
𝒙𝒙
3. Product of a power 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏
4. Power of a power (𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
5. Power of a product (𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙)𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚𝒏𝒏
6. Quotient of a power 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎
= 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎−𝒏𝒏
𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏
7. Power of a quotient 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏
� � = 𝒏𝒏
𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚
MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

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PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
ZERO POWER PROPERTY
𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏 where 𝒙𝒙 ≠ 𝟎𝟎
Any number (except zero) raised to zero power is always equal to 1.
NEGATIVE POWER PROPERTY
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙−𝒏𝒏 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏
= 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒙𝒙 ≠ 𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙−𝒏𝒏
Observe that x-n is the reciprocal of xn.
Consider the following examples:
𝟏𝟏
1. 𝒂𝒂−𝟑𝟑 = 𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
2. 𝟓𝟓−𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
PRODUCT OF A POWER PROPERTY
If x is any non-zero real number and m and n are integers, then
𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 ∙ 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏
When multiplying powers with the same base, simply copy the base and add the exponents.
1. Simplify: (a3) (a5)
(a3) (a5) =a3+5 = a8
Since the given powers have the same base, copy the base then add the exponents 3 and
5. Thus, (a3) (a5) = a8
2. Simplify: (24) (26)
(24) (26) =24+6 = 210=1024
The given powers have the same base of 2 and their exponents are 4 and 6, respectively.
To simplify the given exponential expression, keep the base then add the exponents 4 and
6. Hence, the result is 210 or 1024.

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POWER OF A POWER PROPERTY
(𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
If the given power is raised by another exponent, then the result is the base raised to the
product of the exponents.
1. (34)2
The given expression can be represented in expanded form as:
(34)2 = (34) (34) = (𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑)(𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑) = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖
Applying the power of a power property, copy the base then multiply the exponents.
(𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟒 )𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟒∙𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖
2. (56)0 Use the Power of a Power property

= 56∙0 Zero multiplied by any number is zero.
= 50 Any number raised to the zero is 1.
= 𝟏𝟏
3. (𝒚𝒚𝟓𝟓 )−𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

= (𝒚𝒚)𝟓𝟓∙−𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 Use the Power of a Power property
= 𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 Simplify the exponent of the first term
= 𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟐𝟐 Since the powers have the same base, add the exponents
= 𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
= 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 Apply Negative Power property

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POWER OF A PRODUCT PROPERTY
(𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙)𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚𝒏𝒏

If the product of the bases is raised to an exponent then the factor of each product is raised
to that exponent.
1. (3𝑥𝑥)3 Use the Power of a Product property

= (33 )(𝑥𝑥 3 ) Raised each factor of the product by 3
= 27 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 3 Simplify
= 27𝑥𝑥 3
2. (𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃−𝟐𝟐 )𝟓𝟓

= (𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 )𝟓𝟓 (𝒃𝒃−𝟐𝟐 )𝟓𝟓 Use the Power of a Product property
= (𝑎𝑎)3∙5 (𝑏𝑏)−2∙5 Use the Power of a Power property
= (𝑎𝑎15 )( 𝑏𝑏 −10 ) Write 𝑏𝑏 −10 as

1
𝑏𝑏 10
(Applying negative power property))
1
= (𝑎𝑎15 ) �𝑏𝑏10 � Simplify
𝑎𝑎15
= 10
𝑏𝑏
3. (𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 2 )5 (𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 5 )−4

= (𝑥𝑥 3 )5 (𝑦𝑦 2 )5 (𝑥𝑥 4 )−4 (𝑦𝑦 5 )−4 Use the Power of a Product property
= (𝑥𝑥)3∙5 (𝑦𝑦)2∙5 (𝑥𝑥)4∙−4 (𝑦𝑦)5∙−4 Use the Power of a Power property
= (𝑥𝑥15 )(𝑦𝑦10 )(𝑥𝑥 −16 )(𝑦𝑦 −20 )
= (𝑥𝑥)15+(−16) (𝑦𝑦)10+(−20) Add the exponents of like bases
= 𝑥𝑥 −1 𝑦𝑦 −10 Apply negative exponent law
1
= 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 10

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QUOTIENT OF A POWER PROPERTY
𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎
= 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎−𝒏𝒏
𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏
The quotient of two powers with the same base is equal to the base raised to the difference
of their exponents.
47
1. 45
Applying the Quotient of a Power property, copy the base 4 and get the
=47-5 difference of the exponents 7 and 5, and this will result to 42 or 4x4=16.
=42
=16
𝑚𝑚5 𝑟𝑟 3
2. Use the Quotient of a Power property
𝑚𝑚2 𝑟𝑟
= 𝑚𝑚5−2 𝑟𝑟 3−1 Subtract the exponents of like bases
= 𝑚𝑚3 𝑟𝑟 2
𝑏𝑏 5 𝑐𝑐 3
3. (𝑏𝑏 5 )2 𝑐𝑐
= (𝑏𝑏)5∙2 𝑐𝑐 Apply Power of a Power property on (𝑏𝑏 5 )2 : (𝑏𝑏 5 )2 = 𝑏𝑏 5∙2 = 𝑏𝑏10
= 𝑏𝑏10 𝑐𝑐 Use the Quotient of a Power property
= 𝑏𝑏 5−10 𝑐𝑐 3−1 Subtract the exponents of like bases
= 𝑏𝑏 −5 𝑐𝑐 2 Rewrite 𝑏𝑏 −5 as a positive exponent
1
= �𝑏𝑏5� (𝑐𝑐 2 ) Simplify
𝑐𝑐 2
= 𝑏𝑏5

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POWER OF A QUOTIENT PROPERTY
𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏
� � = 𝒏𝒏
𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚
The quotient of two non-zero real numbers raised to an exponent is equal to the quotient of
each base raised to that exponent.
𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
1. �𝟑𝟑�
𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒
= 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟒 Use the Power of a Quotient property
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
= 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 Simplify
𝟒𝟒
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
2. � 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 �
𝟒𝟒
(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 )
= 𝟒𝟒 Use the Power of a Quotient property
(𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓)
𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒 (𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐 )𝟒𝟒

= Use the Power of a Product property: (2q2)4 = 24 (q2)4 and (rs)4= r4s4.
𝒓𝒓𝟒𝟒 𝒔𝒔𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒒𝒒𝟖𝟖
= Simplify 24 and use the Power of a Power Property: (q2)4 = q8
𝒓𝒓𝟒𝟒 𝒔𝒔𝟒𝟒
5
𝑤𝑤𝑥𝑥 4
3. �𝑦𝑦 2𝑧𝑧 3�
(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 4 )5
= (𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧 3)5 Use the Power of a Quotient property
𝑤𝑤 5 𝑥𝑥 4∙5
= 𝑦𝑦 2∙5𝑧𝑧 3∙5 Use the Power of a Product property: (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 4 )5 = 𝑤𝑤 5 𝑥𝑥 4∙5 and (𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧 3 )5 = 𝑦𝑦 2∙5 𝑧𝑧 3∙5
𝑤𝑤 5 𝑥𝑥 20
= 𝑦𝑦 10 𝑧𝑧 15 Simplify 𝑥𝑥4∙5 = 𝑥𝑥20 , 𝑦𝑦2∙5 = 𝑦𝑦10 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧3∙5 = 𝑧𝑧15

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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Please watch the videos on the link below for your supplementary materials.
TITLE URL
Algebra Basics: Laws of
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5ZGDNxJwxA
Exponents
Simplifying Exponents
With Fractions,
Variables, Negative
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zt2fdy3zrZU
Exponents,
Multiplication & Division,
Math
KEY CONCEPTS/FOCUS POINTS:

An expression that has integer exponents is completely simplified if:
• The base appears only once.

