Julia Varley

1. Author: Blake M. Ashby, Jean H. Heegaard

Title: Role of arm motion in the standing long jump

Journal published: B.M. Ashby, J.H. Heegaard / Journal of Biomechanics 35

(2002)1631–1637

This study was done to see how the role of the arm movement impacts the
standing long jump. there was three men who were told to jump six times with restricted
arm movement and six times with free arm movement. When using arms, it helped
support the rest of the body, helping with maintaining balance and transferring your
momentum. This study shows how during the flight, excessive body rotation gets
eliminated when using your arms. When doing the study and experimenting with these
individuals it came to the conclusion how the subjects jumped 36cm further when using
their arms in full motion and a 71% increase in displacement due to the increase in
velocity with the arms.

This study can help my standing long jump because there are studies, for example
this one proving how when you use your arms before takeoff and during flight it helped
boost momentum. When you boost your momentum, it helps with the acceleration and
the distance for the jump. It helps with balance and coordination during the jump, helping
with the landing. This will help me analyze my arms prior and during the movement and
see if Kailyn also used her arms during her jump.

2. Author: Krzysztof Mackala 1, Jacek Stodółka, Adam Siemienski, Milan Coh

Title: Biomechanical analysis of standing long jump from varying starting positions

Journal Published: Biomed Eng Appl Basis Comm, 2003 (October); 15; 186-192

This analysis on the standing long jump was analyzing the effect of the initial knee joint
angle by the ground's reaction force analysis. They did this analysis with thirty-four females; all
being analyzed by their stance and positioning. It was shown how the individuals with their knee
flexed to 90 degrees in the initial downward phase had a better performance and result than the
knees that were bent to 45 degrees. It was also seen that they 90 degrees knees had a 11% higher
takeoff velocity than the 45 degrees knees. It extended the time that force was applied to the leg
muscles. The knee joint angle had effects on the magnitude of the peak, horizontal force, and the
flexion with the free arm motion.

This study can help me with my video and analyzing me and Kailyn's videos because this
study shows how the knees initial degree bent, whether its 90 degrees or 45 degrees has an effect
on the performance of the jump. The more bent, closer to 90 degrees, the better performance due
to more momentum and a greater push up force up off the ground. I can watch our videos and see
how my video, my knee was more bent closer to 90 degrees resulting in me jumping higher and
Kailyn's knee were less bent, having less momentum.

3. Author: Scott W. Ducharme, Will F W Wu, Ken Lim, Jared M. Porter

Title: Standing Long Jump Performance with an External Focus of Attention Is Improved as a
Result of a More Effective Projection Angle

Journal Published: The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34(1):276-281

This study was done to test the effects of internal versus external focus on the standing
long jump. An external focus is when the person focuses on the results rather than the actual
movement, internal focus is the focus on the movement characteristics. There were twenty-one
individuals who had been tested, they did one baseline jump, with no instructions, and then four
other jumps either internal or external focus. After doing these tests and analyzing the results it
was seen how the individuals who focused on external conditions jumped a lot further than
internally. There was no difference in the peak force or impulse, but when the individual focused
on external conditions, it was seen they had a higher projectile angle, of 45 degrees making
external focus have a greater efficiency.

This study will help me analyze and see the difference in jumps between me and Kailyn
and think if she did the jump using the external conditions or the internal conditions. When I was
performing this jump, I was thinking about the execution of it, so if I am using this study that
would mean Kailyn may have used the internal focus, focusing on the movement and what body
positioning has to be done, causing me to jump further than her.

4. Author: Wakai, M. and Linthorne, N.P

Title: Standing Long Jump

Journal Published: Wakai, M. and Linthorne, N.P. (2005). Optimum take-off angle in the
standing long jump. Human Movement Science, 24 (1), 81–96

This study was done to test someone's leg power during the long jump; to do this, the
person must use the proper technique. It addresses how the takeoff angle is the most important
factor when it comes to jumping. They did a study to see the different types of takeoff angle and
how it affects the jump. They tested and videoed 5 physically fit males at different take off
angles to determine the speed, take off angle, height difference, landing and takeoff distance. It
was shown how for all the men, the greater the takeoff angle the slower the takeoff speed and the
increasing take off angle, the decreasing of takeoff and landing distance. This is because the
greater amount of force is put in to get a higher take off angle, so the acceleration for the jump
would decrease.

This study and the information I learned in this study that was done and tested will help
me with my takeoff angle. In the standing jump, according to this study, the takeoff is the most
important part. I now know I can focus on reducing my takeoff angle to I can be able to have a
longer takeoff and landing distance as well as my speed through the jump. By increasing the
takeoff angle those significant contributions will be decreased.

5. Author: Zhou, Peimin Yu, Anand Thirupathi, Minjun Liang

Title: How to Improve the Standing Long Jump Performance? A Mininarrative Review

Journal Published: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1991;23(9):p. 1068.

This study proves how the fundamentals in a jump are very important. It says how the
starting position and the stance the individual is in is important to the entire movement. There
can be two different stances, parallel or straddle. Mackala and others have done studies and
investigations on these two stances. Parallel is the feet placed at shoulder width apart and the
straddle stance is straddle positioning ranging from 30cm to 40cm with one foot in front of the
other. With the straddle position the distance was improved by 5.18%, because of this there was
larger flexion angles at the trunk, hip and knee. In this straddle position, it caused the body to be
leaning forward just enough to have a greater momentum during flight, greater use of the gluteus
maximus, biceps and legs leading to a better result. There are other ways that the initial posture
and stance can influence the performance, for example the height of the squat in the beginning
position.

This can help improve my long jump and work on the distance and execution because by
analyzing the video of me performing this jump and Kailyn neither of us were using the straddle
stance in preparation for our jump. We both had our feet parallel to each other, so if we had them
straddled and one a little in front of the other, we could have improved our momentum as well as
our distance. Seeing the differences in the kinematics and kinetics of these two different stances
and placement in the standing long jump can help me evaluate and analyze my video of the
standing long jump.

References
JH;, A. B. M. H. (n.d.). Role of arm motion in the standing long jump. Journal of biomechanics.
Retrieved November 21, 2021, from
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12445616/#:~:text=The%20role%20of%20arm%20motio
n,standing%20long%20jump%20was%20investigated.&text=Increases%20in%20the%20h
orizontal%20displacement,the%20improvement%20in%20jumping%20distance.
M;, M. K. S. J. S. A. C. (n.d.). Biomechanical analysis of standing long jump from varying
starting positions. Journal of strength and conditioning research. Retrieved November 21,
2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22652918/.
Scott W. Ducharme, Will F W Wu, Ken Lim, Jared M. Porter (PDF) standing long jump
performance ... - researchgate.net. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279161070_Standing_Long_Jump_Performance
_With_an_External_Focus_of_Attention_Is_Improved_as_a_Result_of_a_More_Effective
_Projection_Angle.
Wakai, M. and Linthorne, N.P. Standing long jump. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from
https://www.brunel.ac.uk/~spstnpl/BiomechanicsAthletics/StandingLongJump.htm.
Zhou, H., Yu, P., Thirupathi, A., & Liang, M. (2020, December 17). How to improve the
standing long jump performance? A mininarrative review. Applied bionics and
biomechanics. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762633/.