• There are no negative exponents.
• No powers are raised to powers.
• No products and no quotients are raised to powers and,
• The constant factors are expressed in the lowest term.
Practice Exercises: Simplify each of the following.
1. (3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 )(−5𝑦𝑦) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: − 15𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4

2. (5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)(6𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 )(−2𝑥𝑥 5 ) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: −60𝑥𝑥 7 𝑦𝑦 4
3. [(2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑦𝑦 2 )2 ]4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 256𝑥𝑥 40 𝑦𝑦 16
1
4. (𝑎𝑎6 𝑏𝑏 2 )2 (𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏 2 )−3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑏𝑏2
5. (𝑝𝑝5 𝑟𝑟 4 𝑠𝑠)3 (𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟 −2 )6 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑝𝑝21 𝑠𝑠 3
𝑎𝑎6 𝑏𝑏 9 𝑐𝑐 −2 𝑏𝑏 8
6. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑎𝑎6 𝑐𝑐 7
𝑎𝑎12 𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 5
8𝑤𝑤 −5 𝑥𝑥 8 𝑦𝑦 10 4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 9
7. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴:
10𝑤𝑤 −4 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑦𝑦 5𝑤𝑤
2𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛4 2𝑛𝑛
8. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑚𝑚13
(𝑚𝑚5 𝑛𝑛)3
4
4𝑞𝑞 3 256𝑞𝑞 12
9. � 3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 81𝑟𝑟 4𝑠𝑠4
−3
𝑔𝑔−2 ℎ−5 𝑓𝑓 3 𝑔𝑔15 ℎ27
10. � � 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴:
𝑔𝑔3 ℎ4 𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 6

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1.2 Operations of Polynomials
Recall that a polynomial is an algebraic expression which is often a sum of terms that contain
coefficients, variables, and exponents. In this lesson, you will be dealing with the 4 operations
of polynomials.
A. Addition of Polynomials
Here are the steps that you need to remember when adding polynomials:
1. Identify the like terms. (Like terms are terms that have variable(s) and exponent.)
2. Group the like terms together.
3. Combine like terms by simply adding the coefficients.
*Note that you need to retain the powers of the variables when adding polynomials. You do not need
to change them.
1. �𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟖𝟖� + (𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟗𝟗)
= (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 8) + (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 9) Identify like terms. (3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 2 , 8 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 9)

= (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ) + (−𝑥𝑥) + (8 + 9) Group like terms together.
= 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 Combine like terms and simplify.
2. �𝟗𝟗𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝟕𝟕� + (𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)
= (9𝑦𝑦 2 − 7𝑧𝑧) + (6𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 − 10𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑧𝑧) Identify like terms.

= (9𝑦𝑦 2 − 7𝑧𝑧) + (−4𝑦𝑦 2 + 8𝑧𝑧) Combine like terms in the second polynomial.
= (9𝑦𝑦 2 −4𝑦𝑦 2 ) + (−7𝑧𝑧 + 8𝑧𝑧) Combine like terms.
= 𝟓𝟓𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝒛𝒛 Simplify
3. (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝒓𝒓) + (−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝒔𝒔)
= (12𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝑟𝑟) + (−3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 4𝑟𝑟 − 𝑠𝑠) Identify like terms.

= (12𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) + (−𝑟𝑟 + 4𝑟𝑟) + (−𝑠𝑠) Group like terms together.
= 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝒔𝒔 Combine like terms.
On the previous examples, Horizontal form method is used to add the polynomials. Aside from
using that method, there is an alternative way to add polynomials. This method is called the
Vertical form method. In this method, you will just simply line up or align the like terms before
combining them.

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1. Add: (6𝑥𝑥 2 + 8 + 4𝑥𝑥) + (8𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 + 5
6𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 8 Arrange the polynomials in descending

order. Align the like terms then combine
+ 8𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 + 5
them together by adding their
coefficients.
14𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 13
2. Add: (−13𝑤𝑤 3 + 4−12𝑤𝑤 5 𝑦𝑦) + (−20𝑤𝑤 5 𝑦𝑦 + 12+10𝑤𝑤 3 )
−12𝑤𝑤 5 𝑦𝑦−13𝑤𝑤 3 + 4 Arrange the polynomials in descending

+ −20𝑤𝑤 5 𝑦𝑦+10𝑤𝑤 3 + 12 order. Align the like terms then combine
them together. It is also important to pay
−32𝑤𝑤 5 − 3𝑤𝑤 3 + 16 close attention to the signs when adding
their coefficients
Take note that whatever method you choose, you will obtain the same answer.
B. Subtraction of Polynomials
Subtracting polynomials is the same way as adding polynomials except that you need to
change the sign of each term into “+“ into “-“or vice versa before adding their coefficients.
1. Subtract: (−25𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑦) − (−4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 15𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦)
Using Horizontal Form Method:
(−25𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑦) − (−4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 15𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦)

Take the opposite sign of each term of the
polynomial being subtracted. (Turn “+” to
= (−25𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑦) + (4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 15𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑦) “-“ or “-“ to “+”) Change the minus sign to
plus sign. Then, do the steps in adding
3 3
= �−25𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦+4𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦� + (−8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 15𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) + (6𝑦𝑦 − 7𝑦𝑦) polynomials.
𝟑𝟑
= −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚
2. Subtract: (26𝑦𝑦 2 − 18𝑦𝑦 5 + 3𝑦𝑦) − (10𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 + 17𝑦𝑦 5 )
Using the Vertical Form Method:
Steps:
1. Arrange the polynomials in descending order.
2. Align like terms.

9|PAGE
3. Take the opposite sign of each term being subtracted, and change the minus sign to
plus sign.
4. Add the polynomials.
−18𝑦𝑦 5 + 26𝑦𝑦 2 + 3𝑦𝑦  −18𝑦𝑦 5 + 26𝑦𝑦 2 + 3𝑦𝑦

− 17𝑦𝑦 5 + 10𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑦𝑦  + −17𝑦𝑦 5 − 10𝑦𝑦 2 − 4𝑦𝑦
−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚
C. Multiplication of Polynomials
To multiply polynomials, multiply each term of the polynomial to each term of the other
polynomial by applying the distributive property. Then, combine like terms if possible to simplify
the polynomial.
1. Multiply: 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐 (𝟒𝟒𝒓𝒓𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)
Distribute 5𝑟𝑟 2 in each term of the polynomial found inside the parenthesis.
5𝑟𝑟 2 (4𝑟𝑟 3 + 2𝑟𝑟 + 1) = 5𝑟𝑟 2 (4𝑟𝑟 3 ) + 5𝑟𝑟 2 (2𝑟𝑟) + 5𝑟𝑟 2 (1)

= 20𝑟𝑟 5 + 10𝑟𝑟 3 + 5𝑟𝑟 2
2. Multiply: 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 (−𝟖𝟖𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃 + 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)
Distribute 7𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 in each term of the polynomial found inside the parenthesis.
7𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (−8𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏 + 9𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 4𝑏𝑏) = 7𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(−8𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏) + 7𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(9𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) + 7𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(−4𝑏𝑏)

= −56𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏 2 + 63𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 2 − 28𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2
2. Multiply: (𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐)(𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚𝟒𝟒 − 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝟐𝟐)
Distribute 4y and 2 in each term of the other polynomial.
(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐)(𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚𝟒𝟒 − 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝟐𝟐)

= 4𝑦𝑦(3𝑦𝑦 4 − 5𝑦𝑦 + 2) + 2(3𝑦𝑦 4 − 5𝑦𝑦 + 2)
= 12𝑦𝑦 5 − 20𝑦𝑦 2 + 8𝑦𝑦 + 6𝑦𝑦 4 − 10𝑦𝑦 + 4 Combine like terms: 8y and -10y
= 12𝑦𝑦 5 + 6𝑦𝑦 4 − 20𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 4 Arrange the terms in descending order

10 | P A G E
D. Division of Polynomials
Dividing a polynomial by a monomial
When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, you must divide each term of the polynomial with
the monomial.
8𝑟𝑟 6 +16𝑟𝑟 3 −2𝑟𝑟 2

1.
2𝑟𝑟
8𝑟𝑟 6 16𝑟𝑟 3 2𝑟𝑟 2

= + − Divide each term of the polynomial with the monomial.
2𝑟𝑟 2𝑟𝑟 2𝑟𝑟
= 4𝑟𝑟 5 + 8𝑟𝑟 2 − 𝑟𝑟
30𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦−6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦−18𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

2.
3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
30𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦2 6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 18𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

= − − Divide each term of the polynomial with the monomial.
3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= 10𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6
−45𝑥𝑥 5 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑧𝑧−15𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧 2 +10𝑥𝑥

3.
5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
45𝑥𝑥 5 𝑦𝑦2 𝑧𝑧 15𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧 2 10𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

=− − + Divide each term of the polynomial with the monomial.
5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
= −9𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧 +
𝑧𝑧

11 | P A G E
Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial
On the previous examples, you have learned about how to divide a polynomial by a
monomial. How about dividing a polynomial by another polynomial? You might think that the
process look complex but the steps do not differ much in dividing whole numbers.
Here are the steps that you need to familiarize and to follow carefully when dividing a
polynomial by another polynomial.
STEPS:
1. Arrange the terms of the dividend 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) and the divisor 𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) in descending order. If
there is/are missing term/s, write it as 0𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 term to fill in the missing term. For instance,
if there is a missing x3 term, then write it as 0x3.
2. Divide the first term of the dividend 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) to the first term of the divisor 𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) to get
the first term of the quotient.
3. Multiply the first term of the quotient to the divisor then subtract the product from
the dividend. Bring down the next term.
4. Repeats steps 2 and 3 to get the next term of the quotient. Continue doing these
steps until there are no more terms to bring down.
5. Write the final answer. In case there is a remainder 𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥), it should be written as:
𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)
𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) +
𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥)

12 | P A G E
Example 1:
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 and 𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑥 3 −4𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−3
Divide: Where: P(x) is the dividend, D(x) is the divisor
𝑥𝑥+2
Steps:
1. Make sure that the terms of P(x)
and D(x) are arranged in
descending order. If there is/are
missing term/s, write it as 0𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 to fill
in the missing term. In this case,
the problem is ready as is.
2. Divide the first term of the
dividend 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) to the first term of
the divisor 𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) to get the first
term of the quotient. In this case,
divide 𝑥𝑥 3 by x to get 𝑥𝑥 2 .
3. Multiply 𝑥𝑥 2 to 𝑥𝑥 + 2. We obtained
a product of 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 .
3. Subtract the product obtained in

step 3 from the dividend. Then,
bring down the next term.
4. Divide −6𝑥𝑥 2 by 𝑥𝑥. We get −6𝑥𝑥.
5. Multiply −6𝑥𝑥 to the divisor which is

𝑥𝑥 + 2. The product is −6𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥.

13 | P A G E
6. Subtract then bring down the
next term.
7. Divide 14 x by x. We get +14.
8. Multiply 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 14 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 + 2.

The product is 14𝑥𝑥 + 28.
9. Subtract 14𝑥𝑥 + 28 from 14𝑥𝑥 − 3.

We get a difference of -31,
which serves as the remainder.
Observe that there are no
more terms to bring down.
10. Since there is a remainder, the

final answer can be written in
form:
𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)
𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥)
Where: 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) is the quotient,

𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥) is the remainder; and
𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) is the divisor.

14 | P A G E
Example 2:
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 and 𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
3𝑥𝑥 3 −2𝑥𝑥 2 +5 Where: P(x) is the dividend, D(x) is the divisor
Divide:
𝑥𝑥 2 −1
Steps:
1. Make sure that the terms of P(x)
and D(x) are arranged in
descending order. Since there
are missing terms in the divisor
and the dividend, we can write it
as:
2. Divide the first term of the

dividend 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) to the first term of
the divisor 𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) to get the first
term of the quotient. In this case,
divide 3𝑥𝑥 3 by 𝑥𝑥 2 to get 3𝑥𝑥.
3. Multiply 3𝑥𝑥 to 𝑥𝑥 2 + 0𝑥𝑥 − 1. We

obtained a product of:
3𝑥𝑥 3 + 0𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥.
4. Subtract the product obtained in

step 3 from the dividend. Then,
bring down the next term.
5. Divide −2𝑥𝑥 2 by 𝑥𝑥 2 . We get −2.
6. Multiply 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 to the divisor which

is 𝑥𝑥 2 + 0𝑥𝑥 − 1. The product is
−2𝑥𝑥 2 + 0𝑥𝑥 + 2.

15 | P A G E
7. Subtract −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 0𝑥𝑥 + 2 from
2
−2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 6. We get a
difference of 3𝑥𝑥 + 4. Observe that
there are no more terms to bring
down.
8. Since there is a remainder, the

final answer can be written in
form:
𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)
𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥)
Where: 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) is the quotient,

𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥) is the remainder; and
𝐷𝐷(𝑥𝑥) is the divisor.
TITLE YouTube Video URL

Adding and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDpnNnjFB1c
Subtracting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KobevTfvXyg
Polynomials
Multiplying
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW-7G8TgR70
Polynomials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6_ghhd7kwQ
Long Division of
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPXMBIFG_W4
Polynomials
• When adding or subtracting polynomials, combine like terms and add/subtract

them together.
• When multiplying polynomials, multiply each term of the polynomial to each
term of the other polynomial by applying the distributive property. Then,
combine like terms if possible to simplify the polynomial.
• When dividing a polynomial by a monomial, you must divide each term of the
polynomial with the monomial.
• Dividing a polynomial by another polynomial may take some steps but it does
not differ much in dividing whole numbers.

16 | P A G E
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Add or subtract the following polynomials.
1. (6𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2) + (5𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 8) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 11𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 − 10

2. (14𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑦𝑦 + 3) − (−7𝑦𝑦 2 + 9𝑦𝑦 + 1) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 21𝑦𝑦 2 − 15𝑦𝑦 + 2
3. (9𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥) + (−3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 8𝑥𝑥) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 10𝑥𝑥
4. (32𝑚𝑚3 + 4𝑚𝑚2 − 7) − (15𝑚𝑚3 − 5𝑚𝑚) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 17𝑚𝑚3 + 4𝑚𝑚2 + 5𝑚𝑚 − 7
5. (15𝑝𝑝4 − 2𝑝𝑝2 − 1) + (−40𝑝𝑝3 + 19𝑝𝑝2 − 12) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 15𝑝𝑝4 − 40𝑝𝑝3 + 17𝑝𝑝2 − 13
6. (−27𝑛𝑛3 − 6𝑛𝑛2 + 18𝑛𝑛) − (68𝑛𝑛3 + 6𝑛𝑛2 + 18𝑛𝑛) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: −95𝑛𝑛3 − 12𝑛𝑛2
B. Multiply or divide the following polynomials.

7. (2𝑝𝑝 + 6)(6𝑝𝑝 + 3) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 12𝑝𝑝2 + 42𝑝𝑝 + 18
8. (8𝑚𝑚 + 2)(3𝑚𝑚2 − 6𝑛𝑛 − 5) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 24𝑚𝑚3 + 6𝑚𝑚2 − 48𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 40𝑚𝑚 − 12𝑛𝑛 − 10
9. (4𝑦𝑦 2 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 1)(5𝑦𝑦 2 + 3𝑦𝑦 − 1) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 20𝑦𝑦 4 − 8𝑦𝑦 3 − 11𝑦𝑦 2 + 7𝑦𝑦 − 1
14x6 y7 z2 +49x4 y5 z
10. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑦𝑦 6 𝑧𝑧 + 7𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 4
7xyz
3 2
𝑥𝑥 −4𝑥𝑥 −3𝑥𝑥+18
11. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 9
𝑥𝑥+2
2𝑥𝑥 4 +7𝑥𝑥 3 −26𝑥𝑥 2 +23𝑥𝑥−6
12. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑥−6
1.3 Special Products
This lesson serves as a review about special products. Recognizing the patterns of their special
products will help you save time in multiplying pairs of binomials and trinomials.
A. Sum and difference of two binomials
This is one of the special pairs of binomial that produces a special product. Observe that the
product of the sum and difference of these two binomials (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) will result to the
difference of the squares of the first and the last term, which is 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 .
(𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
1. (𝑥𝑥 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 + 4) = (𝑥𝑥)2 − (4)2 Square the first and the last term.
= 𝑥𝑥 2 − 16
2. (3𝑥𝑥 + 5)(3𝑥𝑥 − 5) = (3𝑥𝑥)2 − (5)2 Square the first and the last term.
= 9𝑥𝑥 2 − 25
3. (8𝑦𝑦 2 − 6)(8𝑦𝑦 2 + 6) = (8𝑦𝑦 2 )2 − (6)2 Square the first and the last term.
= 64𝑦𝑦 4 − 36

17 | P A G E
B. Square of a binomial
For any two numbers, x and y:
Case 1: (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
Case 2: (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
Considering case 1, the square of a binomial, (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)2 , produces a trinomial wherein the first
and the last terms are squared and the middle term is equal to twice the product of the first
and the last term.
Whereas in case 2, notice that the pattern is the same as in case 1 except that the sign of the
middle term is a minus sign.
1. (𝑥𝑥 + 9)2 = (𝑥𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥𝑥)(9) + (9)2 Follow the pattern in case 1
= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 + 81
2. (5𝑥𝑥 + 3)2 = (5𝑥𝑥)2 + 2(5𝑥𝑥)(3) + (3)2 Follow the pattern in case 1

= 25𝑥𝑥 2 + 2(5𝑥𝑥)(3) + (3)2
3. (4𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 = (4𝑥𝑥)2 − 2(4𝑥𝑥)(1) + (1)2 Follow the pattern in case 2

= 16𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 1
4. (7𝑥𝑥 − 8𝑦𝑦)2 = (7𝑥𝑥)2 − 2(7𝑥𝑥)(8𝑦𝑦) + (8𝑦𝑦)2 Follow the pattern in case 2

= 49𝑥𝑥 2 − 112𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 64𝑦𝑦 2
C. Square of a trinomial
The square of a trinomial can be expressed as:
For any number, x, y and z:
Case 1: (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

Case 2: (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Case 3: (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1. (3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 5𝑧𝑧)2 = (3𝑥𝑥)2 + (𝑦𝑦)2 + (5𝑧𝑧)2 + 2(3𝑥𝑥)(𝑦𝑦) + 2(𝑦𝑦)(5𝑧𝑧) + 2(3𝑥𝑥)(5𝑧𝑧) See Case 1
= 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 25𝑧𝑧 2 + 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 30𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2. (12𝑝𝑝 − 3𝑞𝑞 + 𝑟𝑟)2 = (12𝑝𝑝)2 + (3𝑞𝑞)2 + (𝑟𝑟)2 − 2(12𝑝𝑝)(3𝑞𝑞) − 2(3𝑞𝑞)(𝑟𝑟) + 2(12𝑝𝑝)(𝑟𝑟) See Case 2
= 144𝑝𝑝2 + 9𝑞𝑞2 + 𝑟𝑟 2 − 72𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 6𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 24𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
3. (2𝑎𝑎 − 7𝑏𝑏 − 8𝑐𝑐)2 = (2𝑎𝑎)2 + (7𝑏𝑏)2 + (8𝑐𝑐)2 − 2(2𝑎𝑎)(7𝑏𝑏) + 2(7𝑏𝑏)(8𝑐𝑐) − 2(2𝑎𝑎)(8𝑐𝑐) See Case 3
= 4𝑎𝑎2 + 49𝑏𝑏 2 + 64𝑐𝑐 2 − 28𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 112𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 32𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

18 | P A G E
D. Cube of a binomial
Case 1: (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)𝟑𝟑 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑
Case 2: (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)𝟑𝟑 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑
In case 1, the cube of the sum of two terms produces a polynomial consisting of four terms.
The first and the last terms are cubed. Notice that the exponent of variable x from the second
to the third term decreases whereas the exponent of variable y increases from the second to
the third term. Also, observe that the second and third terms have a factor of 3.
On the other hand, the cube of the difference of two terms produces the same pattern as in
case 1 except that the second and the last terms contain minus signs.
1. (𝑥𝑥 + 3)3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3(𝑥𝑥)2 (3) + 3(𝑥𝑥)(3)2 + (3)3 Follow the pattern in Case 1
= 𝑥𝑥 3 + 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 27𝑥𝑥 + 27
2. (𝑥𝑥 − 5)3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3(𝑥𝑥)2 (5) + 3(𝑥𝑥)(5)2 − (5)3 Follow the pattern in Case 2
= 𝑥𝑥 3 − 15𝑥𝑥 2 + 75𝑥𝑥 − 125
3. (2𝑦𝑦 + 6)3 = (2𝑦𝑦)3 + 3(2𝑦𝑦)2 (6) + 3(2𝑦𝑦)(6)2 + (6)3 Follow the pattern in Case 1
= 8𝑦𝑦 3 + 72𝑦𝑦 2 + 216𝑦𝑦 + 216
4. (9𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦)3 = (9𝑥𝑥)3 − 3(9𝑥𝑥)2 (4𝑦𝑦) + 3(9𝑥𝑥)(4𝑦𝑦)2 − (4𝑦𝑦)3 Follow the pattern in Case 2
= 729𝑥𝑥 3 − 972𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 432𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 64𝑦𝑦 3

Introduction to
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFtjG45-Udk
Special Products of
Binomials
Special Products of
Binomials: Squares https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgQNOd8OG9w
and Cubes

19 | P A G E
Sum and difference of two binomials:
(𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

Square of a binomial
Case 1: (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
Case 2: (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

Square of a trinomial
Case 1: (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

Case 2: (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Case 3: (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Cube of a binomial
Case 1: (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)𝟑𝟑 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑
Case 2: (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)𝟑𝟑 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
Try answering the following.
1. (3𝑥𝑥 2 − 6)(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 9𝑥𝑥 4 − 36

2. (2𝑝𝑝 − 1)2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 4𝑝𝑝2 − 4𝑝𝑝 + 1
3. (4𝑚𝑚2 + 2)2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 16𝑚𝑚4 + 16𝑚𝑚2 + 4
4. (5𝑛𝑛 − 4)3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 125𝑛𝑛3 − 300𝑛𝑛2 + 240𝑛𝑛 − 64
5. (6𝑐𝑐 + 3)3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 216𝑐𝑐 3 + 324𝑐𝑐 2 + 162𝑐𝑐 + 27
6. (8𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 7)2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 64𝑥𝑥 4 + 32𝑥𝑥 3 + 116𝑥𝑥 2 + 28𝑥𝑥 + 49
7. (2𝑝𝑝4 + 5𝑝𝑝 − 3)2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 4𝑝𝑝8 + 20𝑝𝑝5 − 12𝑝𝑝4 + 25𝑝𝑝2 − 30𝑝𝑝 + 9

20 | P A G E
1.4 Factoring a Polynomial
A polynomial can be factored using different strategies or techniques depending upon the
type of polynomial. It can be polynomials with common monomial factor, difference of two
squares, sum and difference of two cubes, perfect square trinomials, and quadratic trinomials.
A. Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial Factor

Here are the steps in factoring polynomials with common monomial factor:
a) Look for the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of the coefficients of each term of the
polynomial and with common variable/s having the least exponent.
b) Divide the polynomial by the GCF.
c) Write the polynomial in factored form using the GCF and the quotient.
Factor each completely.
1. 14𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 5 − 49𝑎𝑎5 𝑏𝑏 2
First, you need to look for the GCF of the coefficients of each term. The largest number that
can divide 14 and 49 is 7. Also, the polynomial contains terms with a and b as variables. We
must take the variables with the least exponent and these are a and b2. Therefore, the
common monomial factor is 7𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2.
Next. divide the polynomial by the common monomial factor:
14𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 5 − 49𝑎𝑎5 𝑏𝑏 2 14𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 5 49𝑎𝑎5 𝑏𝑏 2

= − = 2𝑏𝑏 3 − 7𝑎𝑎4
7𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2 7𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2 7𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2
Hence, the factored form of the polynomial is 7𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 2 (2𝑏𝑏 3 − 7𝑎𝑎4 ).
2. 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 5 − 21𝑥𝑥 6 𝑦𝑦 4
The GCF of 3,6 and 21 is 3. The variables with the least exponent are x2 and y3. Combining
these factors, the common monomial factor is 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 .
3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 5 − 21𝑥𝑥 6 𝑦𝑦 4 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 6𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 5 21𝑥𝑥 6 𝑦𝑦 4

= 2 3+ 2 3− = 1 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦
3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 3𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3
Hence, the factored form of the polynomial is 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 (1 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦)

21 | P A G E
3. 24𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑟𝑟 6 + 18𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 4 𝑟𝑟 3 − 36𝑝𝑝7 𝑞𝑞 3 𝑟𝑟
The GCF of 24, 18 and 36 is 6. The variables with the least exponent are p, q3 and r.
Combining these factors, the common monomial factor is 6𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 𝑟𝑟.
24𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞3𝑟𝑟6 + 18𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝4 𝑟𝑟3 − 36𝑝𝑝7 𝑞𝑞3 𝑟𝑟 24𝑝𝑝2𝑞𝑞3 𝑟𝑟6 18𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝4 𝑟𝑟3 36𝑝𝑝7 𝑞𝑞3 𝑟𝑟 5
3
= 3
+ 3
− 3
= 4𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 3𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟2 − 6𝑝𝑝6
6𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑟𝑟 6𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑟𝑟 6𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑟𝑟 6𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑟𝑟
Hence, the factored form of the polynomial is 6𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 𝑟𝑟(4𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 5 + 3𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 2 − 6𝑝𝑝6 ).
B. Factoring Difference of Two Squares
If x and y are real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions, then
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)
The difference of the squares of two terms is the product of the sum and difference of those
terms.
1. 𝑥𝑥 2 − 25 = (𝑥𝑥)2 − (5)2
= (𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 5)
2. 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 81 = (2𝑥𝑥)2 − (9)2

= (2𝑥𝑥 + 9)(2𝑥𝑥 − 9)
3. 49𝑥𝑥 2 − 256𝑦𝑦 2 = (7𝑥𝑥)2 − (16𝑦𝑦)2

= (7x + 16)(7x − 16)
4. 16𝑎𝑎4 − 144𝑏𝑏 6 = (4𝑎𝑎2 )2 − (12𝑏𝑏 3 )2

= (4𝑎𝑎2 + 12𝑏𝑏 3 )(4𝑎𝑎2 − 12𝑏𝑏 3 )
C. Factoring Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
If x and y are real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions, then
Factoring Sum of Two Cubes
𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 )
Factoring Difference of Two Cubes
𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 )

22 | P A G E
1. b3 − 64 = (b)3 − (4)3 See Factoring Difference of Two Cubes

= (b − 4)(b2 + 4b + 16)
2. 27𝑎𝑎3 + 125𝑏𝑏 3 = (3𝑎𝑎)3 + (5𝑏𝑏)3 See Factoring Sum of Two Cubes

= (3a + 5b)[(3a)2 − (3a)(5b) + (5𝑏𝑏)2 ]
= (3a + 5b)(9a2 − 15𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 25𝑏𝑏 2 )
3. 216𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 6 − 512𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 9 = (6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 )3 − (8𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 )3 See Factoring Difference of Two Cubes

= (6𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 )[(6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 )2 + (6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 )(8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 ) + (8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 )2 ]
= (6𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 )(36𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 4 + 48𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 5 + 64𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 )
D. Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
A polynomial is a perfect square trinomial if it satisfies the following conditions:
1. The first and the last terms are perfect squares.

2. There must be no minus signs before x2 and y2.
3. The middle term is equal to twice the product of the square roots of the first and the
last terms.
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐
1. 𝑥𝑥 2 − 16𝑥𝑥 + 64
Write the trinomial in the form 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 . Therefore, (𝒙𝒙)𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐(𝒙𝒙)(𝟖𝟖) + (𝟖𝟖)𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟖𝟖)𝟐𝟐 .
2. 16𝑦𝑦 2 + 8𝑦𝑦 + 1
The first term is a perfect square, (4𝑦𝑦)2

The last term is a perfect square, (1)2
The middle term is twice the product of 4y and 1, 𝟐𝟐(𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
Therefore, 16𝑦𝑦 2 + 8𝑦𝑦 + 1 = (4𝑦𝑦)2 + 2(4𝑦𝑦)(1) + (1)2

= (4𝑦𝑦 + 1)2
3. 𝑎𝑎2 − 10𝑎𝑎 + 25 = (𝑎𝑎)2 − 2(𝑎𝑎)(5) + (5)2

= (𝑎𝑎 − 5)2

23 | P A G E
E. Factoring Quadratic Trinomials x2+bx+c
Here are the steps to follow when factoring quadratic trinomials x2+bx+c:
1. Find a pair of factors, r and s, whose product is c and whose sum is equal to b. That is:
(𝑟𝑟)(𝑠𝑠) = 𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑏𝑏
2. The factored form of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 is:

𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑟𝑟)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠)
3. In case there are no factors, r and s, that satisfy r+s=b, therefore, the trinomial cannot
be factored.

1. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 20
Find the factors of -20 whose sum is equal to the coefficient of the middle term, 1. If you
cannot do it mentally, you can list the factors in a table, and add these factors.
Factors of -20 Sum

r s r+s=b
1 -20 1+(-20)=-19
-1 20 -1+20=19
-2 10 -2+10=8
2 -10 2+(-10)=-8
4, -5 4+(-5)=-1
-4 5 -4+5=1
The factors of -20 whose sum is equal to 1 are -4 and 5.

Using the factored form of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑟𝑟)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠):
Thus, 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 20 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟒𝟒)(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟓𝟓)
2. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 48
Find the factors of -48 whose product is equal to the coefficient of the middle term, 2.
Factors of -20 Sum

r s r+s=b
1 -48 1+(-48)=-47
-1 48 -1+48=47
2 -24 2+(-24)=-22
-2 24 -2+24=22
3 -16 3+(-16)=-13
-3 16 -3+16=13
4 -12 4+(-12)=-8
-4 12 -4+12=8
6 -8 6+(-8)=-2
-6 8 -6+8=2

24 | P A G E
The factors of -48 whose sum is equal to 2 are -6 is 8.
Thus, 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 48 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟔𝟔)(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟖𝟖)
3. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 35
Find the factors of 35 whose sum is equal to the coefficient of the middle term, 12.
Factors of -20 Sum

r s r+s=b
1 35 1+35=36
5 7 5+7=12
The factors of 35 whose sum is equal to 12 are 5 and 7.
Thus, 𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 35 = (𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 + 7)
F. Factoring Trinomials ax2+bx+c by Grouping
Here are the steps to follow when factoring quadratic trinomials ax2+bx+c where a≠1.
1. Find the product of the coefficients a and c.

2. Find the factors of ac whose sum is the coefficient of the middle term, b.
3. Rewrite the polynomial by expressing the middle bx as a sum or difference of the
factors you found in Step 2.
4. Factor by grouping.
Factor using the ac-product or by grouping method.
1. 3𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑝𝑝 − 5
a. Find the product of ac. (3)(-5)=-15

b. Find the factors of -15 whose sum is the coefficient of the middle term, -2.
Factors of -15 Sum

1,-15 -14
-1,15 14
3,-5 -2
-3,5 2
c. Express the middle term of 3𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑝𝑝 − 5 as the sum of factors in step b.
3𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑝𝑝 − 5 = 3𝑝𝑝2 + (3𝑝𝑝 − 5𝑝𝑝) − 5

25 | P A G E
d. Factor by grouping.
3𝑝𝑝2 − 2𝑝𝑝 − 5 = 3𝑝𝑝2 + 3𝑝𝑝 − 5𝑝𝑝 − 5

= (3𝑝𝑝2 + 3𝑝𝑝) − (5𝑝𝑝 + 5) Group the terms
= 3𝑝𝑝(𝑝𝑝 + 1) − 5(𝑝𝑝 + 1) Factor from each group.
= (3𝑝𝑝 − 5)(𝑝𝑝 + 1) Factor out p+1
2. 3𝑛𝑛2 − 8𝑛𝑛 + 4
Solution:
ac=(3)(4)=12
The factors of 12 whose sum is the coefficient of the middle term,-8 are -2 and -6.
Factors of 12 Sum
1,12 13
2,6 8
3,4 7
-1,-12 -13
-2,-6 -8
-3,-4 -7
3𝑛𝑛2 − 8𝑛𝑛 + 4 = 3𝑛𝑛2 − 6𝑛𝑛 − 2𝑛𝑛 + 4

= (3𝑛𝑛2 − 6𝑛𝑛) − (2𝑛𝑛 − 4) Group the terms
= 3𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 2) − 2(𝑛𝑛 − 2) Factor from each group
= (3𝑛𝑛 − 2)(𝑛𝑛 − 2) Factor our n-2
3. 4𝑛𝑛2 − 2𝑛𝑛 − 2
ac=(4)(-2)=-8
The factors of -8 whose sum is the coefficient of the middle term,-2 are 2 and -4.
Factors of -8 Sum
1,-8 -7
-1,8 7
2,-4 -2
-2,4 2
4𝑛𝑛2 − 2𝑛𝑛 − 2 = 4𝑛𝑛2 − 4𝑛𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑛 − 2

= (4𝑛𝑛2 − 4𝑛𝑛) + (2𝑛𝑛 − 2) Group the terms
= 4𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1) + 2(𝑛𝑛 − 1) ) Factor from each group
= (4𝑛𝑛 + 2)(𝑛𝑛 − 1) Factor our n-1

26 | P A G E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WipYqupv9wY&list=P
Polynomials: Factoring
LD8CF85E686758097
Factoring Polynomials -
By GCF, AC Method,
Grouping, Substitution, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXvt9OumKH8
Sum & Difference of
Cubes
Here is a summary of the techniques in factoring polynomials:
• Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial factor

When factoring polynomials with common factor, look for the GCF of the coefficients
of each term of the polynomial and with common variable/s with least exponent.
Divide the polynomial by its GCF and write the polynomial in factored form using the
GCF and quotient.
• Factoring Difference of Two Squares
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚) where x and y

• Factoring Sum of Two Cubes
𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 )
• Factoring Difference of Two Cubes
𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)(𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 )
• Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐
• Factoring quadratic trinomials x2+bx+c

When factoring quadratic trinomials x2+bx+c, find a pair of factors r and s whose
product is equal to the constant term, c and whose sum is equal to the coefficient of
the middle term b. Then, use the factored form of x2+bx+c, that is, (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑟𝑟)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑠𝑠).
• Factoring Trinomials ax2+bx+c by Grouping

When factoring trinomials ax2+bx+c, you need to first find the product of the
coefficients a and c. Next, find the factors of ac whose sum is the coefficient of middle
term, b. Rewrite the polynomial by expressing the middle bx as a sum or difference of
the factors you found. Then, factor by grouping.

27 | P A G E
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. 18𝑥𝑥 7 𝑦𝑦 5 − 54𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 + 48𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(3𝑥𝑥 6 𝑦𝑦 4 + 8𝑥𝑥 2 − 9𝑦𝑦 3 )

2. 162𝑚𝑚2 − 72 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 2(9𝑚𝑚 − 6)(9𝑚𝑚 + 6)
3. 𝑛𝑛6 − 225 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (𝑛𝑛3 − 15)(𝑛𝑛3 + 15)
4. 64𝑥𝑥 2 − 48𝑥𝑥 + 9 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (8𝑥𝑥 − 3)2
5. 49𝑦𝑦 4 + 70𝑦𝑦 2 + 25 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (7𝑦𝑦 2 + 5)2
6. 64𝑥𝑥 3 − 8𝑦𝑦 3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 8(2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(4𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )
7. 27𝑚𝑚6 + 216𝑛𝑛3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 27(𝑚𝑚2 + 2𝑛𝑛)(𝑚𝑚4 − 2𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛 + 4𝑛𝑛2 )
8. 24𝑥𝑥 2 + 14𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (6𝑥𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥𝑥 + 3)
9. 56𝑟𝑟 2 − 37𝑟𝑟 + 6 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (7𝑟𝑟 − 2)(8𝑟𝑟 − 3)
10. 55𝑥𝑥 2 + 59𝑥𝑥 − 14 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (11𝑥𝑥 + 14)(5𝑥𝑥 − 1)
Rational Expressions
OVERVIEW
In this module, you will be able to review your prior knowledge about radicals. You will
study how an expression with a rational exponent can be expressed into radical form. Also,
you will deal with simplifying radical expressions and perform operations on radicals.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Convert expressions with rational exponents into radical expression and vice versa.
2. Simplify radical expressions.
3. Perform operations on radical expressions.
PRE-REQUISITE
• Integer Exponents
LEARNING CONTENT:
1.5 Radical Expression

𝑛𝑛
Radical expression is an expression containing a radical sign. Looking at √𝑎𝑎 , a is the
radicand which is found inside the radical sign and, n is the index that serves as the degree of
the radicand a.

28 | P A G E
Converting Expressions with Rational Exponents to Radical Form and Vice-Versa
Here are general expressions containing rational exponents converted to radical form:
1
𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = √𝑎𝑎
𝑚𝑚 1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 =(𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 )𝑚𝑚 =( √𝑎𝑎 )𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 √𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 1 1
𝑎𝑎− 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 √𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚
Notice that when transforming expressions with rational exponents into radical form, the base
serves as the radicand, and the denominator of the rational exponent is the index of the
radical expression whereas the numerator is the exponent of the radicand.
Convert the following into radical form.

1
2
1. 492 = √49=√49 = 7 (Note that: 72=49)
1
4
2. 134 = √13 (The radicand is 13 and its index is 4.)
1
5
3. (6𝑛𝑛)5 = √6𝑛𝑛 (The radicand is 6n and its index is 5.)
3
4
4. 12𝑥𝑥 4 = 12√𝑥𝑥3 (The radicand is x and its exponent is 3 while 4 serves as the index.)
Convert the following into expressions with rational exponents.
7
1. �𝑦𝑦 7 = 𝑦𝑦 2
If there is no written index in the expression, it is understood that the index is 2. So the
numerator and denominator of the rational exponent is 2 and 7, respectively, and the
radicand y is the base.
3
5
2. √𝑛𝑛3 = 𝑛𝑛5
In this example, n is the radicand, 3 is the exponent and 5 is the index. Transforming the
given into an expression with rational exponent, 3 and 5 will serve as the numerator
and denominator of the rational exponent, respectively.
2
3
3. �(4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)2 = (4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)3
The radicand 4xy will serve as the base while 2 and 3 will serve as the numerator and
denominator of the rational exponent, respectively.

29 | P A G E
1 1
4
4. �64𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 6 = (64𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 6 )4 = (43 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑦𝑦 6 )4
1
= (43 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑦𝑦 3∙2 )4
1
= [(4𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 )3 ]4
3
= (4𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 )4
To express the given expression with a rational exponent, transform the radicand as
43 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 6 . Since the exponents of the radicands have a common factor, factor out 3. By
1
using the power rule, multiply the exponents to a rational exponent of . Hence, the
4
3
answer is (4𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 )4
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Convert the following into radical expressions.

1
1. (6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 4�6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
3
2. 3𝑥𝑥 3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 3√𝑥𝑥 2
4
5
3. 8𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 5 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 8𝑥𝑥 �𝑦𝑦 4
B. Convert the following into exponential form.
4
3
4. �(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)4 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)3
3
4
5. √125𝑚𝑚6 𝑛𝑛9 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (5𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛3 )4
6
5
6. �729𝑝𝑝12 𝑟𝑟18 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: (3𝑝𝑝2 𝑟𝑟 3 )5
1.6 Simplifying Radical Expressions
𝑛𝑛
A radical expression in the form √𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 is expressed in simplest form if it satisfies the following
conditions:
1. The radicand must not contain a perfect square (cube or etc., depending on the
index) factor.
2. The radicand must not contain a fraction.
3. There must be no radical sign in the denominator of an expression.

30 | P A G E
A. Simplifying Radicals by Reducing the Radicand
You can simplify radicals by removing the perfect nth powers of the radicand.
Simplify the following:
Factor the radicand such that there is one

1. √48 = √16 ∙ 3
largest perfect square factor then extract its
square root.
= 4√3
2. �25𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 𝑧𝑧 4 = �(5)2 ∙ (𝑥𝑥)2 ∙ (𝑦𝑦 3 )2 ∙ (𝑧𝑧 2 )2

= �(5)2 ∙ �(𝑥𝑥)2 ∙ �(𝑦𝑦 3 )2 ∙ �(𝑧𝑧 2 )2
= 5𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 𝑧𝑧 2
In the given radical expression, you need to separate all perfect square factors of the
radicand and extract their square roots.
3 3
3. �𝑝𝑝6 𝑟𝑟 7 = �(𝑝𝑝2 )3 ∙ (𝑟𝑟 2 )3 ∙ 𝑟𝑟
3 3 3
= �(𝑝𝑝2 )3 ∙ �(𝑟𝑟 2 )3 ∙ √𝑟𝑟
3
= 𝑝𝑝2 𝑟𝑟 2 √𝑟𝑟
Since the index of given radical expression is 3, you need to factor the radicand into
perfect cube factors and extract their cube roots.
B. Simplifying Radicals by Rationalization
One of the conditions to tell that a radical expression is in its simplest form is when there are no
radical sign that appears in the denominator. In order to eliminate that radical sign, we need
to perform rationalization. In that process, you need to multiply the original fraction by a
particular expression so that there will be no longer a radical sign in the denominator.
Simplify the following: Apply the quotient law for radicals:
𝑛𝑛
144 √144 12 𝟔𝟔 𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 √𝑥𝑥
1. � = = = � = 𝑛𝑛
196 √196 14 𝟕𝟕 𝑦𝑦 �𝑦𝑦

31 | P A G E
3 3 √5 √5
2. = ∙ Multiply the expression by to make
√5
√5 √5 √5
the denominator a perfect square.
3√5
=
√25
3√5
=
5
7 7 √6+√2
3. = ∙ Since the denominator is √6 − √2, its conjugate,
√6−√2 √6−√2 √6+√2
√6 + √2, must be multiplied to the numerator and
7
√6+√2 denominator of the original expression. Use the
= ∙ distributive property to multiply the binomials in
√6−√2 √6+√2
the numerator and denominator. When
7(�6+�2 ) multiplying conjugates, you just have to square
=
(�6−�2)(�6+�2) the first and the last terms separated by a minus
sign.
7(√6+√2 )
=
6−2
7√6+7√2
=
4
C. Simplifying Radicals by Reducing the Index
There are some radical expressions that contain high indices. In that case, you can
simplify it by transforming the radical expression into exponential form. Once it is in
exponential form, reduce the rational exponent into lowest term then convert it back into
radical form.
1
4
1. √36 = 364 Change the radical form into exponential form.
1
= (62 )4 Rewrite the base into exponential form.
1
= 62 Power of a power rule
= √6
6 6
2. �25𝑥𝑥 14 𝑦𝑦 8 = �(52 )(𝑥𝑥 2 )6 (𝑥𝑥 2 )(𝑦𝑦 6 )(𝑦𝑦 2 )
6
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 �(52 )(𝑥𝑥 2 )(𝑦𝑦 2 )
1
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 (52 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 )6

32 | P A G E
1 1 1
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 �53 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 3 �
3
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 �5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
10 10
3. √64𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛6 𝑧𝑧 2 = √26 𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛6 𝑧𝑧 2
1
= (26 𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛6 𝑧𝑧 2 )10
3 2 3 1
= 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑧𝑧
5 5 5 5
1
= (23 𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛3 𝑧𝑧)5
5
= √8𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛3 𝑧𝑧
Practice Exercises:
Simplify the following radicands.

3 3
1. �𝑝𝑝7 𝑟𝑟 8 𝑠𝑠12 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑝𝑝2 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑠𝑠 4 �𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟 2
8 8(√𝑥𝑥+2)
2. 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴:
2−√𝑥𝑥 4−𝑥𝑥
8 4
3. �9𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 𝑧𝑧10 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 𝑧𝑧 �3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 𝑧𝑧
1.7 Operations of Radicals
Addition and Subtraction of Radicals

To add or subtract radicals, the indices and radicands must be the same. If the radicands are
not the same, you may simplify it first if possible in order to have like radicals.
1. 8√2 + 6√2
= (8 + 6)√2
= 14√2
2. 12√6 − 4√6
= (12 − 4)√6
= 8√6

33 | P A G E
3. √80 + √45
= �(16)(5) + �9(5)
= √16 ∙ √5 + √9 ∙ √5
= 4√5 + 3√5
= (4 + 3)√5
= 7√5
4. 4�3𝑝𝑝 − 8�3𝑝𝑝 + 10�3𝑝𝑝

= (4 − 8 + 10)�3𝑝𝑝
= 6�3𝑝𝑝
5. 6√12𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏 6 + 2√18𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏 6
= 6�(4)(3)(𝑎𝑎2 )(𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏 3 )2 + 2�(9)(2)(𝑎𝑎2 )(𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏 3 )2
= (6)(2)(𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏 3 )√3𝑎𝑎 + 2(3)(𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏 3 )√2𝑎𝑎
= 12𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 3 √3𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 3 √2𝑎𝑎 (Unlike radicands cannot be added)
Multiplication of Radicals
There are 3 cases that we need to take into consideration when multiplying radicals. Here
are the following:
1. Indices are the same.

2. Indices are different but radicands are the same.
3. Indices and radicands are different.
A. Indices are the same
When multiplying radicals with the same indices, apply product law of radical where
x and y are positive real numbers and n>1:
𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏
�𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 = √𝒙𝒙 ∙ �𝒚𝒚
1. √15 ∙ √6
Multiply the radicands, 15 and 6 by keeping the
= √80 product inside the radical sign. Then, factor the
product such that there is one largest perfect
square factor then extract its square root.
= √16 ∙ 5

34 | P A G E
= √16 ∙ √5
= 4√5
2. 2𝑎𝑎√3 ∙ 8𝑎𝑎√8 Multiply the coefficients and variables located

= (2𝑎𝑎)(8𝑎𝑎)�(3)(8) outside the radical signs. Then, multiply the
= 16𝑎𝑎2 √24 radicands, 3 and 8 by keeping the product
= 16𝑎𝑎2 �(6)(4) inside the square root. Factor the product such
that there is one largest perfect square factor
= (16𝑎𝑎2 )(2)√6
then extract its square root.
= 32𝑎𝑎2 √6
3 3
3. �24𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 ∙ �2𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦
Multiply the radicands by keeping the product
3 inside the cube root. Factor the product such
= �(24𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 )(2𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦)
that there are perfect cubes then extract its
3 cube root.
= �(24)(2)(𝑥𝑥 2+4 )(𝑦𝑦 3+1 )
3
= �48𝑥𝑥 6 𝑦𝑦 4
3
= �(6)(23 )(𝑥𝑥 2 )3 (𝑦𝑦 3 )(𝑦𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3�6𝑦𝑦
B. Indices are different but radicands are the same
When multiplying radical expressions with different indices but with the same radicands,
you need to transform the radical expressions into exponential form. Next, multiply the
expressions by applying the product rule: xa∙xb=xa+b. Then, transform it back into radical
form and simplify the result if possible.
3
1. � √4 ��√4 �
1 1
= �43 � �42 �
1 1
= 43+2
5
= 46
6
= �45
6
= √1024

35 | P A G E
2. ��5𝑝𝑝
3 6
� ��5𝑝𝑝 �
1 1
= (5𝑝𝑝)3 (5𝑝𝑝)6
1 1
= (5𝑝𝑝)3+6
1
= (5𝑝𝑝)2
= �5𝑝𝑝
3. ��𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 ��𝑥𝑥
3 2 𝑦𝑦 6 �
1 1
= (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 )2 (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 )3
1 1
= (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 )2+3
5
= (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 )6
6
= �(𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 6 )5
6
= �𝑥𝑥 10 𝑦𝑦 30
6
= �(𝑥𝑥 6 )(𝑥𝑥 4 )(𝑦𝑦 5 )6
6
= 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 5 �𝑥𝑥 4
C. Indices and radicands are different
When multiplying radical expressions with different indices and radicands, you need to
transform the radical expressions into exponential form. Next, change the rational
exponents of the exponential expressions into similar fractions. Then, combine the
exponential expressions as a single product. Afterwards, convert it back to radical form,
and simplify the result if possible.
4
1. � √3��√2�
1 1
= ( 3 )4 ( 2 ) 2
1
= [ 3 ∙ ( 2 )2 ] 4
4
= �3 ∙ (2)2
4
= √3 ∙ 4
4
= √12
6 3
2. � √𝑚𝑚��√𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛2 �
1 1
= (𝑚𝑚)6 (𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛2 )3
1
= [𝑚𝑚 ∙ (𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛2 )2 ]6
6
= �𝑚𝑚(𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛2 )2
6
= �𝑚𝑚(𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛4 )
6
= �𝑚𝑚3 𝑛𝑛4

36 | P A G E
3
3. � √2𝑥𝑥 ��√5𝑥𝑥 2 �
1 1
= (2𝑥𝑥)3 (5𝑥𝑥 2 )2
1
= [(2𝑥𝑥)2 ∙ (5𝑥𝑥 2 )3 ]6
1
= [4𝑥𝑥 2 ∙ 125𝑥𝑥 6 ]6
6
= �4𝑥𝑥 2 ∙ 125𝑥𝑥 6
6
= 𝑥𝑥 �500𝑥𝑥 2
Division of Radicals
In dividing radical expression, apply the quotient rule for radicals where x and y are positive
real numbers and any integer n>1:
𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏√𝒙𝒙
𝒏𝒏
� = 𝒏𝒏
𝒚𝒚 �𝒚𝒚
18√15𝑥𝑥 2
1.
2√3𝑥𝑥
18 15𝑥𝑥 2
=� � ��
2 3𝑥𝑥
= 9√5𝑥𝑥
3√12
2.
18√45
1 (3)(4)
= ��
6 (5)(9)
1 2 3 √5
= � � � � ��
6 3 5 √5
2 √15
= � �
18 √25
1
= �√15�
9(5)
√15
=
45

37 | P A G E
3
√10
3. 4
√2
1
103
= 1
24
4
1012
= 3
2 12
1
104 12
=� �
23
12 104
= �
23
12 (2 ∙ 5)4
= �
23
12 (2)4 (5)4
= �
23
12
= �(2)(5)4
12
= √1250
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
Perform the following operations indicated.
1. 3√12 + 3√3 − 3√20 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: −6√5 + 9√3

6 6 6 6 6
2. −3√3 − 2√192 − √320 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: −7√3 − 2√5
3. 4√3 �5 − 6√5� 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: −24√15 + 20√3
4. �√6𝑎𝑎 − 5��3√6𝑎𝑎 − 5� 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: 18𝑎𝑎 − 20√6𝑎𝑎 + 25
6 6
√8𝑚𝑚 �32𝑚𝑚5
5. 3 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴:
√4𝑚𝑚 2𝑚𝑚

38 | P A G E

Simplifying Radicals
With Variables, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llrngdh3Rrg
Exponents, Fractions,
Cube Roots - Algebra
Simplifying Radical
Expressions Adding,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gq3LPORQ-U
Subtracting, Multiplying,
Dividing, & Rationalize

• When changing radical expressions to exponential form or vice-versa,
𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛
remember that 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 = √𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 .
• A radical expression is simplified if it follows the following conditions:

1. The radicand must not contain a perfect square (cube or etc., depending
on the index) factor.
2. The radicand must not contain a fraction.
3. There must be no radical sign in the denominator of an expression.
• Simplifying radical expressions can be done by reducing the radicand, by

rationalization, and by reducing the index.
• To add or subtract radicals, remember that the indices and radicands are exactly the
same.
• To multiply or divide radicals, apply the product law and quotient law of
radicals.

39 | P A G E
ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES/TOOLS
1. PROBLEM SET NO. 1
• Download the file on our Google classroom.

• Answer the said problem set using our official formatted paper
including the correct cover page.
• If you have any questions on your task or you want to
communicate with me, please send me a message thru email or
messenger.
• Upload your output on our Google classroom either by taking
pictures of your answers or having a scanned copies merged into
one pdf file.
2. ACTIVITY
• Create at least 10 examples each about the following topics listed
below and show your complete solution.
Topics:
1. Integer Exponents
2. Operations of Polynomials
3. Special Products
4. Factoring Polynomials
5. Simplifying Radicals
6. Operations of Radical Expressions
• Upload your output on our Google classroom either by taking

pictures of your answers or having a scanned copies merged into
one pdf file.
• Date and Time of Submission:
3. PORTFOLIO
• Select one (1) finalized output based from the different
assessment activities given. Make sure that the recommendations
from the instructor are incorporated.
REFERENCES:
1. Magsombol et.al (2015). Global Mathematics 9. Quezon City: The

Library Publishing House, Inc.
2. Moyer, R. and Ayres, F. (2009) Schaum’s Outlines: College Algebra,

5thEdition. USA: McGraw Hill

40 | P A G E
3. Oronce, O.A., & Mendoza, M.O. (2019). E-Math 8. Quezon City: Rex
Book Store, Inc.
4. https://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/divide_poly/long
_division/long_division.html
Prepared by: Engr. Axel M. Gayondato
Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology

Peñafrancia Avenue, Naga City
amgayondato@astean.biscast.edu.ph

41 | P A G E

Module 1-Set of Real Numbers

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Module 1-Set of Real Numbers

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The Set of Real Numbers

1. Simplify exponential expressions.

1.1 Integer Exponents

If b is any number and n is a positive integer then,

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

ZERO POWER PROPERTY

Any number (except zero) raised to zero power is always equal to 1.

NEGATIVE POWER PROPERTY

Observe that x-n is the reciprocal of xn.

Consider the following examples:

PRODUCT OF A POWER PROPERTY

If x is any non-zero real number and m and n are integers, then

𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 ∙ 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎+𝒏𝒏

Consider the following examples:

1. Simplify: (a3) (a5)

(a3) (a5) =a3+5 = a8

2. Simplify: (24) (26)

(24) (26) =24+6 = 210=1024

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

If x is any non-zero real number and m and n are integers, then

(𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎 )𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Consider the following examples:

(34)2 = (34) (34) = (𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑)(𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝟑𝟑) = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖

(𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟒 )𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟒∙𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖

2. (56)0 Use the Power of a Power property

3. (𝒚𝒚𝟓𝟓 )−𝟑𝟑 ∙ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

= 𝒚𝒚−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 Simplify the exponent of the first term

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

(𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙)𝒏𝒏 = 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 𝒚𝒚𝒏𝒏

Consider the following examples:

1. (3𝑥𝑥)3 Use the Power of a Product property

2. (𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃−𝟐𝟐 )𝟓𝟓

= (𝑎𝑎)3∙5 (𝑏𝑏)−2∙5 Use the Power of a Power property

= (𝑎𝑎15 )( 𝑏𝑏 −10 ) Write 𝑏𝑏 −10 as

3. (𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 2 )5 (𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 5 )−4

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

If x is any non-zero real number and m and n are integers, then

Consider the following examples:

= 𝑚𝑚5−2 𝑟𝑟 3−1 Subtract the exponents of like bases

= 𝑏𝑏 5−10 𝑐𝑐 3−1 Subtract the exponents of like bases

= 𝑏𝑏 −5 𝑐𝑐 2 Rewrite 𝑏𝑏 −5 as a positive exponent

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

If x is any non-zero real number and m and n are integers, then

Consider the following examples:

𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒 (𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐 )𝟒𝟒

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

KEY CONCEPTS/FOCUS POINTS:

• The base appears only once.

Practice Exercises: Simplify each of the following.

1. (3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 )(−5𝑦𝑦) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴: − 15𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

Consider the following examples:

1. �𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟖𝟖� + (𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟗𝟗)

= (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 8) + (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 9) Identify like terms. (3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 2 , 8 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 9)

2. �𝟗𝟗𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝟕𝟕� + (𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)

= (9𝑦𝑦 2 − 7𝑧𝑧) + (6𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 − 10𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑧𝑧) Identify like terms.

3. (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝒓𝒓) + (−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝒔𝒔)

= (12𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝑟𝑟) + (−3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 4𝑟𝑟 − 𝑠𝑠) Identify like terms.

MODULE 1: The Set of Real Numbers

1. Add: (6𝑥𝑥 2 + 8 + 4𝑥𝑥) + (8𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 + 5

6𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 8 Arrange the polynomials in descending

2. Add: (−13𝑤𝑤 3 + 4−12𝑤𝑤 5 𝑦𝑦) + (−20𝑤𝑤 5 𝑦𝑦 + 12+10𝑤𝑤 3 )